📚 Year 9 CIE Science: Rapid Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | 九年级 CIE 科学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering scientific vocabulary is one of the easiest ways to boost your confidence in Year 9 CIE Science. Often, a single unfamiliar term can make a whole question seem impossible, even when you understand the concept. This guide breaks down must-know terms across biology, chemistry and physics, pairing each with a simple memory trick so you can learn faster and retain longer.
掌握科学词汇是提升九年级 CIE 科学自信的最简单方法之一。很多时候，一个不熟悉的术语就能让整个问题显得无从下手，即使你理解背后的概念。本指南将生物、化学和物理中必知的术语拆解开来，并为每个术语配上一个简单的记忆窍门，让你学得更快、记得更牢。
1. Cells and Organelles | 细胞与细胞器
Cells are the building blocks of life. The main organelles you must know for Year 9 are the nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall, chloroplasts and mitochondria.
细胞是生命的基本单位。九年级必须掌握的主要细胞器有细胞核、细胞质、细胞膜、细胞壁、叶绿体和线粒体。
Nucleus – the control centre containing DNA. Memory tip: think 'nucleus = nucleus of a team', calling the shots.
细胞核 – 含有 DNA 的控制中心。记忆窍门：联想 '核' 心，就像团队核心发号施令。
Cytoplasm – jelly-like substance where chemical reactions occur. Remember 'cyto' means cell, 'plasm' means fluid. Picture a jam-filled doughnut.
细胞质 – 发生化学反应的胶状物质。记住 'cyto' 指细胞，'plasm' 指流体。想象一个果酱甜甜圈。
Cell membrane – selectively permeable barrier. Think of a bouncer at a club, only letting certain molecules pass.
细胞膜 – 选择透过性屏障。想象夜店门卫，只让特定分子通过。
Cell wall – rigid outer layer in plants, made of cellulose. The wall protects like a castle wall; only in plants and fungi.
细胞壁 – 植物细胞坚硬的外层，由纤维素构成。像城堡墙壁一样起保护作用；仅存在于植物和真菌中。
Chloroplasts – contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis. 'Chloro' sounds like 'chlorophyll green'. Only in plant cells.
叶绿体 – 含有用于光合作用的叶绿素。'Chloro' 听起来像 '绿'，只存在于植物细胞。
Mitochondria – powerhouse of the cell, site of aerobic respiration. Think 'mighty mitochondria' generating energy.
线粒体 – 细胞的能量工厂，有氧呼吸的场所。联想 '强大的线粒体' 产生能量。
2. Life Processes and MRS GREN | 生命过程与 MRS GREN
All living organisms carry out seven life processes, often recalled using the mnemonic MRS GREN: Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, Nutrition.
所有生物都进行七种生命过程，常用助记符 MRS GREN 来记忆：运动、呼吸、感应、生长、繁殖、排泄、营养。
Movement – changing position or place. Even plants move, e.g. towards light.
运动 – 改变位置或地点。植物也会运动，例如向光生长。
Respiration – releasing energy from glucose. Not the same as breathing; think 'respiration releases energy'.
呼吸作用 – 从葡萄糖中释放能量。不等同于呼吸；记住 '呼吸作用释放能量'。
Sensitivity – detecting and responding to stimuli. Sensitive to surroundings, like a plant bending towards light.
感应 – 探测并响应刺激。对环境敏感，比如植物向光弯曲。
Growth – permanent increase in size. All organisms grow at some stage.
生长 – 体积永久性增大。所有生物在某个阶段都会生长。
Reproduction – producing offspring. Essential for species survival, not individual survival.
繁殖 – 产生后代。对物种生存至关重要，而非个体生存。
Excretion – removal of metabolic waste. fferent from egestion (removing undigested food). Excrete = waste from chemical reactions.
排泄 – 清除代谢废物。不同于排遗（排出未消化的食物）。排泄 = 化学反应产生的废物。
Nutrition – obtaining food for energy and growth. Autotrophs make their own food; heterotrophs consume others.
营养 – 获取食物以提供能量和生长。自养生物自己制造食物；异养生物摄食其他生物。
3. Atoms, Elements and the Periodic Table | 原子、元素与周期表
An atom is the smallest part of an element. The Periodic Table arranges elements by increasing atomic number. Key terms include proton, neutron, electron, atomic number and mass number.
