📚 Year 9 AQA Physics: Terminology Quick Memory Guide | Year 9 AQA 物理：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering physics starts with learning the language of the subject. This guide breaks down the most important Year 9 AQA terms, giving you simple memory tricks to lock them in fast. Each term is explained in English, then in Chinese, so you can build understanding in both languages while preparing for exams.
学好物理从掌握学科语言开始。本指南拆解了 Year 9 AQA 物理最重要的术语，为你提供简单的记忆窍门，快速牢记。每个术语都先用英文解释，再用中文解释，让你在备考的同时，用双语构建理解。
1. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
A force is a push or a pull that can change an object's shape, speed or direction. It is measured in newtons (N). Think of a football being kicked — the force of the foot changes the ball's motion.
力是能改变物体形状、速度或方向的推或拉。力的单位是牛顿 (N)。想象足球被踢——脚施加的力改变了球的运动状态。
Resultant force 5 N pushing right and 2 N pushing left, the resultant force is 3 N to the right. Remember: 'Result = what you get after adding up'.
合力是与所有作用在物体上的原有力共同效果相同的那个单独的力。如果你有一个向右的 5 N 力和一个向左的 2 N 力，合力就是向右的 3 N。记忆技巧：‘Result’ 就是加总之后得到的结果。
Displacement s a vector. If you walk 3 m east then 4 m north, your displacement is 5 m northeast. Think 'displacement = direct path'.
位移是从起点到终点的直线距离，并带有方向。它是矢量。如果你向东走 3 米，再向北走 4 米，位移就是 5 米东北方向。可以记成 ‘位移 = 直线捷径’。
Velocity is speed in a given direction. If a car travels at 20 m/s north, its velocity is 20 m/s north. Speed is just how fast; velocity includes where. Recall: 'velocity has direction, speed does not'.
速度（矢量速度）是带有方向的快慢。如果一辆车以 20 m/s 向北行驶，它的速度就是 20 m/s 向北。快慢（速率）只衡量多快；速度还包括方向。记住：‘velocity 有方向，speed 没有’。
Displacement and velocity are vectors; distance and speed are scalars.
位移和速度是矢量；距离和速率是标量。
2. Energy | 能量
Kinetic energy is the energy an object has because of its motion. It depends on mass and speed. The heavier and faster an object, the more kinetic energy it stores. A moving lorry has far more kinetic energy than a moving bicycle at the same speed.
动能是物体由于运动而具有的能量。它取决于质量和速度。物体越重、越快，储存的动能就越多。同一速度下，行驶中的卡车比自行车具有大得多的动能。
Gravitational potential energy (GPE) is energy stored because of an object' ground. The higher and heavier the object, the greater its GPE. Imagine a book on a shelf — lift it higher and you increase its GPE. Remember 'GPE = Got height energy'.
重力势能（GPE）是因物体离地高度而储存的能量。物体越高、越重，重力势能就越大。想象书架上的一本书——把它拿得更高，你就增加了它的重力势能。记住：‘GPE = 有高度的能量’。
Conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred, stored or dissipated. In a bouncing ball, kinetic energy becomes GPE and back again, but some is always transferred as heat to the surroundings. Think: 'Energy is never lost, just moved around'.
能量守恒指出，能量不能被创造或消灭，只能被传递、储存或耗散。在弹跳的球中，动能转化为重力势能再转化回来，但总有一部分会以热的形式传递到周围环境中。记住：‘能量从不消失，只是不断转移’。
Work done force (N) × distance (m). If you push a box with 50 N for 2 m, you do 100 J of work. Link 'work' with 'effort over a distance'.
做功是力使物体移动时传递的能量。做的功 (J) = 力 (N) × 距离 (m)。如果你用 50 N 的力推箱子移动了 2 米，你就做了 100 J 的功。把 ‘work’ 与 ‘出力移动一段距离’ 联系起来记忆。
3. Waves | 波
Amplitude is the maximum displacement of a wave from its rest position. It tells you how much energy a wave carries — bigger amplitude means louder sound or brighter light. Imagine the height of a sea wave: the taller the wave, the larger the amplitude.
