📚 Year 9 CIE Psychology: Key Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Guide | Year 9 CIE 心理学：词汇术语速记指南
Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behaviour. For Year 9 students following the CIE curriculum, mastering the core vocabulary is the first step toward thinking like a psychologist. This guide introduces essential terms in a clear, bilingual format, helping you build a strong foundation for essays, class discussions and future exams.
心理学是一门研究心理和行为的科学。对于学习 CIE 课程的 Year 9 学生来说，掌握核心词汇是像心理学家一样思考的第一步。本指南以清晰的双语形式介绍基础术语，帮助你为论文、课堂讨论和未来考试打下扎实的基础。
1. What is Psychology? | 什么是心理学？
Psychology is defined as the scientific study of the human mind and its functions, especially those affecting behaviour. It combines biological, cognitive and social perspectives to explain why people think, feel and act the way they do.
心理学被定义为对人类心理及其功能，尤其是影响行为的那些功能的科学研究。它结合了生物学、认知和社会视角来解释人们为什么这样思考、感受和行动。
The term 'psychology' comes from the Greek words 'psyche' (soul or mind) and 'logos' (study). Unlike philosophy, psychology relies on empirical evidence gathered through systematic observation and experimentation.
“心理学”一词来源于希腊语“psyche”（灵魂或心灵）和“logos”（研究）。与哲学不同，心理学依赖于通过系统观察和实验收集的经验证据。
2. Key Approaches in Psychology | 心理学的主要流派
The biological approach focuses on how brain structure, neurotransmitters and hormones influence behaviour. For example, an imbalance of serotonin is linked to depression.
生物学流派关注大脑结构、神经递质和激素如何影响行为。例如，血清素失衡与抑郁症有关。
The cognitive approach studies internal mental processes like memory, perception and problem-solving. It compares the human mind to a computer that processes information.
认知流派研究内部心理过程，如记忆、感知和问题解决。它将人脑比作处理信息的计算机。
The behavioural approach argues that all behaviour is learned from the environment through conditioning. It ignores internal thoughts and focuses only on observable actions.
行为主义流派认为所有行为都是通过条件作用从环境中习得的。它忽视内部思维，只关注可观察的行动。
3. Research Methods Vocabulary | 研究方法术语
A hypothesis is a testable prediction about the relationship between two or more variables. It is often written as an 'if-then' statement.
假设是关于两个或多个变量之间关系的可检验预测。它通常写成“如果……那么……”的形式。
An independent variable (IV) is the factor that the researcher manipulates or changes. The dependent variable (DV) is what is measured to see the effect of the IV.
自变量 (IV) 是研究者操纵或改变的因素。因变量 (DV) 是为了观察 IV 的效果而测量的东西。
Extraneous variables are any variables other than the IV that could affect the DV. Researchers try to control them to avoid confounding results.
额外变量是除 IV 外任何可能影响 DV 的变量。研究者试图控制它们，以避免结果混淆。
A sample is a small group of participants taken from a larger population. Random sampling gives every member an equal chance of being selected, reducing bias.
样本是从更大群体中抽取的一小组参与者。随机抽样使每个成员都有相等被选中的机会，从而减少偏差。
4. Biological Foundations Terms | 生物基础术语
A neuron is a nerve cell that transmits information using electrical and chemical signals. It consists of a cell body, dendrites and an axon.
神经元是一种使用电信号和化学信号传递信息的神经细胞。它由细胞体、树突和轴突组成。
Synapse is the tiny gap between two neurons where neurotransmitters are released to pass the signal from one cell to the next.
突触是两个神经元之间的微小间隙，神经递质在此释放，将信号从一个细胞传递给下一个细胞。
The central nervous system (CNS) includes the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) connects the CNS to the rest of the body.
中枢神经系统 (CNS) 包括大脑和脊髓。外周神经系统 (PNS) 将 CNS 与身体其他部分连接起来。
5. Cognitive Processes: Memory and Perception | 认知过程：记忆与感知
Encoding is the process of converting sensory input into a form that can be stored in memory. Storage is the retention of that information over time, and retrieval is the act of getting it out again.
编码是将感官输入转换成可存储于记忆中的形式的过程。存储是信息随时间保留，检索则是再次将其提取出来的行为。
Short-term memory (STM) holds a limited amount of information for about 15–30 seconds. Long-term memory (LTM) has a potentially unlimited capacity and can last a lifetime.
短时记忆 (STM) 将有限的信息保持大约 15–30 秒。长时记忆 (LTM) 的容量潜在地无限，可以持续一生。
Perception is the brain's interpretation of sensory information. A percept is the meaningful mental representation of what we see or hear. Illusions occur when perception does not match physical reality.
感知是大脑对感官信息的解释。知觉是我们看到或听到的有意义的心理表征。当感知与物理现实不匹配时，就会产生错觉。
6. Developmental Psychology Terms | 发展心理学术语
Attachment is the deep emotional bond that forms between an infant and its primary caregiver. Secure attachment leads to healthy social and emotional development.
依恋是婴儿与主要照顾者之间形成的深层情感纽带。安全型依恋导致健康的社交和情感发展。
Piaget's theory of cognitive development proposes four stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational. Each stage is characterised by different ways of thinking.
皮亚杰的认知发展理论提出了四个阶段：感知运动阶段、前运算阶段、具体运算阶段和形式运算阶段。每个阶段以不同的思维方式为特征。
Egocentrism in the preoperational stage refers to a child's inability to see a situation from another person's perspective. Object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen.