原子是元素最小的组成部分。周期表按原子序数递增排列元素。关键术语包括质子、中子、电子、原子序数和质量数。
Proton – positive subatomic particle in the nucleus. Pro = positive. Gives identity to the element.
质子 – 原子核内带正电的亚原子粒子。Pro 如同 positive（正）。决定元素的种类。
Neutron – neutral particle in the nucleus. Neutron sounds like 'neutral'. Contributes to mass.
中子 – 原子核内不带电的粒子。Neutron 听起来像 neutral（中性）。贡献质量。
Electron – negative particle orbiting the nucleus. Electron = electric, tiny, light. Arranged in shells.
电子 – 围绕原子核运动的带负电粒子。Electron 联想 electric（电的），极小极轻。分层排布。
Atomic number – number of protons. Defines the element. 'Z' in formulae.
原子序数 – 质子数。定义元素种类。公式中用 'Z' 表示。
Mass number – total protons + neutrons. Bigger number, nucleon number.
质量数 – 质子数 + 中子数。较大的数，核子数。
4. Chemical Bonds and Formulae | 化学键与化学式
Atoms bond to achieve a full outer shell. Learn the difference between ionic and covalent bonding, and how to interpret chemical formulae.
原子通过键合以达到满层结构。要学习离子键和共价键的区别，以及如何解读化学式。
Ionic bond – transfer of electrons between metal and non-metal. Ionic = I own electrons? Actually opposite: metal gives, non-metal takes.
离子键 – 金属与非金属之间电子的转移。记住金属给出电子，非金属获得电子。
Covalent bond – sharing of electrons between non-metals. Co- means together, so sharing together.
共价键 – 非金属原子间共享电子。"共" 就是共同，所以共同分享。
Compound – two or more elements chemically combined. Compound = components bonded. Fixed proportions.
化合物 – 两种或多种元素经化学结合而成。具有固定组成。
Molecule – a group of atoms bonded covalently. H₂O is a molecule; NaCl is not a molecule but an ionic compound.
分子 – 通过共价键结合的一组原子。H₂O 是分子；NaCl 是离子化合物而非分子。
Chemical formula – uses symbols and subscripts to show composition. CO₂ means 1 carbon, 2 oxygens.
化学式 – 用符号和下标表示组成。CO₂ 表示 1 个碳原子和 2 个氧原子。
5. Acids, Alkalis and pH Scale | 酸、碱与 pH 标度
The pH scale measures acidity or alkalinity from 0 to 14. Acids have pH < 7, alkalis have pH > 7, and pH 7 is neutral.
pH 标度衡量酸碱性，范围从 0 到 14。酸 pH < 7，碱 pH > 7，pH 7 为中性。
Acid – substance that releases H⁺ ions in water. Tastes sour, turns litmus red. Think 'acid adds H⁺'.
酸 – 在水中释放 H⁺ 离子的物质。尝起来酸，使石蕊变红。联想酸 '加 H⁺'。
Alkali – soluble base that releases OH⁻ ions. Alkali feels soapy, turns litmus blue. OH⁻ remembers 'alkali has OH'.
碱 – 可溶性的碱，释放 OH⁻ 离子。摸起来滑腻，使石蕊变蓝。OH⁻ 记忆为 '碱有 OH'。
Neutralisation – acid + alkali → salt + water. H⁺ + OH⁻ → H₂O. Neutralise = cancel out.
中和反应 – 酸 + 碱 → 盐 + 水。H⁺ + OH⁻ → H₂O。中和就像互相抵消。
Indicator – dye that changes colour with pH. Litmus, universal indicator. Think 'indicates pH'.
指示剂 – 随 pH 变色的染料。石蕊、万能指示剂。记住它 '指示 pH'。
6. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
Forces can change an object's speed, direction or shape. Key vocabulary includes resultant force, friction, weight, mass and pressure.
力可以改变物体的速度、方向或形状。关键词汇包括合力、摩擦力、重力、质量和压强。
Force – a push or pull measured in newtons (N). Named after Newton.
力 – 推或拉，以牛顿 (N) 为单位。以牛顿命名。
Resultant force – the overall force acting on an object. If unbalanced, causes acceleration. Resultant = result of all forces.
合力 – 作用在物体上的总力。若不平衡，就会产生加速度。合力是所有力的结果。
Friction – force opposing motion. Friction fights motion. Rough surfaces increase friction.