振幅是波偏离其平衡位置的最大位移。它告诉你波携带了多少能量——振幅越大意味着声音越响或光越强。想象海浪的高度：浪越高，振幅越大。
Wavelength on consecutive waves, such as crest to crest. It is measured in metres. To remember, think 'wave length = length of one full wave'.
波长是连续两个波上相同点之间的距离，例如波峰到波峰。单位是米。可以这样记：‘wavelength 就是完整一个波的长度’。
Frequency is the number of waves passing a point per second, measured in hertz (Hz). High frequency equals high pitch for sound, or towards blue/violet for light. Link 'frequent' with 'how often waves arrive'.
频率是每秒通过某一点的波的数目，单位是赫兹 (Hz)。频率高意味着声音的音调高，或者光的颜色偏向蓝/紫。把 ‘frequent（频繁）’ 和 ‘波到达得多频繁’ 联系起来。
Transverse wave has oscillations perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer. Light and water waves are transverse. Visualise a Mexican wave in a stadium — people move up and down while the wave travels sideways.
横波的振动方向与能量传递方向垂直。光波和水波都是横波。想象体育场里的人浪——人们上下运动，但波是水平传播的。
Longitudinal wave has oscillations parallel to the direction of energy transfer. Sound is a longitudinal wave made of compressions and rarefactions. Think of a slinky being pushed and pulled — the coils bunch up and spread out along the same line.
纵波的振动方向与能量传递方向平行。声波是一种由密部和疏部组成的纵波。想象推动和拉伸一个弹簧玩具——圈圈在同一直线上聚拢又散开。
4. Electricity | 电学
Current water through pipes. The more charge passing per second, the higher the current. Remember: 'Current = flow of charge'.
电流是电荷流动的速率。单位是安培 (A)。在电路中，电流就像水流过管道。每秒通过的电荷越多，电流就越大。记住：‘Current = 电荷的流动’。
Potential difference (voltage) is the energy transferred per unit of charge passing between two points. It pushes current around the circuit. Think of it as the 'electrical pressure'. A battery gives electrons energy to move.
电势差（电压）是单位电荷通过两点之间时传递的能量。它推动电流在电路中流动。可以把它想成 ‘电的压力’。电池给电子提供移动的能量。
Resistance is a measure of how hard it is for current to flow. It is measured in ohms (Ω). A thin long wire has more resistance. Link 'resistance' with 'something that resists or slows down the flow'.
电阻是衡量电流流动难易程度的量。单位是欧姆 (Ω)。细长的导线电阻较大。把 ‘resistance’ 和 ‘阻挡或减缓流动的东西’ 联系起来。
Ohm's Law ss it. Formula: V = I R. To memorise, picture a triangle with V at the top, I and R below.
欧姆定律指出，在温度不变时，通过电阻的电流与其两端的电势差成正比。公式：V = I R。记忆时，可以想象一个三角形，V 在顶部，I 和 R 在底部。
V = I × R
5. Particle Model of Matter | 物质的粒子模型
Density ually have high density because particles are closely packed. Formula: ρ = m / V. Remember 'dense objects feel heavier for their size'.
密度是单位体积的质量。它告诉你粒子排列得有多紧密。固体通常密度大，因为粒子紧密排列。公式：ρ = m / V。记住：‘密度大的物体摸起来比同体积的物体更重’。
Internal energy is the total kinetic and potential energy of all particles in a system. Heating increases internal energy. When ice melts, internal energy increases even though temperature stays at 0 °C. Think 'energy stored inside the particles'.
内能是系统中所有粒子的动能和势能的总和。加热会增加内能。冰融化时，即使温度保持在 0 °C，内能也会增加。可以记成 ‘储存在粒子内部的能量’。
Specific heat capacity is the energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 °C. Water has a high specific heat capacity. Term memory trick: 'how much heat it takes to make 1 kg 1 °C hotter'.
比热容是使 1 千克物质温度升高 1 °C 所需的能量。水的比热容很大。术语记忆窍门：‘让 1 千克物质热 1 °C 需要多少热量’。
Specific latent heat the energy needed to change the state of 1 kg of a substance without changing temperature. 'Latent' means hidden — temperature stays the same while energy goes into breaking bonds. Remember 'latent heat = hidden heat for state change'.