前运算阶段的自我中心主义指儿童无法从他人的角度看待情境。客体永久性是理解即使看不到物体，它们也仍然存在。
7. Social Influence Vocabulary | 社会影响词汇
Conformity is a change in behaviour or belief to fit in with a group. It can be normative (to be liked) or informational (to be correct).
从众是为了融入群体而改变行为或信念。它可以是规范性的（为了被喜欢）或信息性的（为了正确）。
Obedience is following a direct order from an authority figure. Milgram's famous experiment showed how far people will go to obey even when it causes distress.
服从是遵从权威人物的直接命令。米尔格拉姆的著名实验表明，人们有多远会服从，即使这会造成痛苦。
A stereotype is a fixed, overgeneralised belief about a particular group. Prejudice is an attitude (often negative) based on that stereotype, while discrimination is the behaviour that results from it.
刻板印象是对某个特定群体的固定、过度概括的信念。偏见是基于该刻板印象的态度（通常是消极的），而歧视是由此产生的行为。
8. Learning Theory Terms | 学习理论术语
Classical conditioning is learning through association. An unconditioned stimulus (UCS) naturally triggers a response. When paired with a neutral stimulus, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) that elicits a conditioned response (CR).
经典条件作用是通过联想进行学习。无条件刺激 (UCS) 自然引发反应。当与中性刺激配对时，中性刺激变成条件刺激 (CS)，引发条件反应 (CR)。
Operant conditioning involves learning through consequences. Reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behaviour; punishment decreases it. Positive reinforcement adds something pleasant, while negative reinforcement removes something unpleasant.
操作性条件作用涉及通过后果进行学习。强化增加了行为的可能性；惩罚则降低了它。正强化添加愉快的事物，而负强化移除不愉快的事物。
Observational learning occurs by watching others (models) and imitating their behaviour. Bandura's Bobo doll experiment demonstrated that children copy aggressive acts they see in adults.
观察学习通过观察他人（榜样）并模仿他们的行为发生。班杜拉的波波玩偶实验表明，儿童会模仿他们看到的成人的攻击行为。
9. Emotion and Motivation | 情绪与动机
Emotion is a complex psychological state involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviours and conscious experience. The James-Lange theory suggests that emotions result from our awareness of bodily responses.
情绪是一种复杂的心理状态，涉及生理唤醒、表达行为和意识体验。詹姆斯-兰格理论提出，情绪源于我们对身体反应的意识。
Motivation is the process that initiates, guides and maintains goal-oriented behaviours. Intrinsic motivation comes from inside (e.g., enjoyment), while extrinsic motivation comes from outside rewards or pressures.
动机是启动、引导和维持目标导向行为的过程。内在动机来自内部（如乐趣），而外在动机来自外部的奖励或压力。
Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a motivational theory that arranges needs in a pyramid: physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem and self-actualisation.
马斯洛的需求层次理论是一种将需求按金字塔排列的动机理论：生理需求、安全需求、爱与归属需求、尊重需求和自我实现需求。
10. Commonly Confused Terms | 常见易混淆术语
- Affect vs. Effect: Affect (verb) means to influence; effect (noun) is the result.
- 影响 vs. 结果: Affect (动词) 意为影响；effect (名词) 是结果。
- Validity vs. Reliability: Validity is whether a test measures what it claims to measure. Reliability is consistency of results.
- 效度 vs. 信度: 效度是测试是否测量了它声称要测量的东西。信度是结果的一致性。
- Nature vs. Nurture: Nature refers to genetic inheritance; nurture is the influence of environment and learning.
- 天性 vs. 教养: 天性指基因遗传；教养是环境和学习的影响。
- Independent vs. Dependent variable: The IV is manipulated; the DV is measured.
- 自变量 vs. 因变量: 自变量被操纵；因变量被测量。
11. Mnemonics and Quick Memory Tips | 速记技巧与助记符
To remember the four lobes of the brain, use the phrase 'Freud Told Pigs Oink' for Frontal, Temporal, Parietal and Occipital.
要记住大脑四个叶，可用短语“弗洛伊德告诉猪叫”对应额叶、颞叶、顶叶和枕叶。
For the stages of Piaget's theory, remember: 'Some People Can Fly' — Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete operational, Formal operational.
对于皮亚杰理论的阶段，记住：“有些人会飞”——感知运动、前运算、具体运算、形式运算。
For operant conditioning, think: Reinforcement = Rewards increase Repetition; Punishment = Penalties reduce Probability.
对于操作性条件作用，可以这样想：强化 = 奖励增加重复；惩罚 = 处罚降低可能性。
12. Applying Vocabulary in Exam Questions | 在考试题中应用术语
When answering questions, always define key terms in your opening sentence. For example, 'Conformity refers to yielding to group pressure, which can be normative or informational.'
回答问题时，始终在开头句定义关键术语。例如，“从众指屈服于群体压力，可以是规范性的或信息性的。”
Use connectives such as 'because', 'therefore' and 'however' to show analysis. Linking a term to a study – e.g., 'Asch's line experiment demonstrated conformity' – demonstrates application marks.
使用“因为”、“因此”和“然而”等连接词来展示分析。将术语与研究联系起来——例如，“阿希的线段实验展示了从众”——可以展示应用得分。
Practice by creating flashcards with the term on one side and the definition plus a real-life example on the other. Regularly test yourself with a partner or online quizzes.
通过制作抽认卡练习，一面写上术语，另一面写上定义加一个生活实例。定期与伙伴或在线测验进行自测。
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