摩擦力 – 阻碍运动的力。摩擦力对抗运动。粗糙表面增加摩擦。
Weight – force due to gravity (W = m × g). Weight changes with gravity; mass does not.
重力（重量） – 因重力而产生的力 (W = m × g)。重力随重力场变化；质量不变。
Pressure – force per unit area. P = F / A. Narrow heels exert more pressure.
压强 – 单位面积上所受力的大小。P = F / A。细高跟鞋压强更大。
7. Energy Types and Transfers | 能量类型与转化
Energy is the ability to do work. It exists in many forms and can be transferred or stored. The law of conservation states energy cannot be created or destroyed.
能量是做功的能力。它以多种形式存在，可以传递或储存。能量守恒定律指出能量不能被创造或消灭。
Kinetic energy – energy of movement. Kinetic = motion. The faster, the more kinetic energy.
动能 – 运动的能量。Kinetic 意为运动。越快，动能越大。
Potential energy – stored energy. Gravitational potential energy (height), elastic potential (stretched spring).
势能 – 储存的能量。重力势能（高度），弹性势能（被拉伸的弹簧）。
Thermal energy – heat energy. Flows from hot to cold.
热能 – 热量。从高温物体流向低温物体。
Energy transfer – movement of energy via forces, heating, waves or electricity. Energy pathway: mechanical, electrical, heating, radiation.
能量传递 – 通过力、加热、波或电流转移能量。能量途径：机械功、电流、加热、辐射。
Efficiency – useful output / total input. Always less than 1 (or 100%) due to waste energy.
效率 – 有用输出能量 ÷ 总输入能量。由于有浪费能量，效率总小于 1 (或 100%)。
8. Waves and Sound | 波与声音
Waves transfer energy without transferring matter. Sound is a longitudinal wave. Know amplitude, wavelength, frequency and speed.
波传递能量而不传递物质。声音是纵波。要掌握振幅、波长、频率和波速。
Amplitude – maximum displacement from rest. Louder sound = larger amplitude. Think 'amplify'.
振幅 – 离平衡位置的最大位移。声音越响，振幅越大。联想 '放大'。
Wavelength – distance between two crests or compressions. Lambda (λ). Visualise the length of one complete wave cycle.
波长 – 两个波峰或密部之间的距离。用 λ 表示。想象一个完整波周期的长度。
Frequency – number of waves per second, in hertz (Hz). Pitch of sound: high frequency = high pitch.
频率 – 每秒的波数，单位是赫兹 (Hz)。音调：高频率 = 高音调。
Wave speed – v = f × λ. Speed equals frequency times wavelength.
波速 – v = f × λ。波速等于频率乘以波长。
Longitudinal wave – vibrations parallel to direction of travel. Sound wave compressions and rarefactions. Imagine a slinky pushed and pulled.
纵波 – 振动方向与传播方向平行。声波的疏密相间。想象推拉弹簧玩具。
9. Electricity Basics | 电学基础
Understanding circuits starts with current, voltage and resistance. Use simple analogies to memorise their meanings.
理解电路要从电流、电压和电阻开始。用简单的类比来记住它们的含义。
Current (I) – flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A). Think of water flow rate in a pipe. Current = how many charges pass per second.
电流 (I) – 电荷的流动，单位是安培 (A)。联想水管中的水流速率。电流 = 每秒通过多少电荷。
Voltage (V) – energy per unit charge, measured in volts (V). It pushes the current. Think of battery pressure or electrical 'push'.
电压 (V) – 每单位电荷的能量，单位是伏特 (V)。它推动电流。联想电池压力或电的 '推力'。
Resistance (R) – opposition to current, measured in ohms (Ω). Narrow wire, high resistance. Like a narrow pipe restricting flow.
电阻 (R) – 对电流的阻碍，单位是欧姆 (Ω)。细导线电阻大。像窄水管限制水流。
Series circuit – single loop, same current throughout. If one bulb breaks, all go out.
串联电路 – 单一回路，各处电流相同。若一个灯泡坏了，全部熄灭。
Parallel circuit – branches; voltage same across each branch. If one branch fails, others still work.
并联电路 – 有分支；各支路电压相同。一条支路断开，其他支路仍工作。
10. Space Physics | 太空物理
Year 9 CIE Science introduces the Solar System, gravity and orbits. Important terms include planet, satellite, asteroid and gravitational field.