比潜热是在不改变温度的情况下，使 1 千克物质改变状态所需的能量。‘Latent’ 意思是隐藏的——温度不变，能量用于打破键结。记住：‘latent heat = 状态变化时隐藏的热量’。
6. Atomic Structure and Radioactivity | 原子结构与放射性
Atom st of the atom is empty space. The nucleus is tiny but contains nearly all the mass. Think 'nucleus = dense centre'.
原子由一个包含质子和中子的原子核以及分层排布的电子组成。原子内部绝大部分是空的。原子核极小但却几乎集中了所有质量。可以记成 ‘nucleus = 致密的中心’。
Isotope is an atom of the same element with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons. For example, carbon-12 and carbon-14. Recall 'same proton count, different neutron count'.
同位素是同一种元素中质子数相同而中子数不同的原子。例如碳-12 和碳-14。记住：‘质子数相同，中子数不同’。
Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable nucleus gives out radiation to become more stable. This can release alpha, beta or gamma radiation. It is random and cannot be influenced by external conditions. Imagine dice rolling — you cannot predict when a particular nucleus will decay.
放射性衰变是不稳定的原子核通过放出辐射变得更稳定的过程。它可能放出 α、β 或 γ 辐射。这个过程是随机的，不受外部条件影响。想象掷骰子——你无法预测某个原子核何时会衰变。
Half-life is the time taken for half the radioactive nuclei in a sample to decay. If the half-life is 2 years, after 2 years half remain, after 4 years a quarter remain. To remember, think 'half the life gone'.
半衰期是样本中一半放射性原子核发生衰变所需的时间。如果半衰期是 2 年，2 年后剩下一半，4 年后剩下四分之一。可以记成 ‘一半的寿命过去’。
7. Space Physics | 空间物理
Solar system consists of the Sun, planets, moons, asteroids and comets. The eight planets orbit the Sun in elliptical paths. A mnemonic for order: 'My Very Easy Method Just Speeds Up Naming' for Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.
太阳系由太阳、行星、卫星、小行星和彗星组成。八大行星以椭圆轨道绕太阳运行。顺序记忆法：‘My Very Easy Method Just Speeds Up Naming’ 对应水星、金星、地球、火星、木星、土星、天王星、海王星。
Gravity is a force of attraction between all objects with mass. It keeps planets in orbit and makes things fall. The larger the mass, the stronger the gravity. Link 'gravity' with 'great attractive force'.
重力（引力）是所有有质量的物体之间存在的吸引力。它使行星保持在轨道上，也让物体下落。质量越大，引力越强。可以把 ‘gravity’ 和 ‘巨大的吸引力’ 联系起来。
Red-shift is the observed increase in wavelength of light from distant galaxies moving away from us. It provides evidence that the universe is expanding. Think of a siren moving away — sound pitch drops; similarly, light shifts to red.
红移是观测到的来自远离我们的遥远星系的光波波长增加的现象。它为宇宙正在膨胀提供了证据。想象一辆鸣笛的车远去——声音音调降低；类似地，光会向红色端移动。
8. Key Formulas Memory Hacks | 关键公式记忆窍门
Formula for speed: speed = distance / time. Use the triangle method: cover the quantity you need — if you cover speed, you see distance over time. Picture a journey: 'how far in how long'.
速度公式：speed = distance / time。使用三角形法：遮住你要求的量——如果遮住 speed，就会看到 distance 除以 time。想象一段旅程：‘多远除以多久’。
s = d / t
Kinetic energy: Eₖ = ½ m v². Remember 'half the mass times velocity squared'. The ½ reminds you that doubling speed quadruples the energy. Phrase: 'K-E equals half M V squared'.
动能：Eₖ = ½ m v²。记住‘质量乘以速度平方的一半’。½ 提醒你，速度加倍会使能量变为四倍。口诀：‘K-E 等于半 M V 平方’。
Eₖ = ½ m v²
Gravitational potential energy: Eₚ = m g h. 'Mighty Giraffes Hop' — strength × height. g on Earth is about 9.8 N/kg but often rounded to 10 for calculations.
