📚 Year 9 CIE Economics: Essential Terminology Quick Revision Guide | Year 9 CIE 经济：核心术语速记指南
In Year 9 CIE Economics, building a strong vocabulary is the first step towards mastering the subject. This guide provides clear definitions and creative memory aids for each key term, helping you retain them effortlessly for exams and beyond.
在Year 9 CIE经济学中，建立扎实的词汇基础是攻克这门学科的第一步。本指南为每个核心术语提供清晰的定义和创意记忆法，助你轻松掌握，从容应对考试和实际应用。
1. The Basic Economic Problem & Scarcity | 基本经济问题与稀缺性
Scarcity is the fundamental economic problem of having limited resources to meet unlimited wants.
稀缺性是因资源有限而无法满足无限欲望的基本经济问题。记忆法：Scar（伤疤）+ city（城市），想象一个布满伤疤的城市，一切资源都稀缺。
Needs are essential goods and services required for survival, such as food, water, shelter, and clothing.
需求（生存必需品）是维持生存所必需的商品与服务，如水、食物和住所。记忆：'Need'像'knee'膝盖，没有膝盖难以行走，所以不可或缺。
Wants are goods and services that people desire but are not necessary for survival, like smartphones, vacations, or designer clothes.
欲望是人们渴望但非生存所必需的商品与服务，如手机、度假。联想：'Want'和'wand'魔杖类似，挥动魔杖变出想要的东西。
The four factors of production are land, labour, capital, and entrepreneurship, needed to produce goods and services.
生产要素包括土地、劳动、资本和企业家才能，是生产商品与服务的必备条件。记忆首字母：LLCE（Land, Labour, Capital, Entrepreneurship）。
2. Opportunity Cost & Choice | 机会成本与选择
Choice is the act of selecting among alternatives because we cannot have everything due to scarcity.
选择是因稀缺性而不得不在多种选项中进行取舍的行为。
Opportunity cost is the value of the next best alternative that must be given up when making a choice.
机会成本是做出一个选择时所放弃的次优选项的价值。记忆法：“机会”成本，抓住这个机会而失去另一个机会的成本。
A trade-off involves sacrificing one thing to gain another, seen as all the alternatives forgone, not just the next best.
权衡是为获得某物而牺牲其他事物，泛指所有被放弃的选项，不只是次优选项。
The Production Possibility Frontier (PPF) is a curve showing the maximum possible output combinations of two goods with given resources and technology, illustrating scarcity, choice, and opportunity cost.
生产可能性边界（PPF）是一条曲线，显示在既定资源和技术下两种商品最大产量的组合，体现了稀缺、选择与机会成本。记忆：PPF像山脊，边界线。
3. Economic Systems | 经济体系
A market economy uses the price mechanism to allocate resources, with private ownership and minimal government intervention.
市场经济通过价格机制分配资源，实行私有制，政府干预最少。
A command economy sees the government making all key economic decisions and owning most resources.
指令经济是指政府做出所有重大经济决策并拥有大部分资源的经济。
A mixed economy combines elements of both market and command economies, with active private and public sectors.
混合经济结合了市场与指令经济的特点，私营部门和公共部门共同参与。
The public sector is the part of the economy owned and controlled by the government, while the private sector is owned by individuals and firms.
公共部门是由政府拥有和控制的部门；私营部门则是由个人和公司拥有。
4. Demand & Law of Demand | 需求与需求法则
Demand is the quantity of a good or service that consumers are willing and able to purchase at various prices over a given time period.
需求是消费者在一定时期内，在各种价格水平上愿意且能够购买的商品或服务的数量。
The law of demand states that, ceteris paribus, as the price of a product rises, the quantity demanded falls, and vice versa.
需求法则：在其他条件不变下，价格上升，需求量下降；价格下降，需求量上升。记忆：价格与需求量反向变动。
A demand curve is a graph showing the inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded, typically sloping downward.
需求曲线表示价格与需求量反向关系的图形，通常向右下方倾斜。
Non-price determinants that shift the demand curve include income, tastes, prices of related goods, expectations, and the number of buyers.
移动需求曲线的非价格因素包括收入、偏好、相关商品价格、预期和消费者数量。记忆首字母：ITPEN。
5. Supply & Law of Supply | 供给与供给法则
Supply is the quantity of a good or service that producers are willing and able to offer for sale at different prices over a given period.
供给是生产者在一定时期内，在不同价格水平上愿意且能够提供出售的商品数量。
The law of supply states that, ceteris paribus, as the price rises, the quantity supplied increases; as the price falls, the quantity supplied decreases.
供给法则：其他条件不变，价格上升，供给量增加；价格下降，供给量减少。
The supply curve is a graph showing the positive relationship between price and quantity supplied, usually sloping upward.
供给曲线显示价格与供给量正相关，一般向右上方倾斜。
Determinants that shift the supply curve include production costs, technology, taxes, subsidies, and the number of sellers.
移动供给曲线的因素包括生产成本、技术、税收、补贴和卖者数量。记忆：成本技术税补贴卖方数。
6. Price Determination & Equilibrium | 价格决定与均衡
Market equilibrium occurs where the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied, resulting in a stable market price.
市场均衡发生在需求量等于供给量时，产生稳定的市场价格。
The market price, or equilibrium price, is the price at which the plans of consumers and producers match, clearing the market.
市场价格即均衡价格，是消费者与生产者计划一致的价格，市场出清。
A shortage exists when the market price is below equilibrium, causing quantity demanded to exceed quantity supplied.
短缺：市价低于均衡价，需求量大于供给量。记忆：'Short'短缺，商品不够。
A surplus occurs when the market price is above equilibrium, leading to quantity supplied exceeding quantity demanded.
过剩：市价高于均衡价，供给量超过需求量。联想：'Surplus'发音类似“剩余”。
7. Elasticity Basics | 弹性基础
Price elasticity of demand (PED) measures the responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price.
需求价格弹性（PED）衡量需求量对价格变动的反应程度。
PED = %ΔQd ÷ %ΔP
If PED > 1, demand is elastic, meaning quantity demanded is highly responsive to price changes.
若PED > 1，需求富有弹性，需求量对价格变动反应剧烈。
If PED < 1, demand is inelastic, meaning quantity demanded is less responsive to price changes.
若PED < 1，需求缺乏弹性，需求量反应不敏感。
Price elasticity of supply (PES) measures the responsiveness of quantity supplied to a change in price.
供给价格弹性（PES）衡量供给量对价格变动的反应程度。
PES = %ΔQs ÷ %ΔP
记忆：PED带
Published by TutorHao | Year 9 Economics Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图