九年级 CIE 科学介绍太阳系、引力和轨道。重要术语有行星、卫星、小行星和引力场。
Planet – large body orbiting a star, has cleared its orbit. Eight planets, from Mercury to Neptune.
行星 – 围绕恒星运行的大型天体，已清除其轨道区域。八大行星，从水星到海王星。
Natural satellite – moon orbiting a planet. Earth's moon is a natural satellite.
天然卫星 – 围绕行星运行的卫星。月球是地球的天然卫星。
Asteroid – rocky object smaller than planet, often in asteroid belt. Between Mars and Jupiter.
小行星 – 比行星小的岩石天体，多位于小行星带。在火星和木星之间。
Gravity – attractive force between masses. Keeps planets in orbit. Gravitational field strength g ≈ 10 N/kg on Earth.
引力 – 质量之间的吸引力。使行星保持在轨道上。地球引力场强度 g ≈ 10 N/kg。
Orbit – curved path of an object around another due to gravity. Moon orbits Earth, Earth orbits Sun.
轨道 – 因引力作用，物体围绕另一物体运行的弯曲路径。月球绕地球，地球绕太阳。
11. Vocabulary Memorisation Techniques | 词汇记忆技巧
Memorising science terms can be made easier with active methods. Use flashcards, mnemonics, word association, and teach-back.
通过主动方法，记忆科学术语会变得更简单。使用抽认卡、助记符、词语联想和复述教学。
Flashcards – term on one side, definition on the other. Test yourself regularly, shuffle the order. Spaced repetition wins.
抽认卡 – 一面是术语，另一面是定义。定期自测，打乱顺序。间隔重复效果最好。
Mnemonic acronyms – e.g., MRS GREN for life processes. Create your own for groups of terms, like 'OIL RIG' for redox later.
助记缩略词 – 例如用 MRS GREN 记忆生命过程。为自己一组术语创造口诀，如未来学氧化还原用 'OIL RIG'。
Word roots – many science terms come from Greek or Latin. 'Photo' = light; 'synthesis' = putting together. Understanding roots unlocks many words.
词根法 – 许多科学术语源自希腊语或拉丁语。'Photo' 意为光，'synthesis' 意为组合。理解词根能解锁许多词。
Teach someone else – explain the term out loud as if teaching. If you can't explain it simply, you don't know it well enough.
讲给别人听 – 就像教学一样大声解释术语。如果你无法简单解释，说明还没足够理解。
Diagram labelling – draw and label processes. For cell parts or circuit symbols, visual memory is powerful.
图表标注 – 画出并标注过程。对细胞结构或电路符号来说，视觉记忆非常强大。
12. Exam Command Words for Year 9 CIE Science | 九年级 CIE 科学考试指令词
Command words tell you exactly what the examiner wants. Misinterpreting them can cost marks. Learn the most common ones.
指令词明确告知你考官的要求。误解指令词可能导致丢分。掌握最常见的指令词。
State – give a short, concise fact. No explanation needed. Just the answer.
陈述 (State) – 给出简短、准确的事实。无需解释。只给答案。
Describe – say what you see or what happens. No need for 'why'; just patterns or observations.
描述 (Describe) – 说出你看到的现象或发生的过程。不需要 '为什么'；只需规律或观察结果。
Explain – give scientific reasons, use 'because'. Link cause and effect. Use key principles.
解释 (Explain) – 给出科学原因，使用 '因为'。把因果联系起来。运用关键原理。
Calculate – work out a numerical answer, show working. Include units and formula.
计算 (Calculate) – 算出数值答案，展示步骤。包括单位和公式。
Compare – point out similarities and differences. Use comparatives like 'higher than', 'while', 'whereas'.
比较 (Compare) – 指出相似点和不同点。使用 '比…高'、'而' 等比较词。
Suggest – apply knowledge to a new situation. There might be more than one valid answer; use logic.
提出建议 (Suggest) – 把知识应用到新情境。可能不止一个合理答案；运用逻辑。
Evaluate – weigh up pros and cons, make a judgement. Often 'discuss the advantages and disadvantages and give a conclusion'.
评估 (Evaluate) – 权衡利弊，给出判断。通常是 '讨论优缺点并给出结论'。
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