重力势能：Eₚ = m g h。‘Mighty Giraffes Hop’ —— 质量 × 重力场强度 × 高度。地球上 g 约为 9.8 N/kg，但计算时常取 10。
Eₚ = m g h
Acceleration: a = (v - u) / t. Final velocity minus initial velocity, then divided by time. Think 'change in velocity per second'.
加速度：a = (v - u) / t。末速度减初速度，再除以时间。可以记成 ‘每秒的速度变化’。
a = (v - u) / t
9. Units and SI Prefixes | 单位与 SI 前缀
Learning standard units prevents silly mistakes. Always check whether a quantity is in metres, kilograms, seconds or newtons. Mnemonic for base SI units: 'My Kangaroo Jumps Slowly' — metre (m), kilogram (kg), joule (J), second (s).
掌握标准单位可以避免低级错误。一定要检查量的单位是米、千克、秒还是牛顿。基本 SI 单位记忆法：‘My Kangaroo Jumps Slowly’ —— 米 (m)、千克 (kg)、焦耳 (J)、秒 (s)。
Common prefixes make numbers easier. Kilo (k) means ×1000; mega (M) means ×1,000,000; centi (c) means ÷100; milli (m) means ÷1000. Picture a kilometre — 1000 metres. Remember 'kilo = grand (like thousand)'.
常见前缀让数字更好处理。千 (k) 代表 ×1000；兆 (M) 代表 ×1,000,000；厘 (c) 代表 ÷100；毫 (m) 代表 ÷1000。想象一公里——1000 米。记住：‘kilo 就像一千’。
| Prefix | Symbol | Multiplier | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| tera | T | 10¹² | 1 TW |
| giga | G | 10⁹ | 1 GHz |
| mega | M | 10⁶ | 1 MW |
| kilo | k | 10³ | 1 km |
| centi | c | 10⁻² | 1 cm |
| milli | m | 10⁻³ | 1 mm |
| micro | μ | 10⁻⁶ | 1 μm |
| nano | n | 10⁻⁹ | 1 nm |
10. Common Misconceptions and Top Tips | 常见误区与最佳窍门
Misconception: 'Heavier objects fall faster.' Truth: Without air resistance, all objects fall at the same rate. On the Moon, a hammer and a feather land together. Gravity accelerates all masses equally. Remind yourself: 'mass does not affect speed of fall in a vacuum'.
误区：‘较重的物体下落得更快。’ 事实：在没有空气阻力时，所有物体以相同的速率下落。在月球上，锤子和羽毛会同时落地。重力对所有质量的加速度相同。提醒自己：‘在真空中，质量不影响下落速度’。
Misconception: 'Current is used up in a circuit.' Truth: Current is the same everywhere in a series circuit. Components transfer energy, but the charge carriers (electrons) are not consumed. Think of a bicycle chain — it goes around without disappearing.
误区：‘电流在电路中被用完了。’ 事实：串联电路中各处的电流相同。元件传递了能量，但电荷载体（电子）不会被消耗。想象自行车的链条——它循环运动，并不会消失。
Misconception: 'Objects expand when heated because particles get bigger.' Truth: Particles themselves do not grow; they vibrate more and take up more space. The spaces between particles increase. Picture people on a dance floor — as they move more, they need more room.
误区：‘物体受热膨胀是因为粒子变大了。’ 事实：粒子本身不会变大；它们振动得更剧烈，占据更多空间。粒子之间的距离增大。想象舞池里的人——他们跳动得越厉害，需要的空间就越大。
Quick tip: m marks are lost from unit errors. Memorise: 1 kg = 1000 g, 1 m = 100 cm, 1 minute = 60 s.
快速提示：在把数字代入公式前，务必检查单位。将克转换成千克，厘米转换成米。许多考试失分都来自单位错误。牢记：1 kg = 1000 g，1 m = 100 cm，1 分钟 = 60 s。
Quick tip: Use colour coding or flashcards for related terms: green for energy, blue for waves, red for electricity. Visual grouping helps your brain categorise words faster during revision.
快速提示：用颜色编码或抽认卡整理相关术语：绿色代表能量，蓝色代表波，红色代表电学。视觉分组能帮助你在复习时更快地对词汇进行分类记忆。
Published by TutorHao | Physics Revision Series | aleveler.com
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