📚 Year 9 Edexcel PE: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick-Memorisation Guide | Year 9 Edexcel 体育：词汇术语速记指南
Success in Edexcel Year 9 Physical Education depends not only on your practical ability but also on your command of the subject's specialist language. This guide breaks down essential vocabulary into manageable chunks and pairs each term with a memorisation cue, so you can recall definitions quickly and accurately in class discussions, end-of-topic tests and written coursework.
要在 Edexcel 九年级体育课中取得好成绩，不仅需要良好的实操能力，还需要掌握学科的专业用语。本指南将核心词汇拆分成易于消化的单元，并为每个术语配上一个速记提示，帮助你在课堂讨论、单元测验和书面作业中快速且准确地回忆定义。
1. Anatomical Position & Directional Terms | 解剖姿势与方位术语
The foundation of all movement analysis is the standard anatomical position: standing upright, facing forward, arms at the sides with palms facing forward. From this reference point we use directional terms to describe body parts relative to each other. To remember 'Anterior' (front) and 'Posterior' (back), think of an 'Ant' crawling on your front – the ant is at the anterior. 'Superior' means above or closer to the head; picture a superhero flying above you. 'Inferior' means below or closer to the feet; the inferior level of a building is the ground floor. 'Medial' means towards the midline of the body; imagine the middle of your body has a zip, and 'medial' is nearer to that zip. 'Lateral' is away from the midline; think of a lateral pass in rugby that goes out to the side. 'Proximal' means closer to the trunk (the point of attachment), and 'Distal' means further away; the wrist is distal to the elbow, just as a distant country is far away.
所有动作分析的基础是标准解剖姿势：身体直立，面朝前方，双臂放在身体两侧，掌心朝前。从这个参考点出发，我们使用方位术语来描述身体各部位之间的相对位置。要记住'Anterior'（前）和'Posterior'（后），可以想象一只蚂蚁（Ant）在你胸前爬——蚂蚁就在前侧。'Superior'（上）指上方或更靠近头部；想象一位超级英雄在你上方飞行。'Inferior'（下）指下方或更靠近脚；大楼的最下层就是底层。'Medial'（内侧）指向身体中线；想象身体中间有一条拉链，'内侧'就是更靠近这条拉链。'Lateral'（外侧）是远离中线；想想橄榄球中的横传球，向侧面传出。'Proximal'（近端）指更靠近躯干（附着点），'Distal'（远端）指更远；手腕相对于肘部是远端，就和一个遥远的国度一样远。
2. Joint Movement Vocabulary | 关节动作词汇
Flashcards are your best friend here. 'Flexion' reduces the angle at a joint, like flexing your bicep – both words start with 'flec-'. 'Extension' increases the angle; you extend your leg to straighten it. 'Abduction' moves a limb away from the midline: the word contains 'ab' meaning away, and you can think of an alien being abducted – taken away. 'Adduction' adds the limb back towards the midline; 'add' means bring together. 'Rotation' is turning around a central axis, like a wheel rotates. 'Circumduction' is a cone-shaped movement combining flexion, extension, abduction and adduction; picture drawing a circle with your finger – a circus movement. For plantarflexion (pointing toes down) and dorsiflexion (pulling toes up), imagine planting a seed in the ground with your toes, or a dolphin's dorsal fin pointing up.
在这里，抽认卡是你最好的帮手。'Flexion'（屈曲）减小关节角度，就像屈曲你的肱二头肌——两个词都以'flec-'开头。'Extension'（伸展）增大角度；你伸展腿部将其伸直。'Abduction'（外展）将肢体移离中线：词根'ab'表示离开，你可以联想外星人绑架（abducted）——被带走。'Adduction'（内收）将肢体收回中线；'add'意为添加、合拢。'Rotation'（旋转）是绕中心轴转动，如同轮子旋转。'Circumduction'（环转）是一个锥形运动，结合了屈、伸、外展和内收；想象用手指画一个圈——一场马戏（circus）动作。对于跖屈（脚尖下压）和背屈（脚尖上勾），想象用脚趾种下一颗种子（plant），或者海豚背上的背鳍（dorsal fin）向上翘起。
3. Components of Fitness – The Health-Related Five | 体适能要素——健康相关五项
You must be able to define and give a sporting example for each. Use the mnemonic 'BBC MF': Body composition, Balance (skill-related, but often grouped here for memory), Cardiovascular endurance, Muscular endurance, Flexibility. Actually, the Edexcel specification lists five health-related components: Cardiovascular Fitness (aerobic endurance), Muscular Strength, Muscular Endurance, Flexibility, and Body Composition. Memorise them as 'Can My Friends Sing Beautifully?' – Cardiovascular, Muscular strength, Flexibility, Stamina (muscular endurance), Body composition. 'Cardiovascular fitness' is the ability of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen to working muscles; a marathon runner needs this. 'Muscular strength' is the maximum force a muscle can exert in one contraction; a weightlifter's clean and jerk depends on it. 'Muscular endurance' is the ability to repeat contractions without tiring; think of a rower maintaining strokes. 'Flexibility' is the range of motion around a joint; a gymnast relies on this. 'Body composition' is the proportion of fat, muscle, bone and water in the body; sumo wrestlers might have a high fat ratio for their sport.
你必须能够为每一个要素给出定义并列举运动实例。使用助记口诀'Can My Friends Sing Beautifully?'——Cardiovascular fitness（心血管适能，即心肺耐力）、Muscular strength（肌肉力量）、Flexibility（柔韧性）、Stamina（肌肉耐力）、Body composition（身体成分）。'心血管适能'是心脏和肺部向工作肌肉输送氧气的能力；马拉松跑者需要这项能力。'肌肉力量'是肌肉一次收缩所能产生的最大力量；举重运动员的挺举依赖于此。'肌肉耐力'是肌肉在疲劳前重复收缩的能力；想想赛艇运动员持续划桨。'柔韧性'是关节的活动幅度；体操运动员非常依赖它。'身体成分'是体内脂肪、肌肉、骨骼与水分的比例；相扑选手可能为了运动需要维持较高的脂肪比例。
4. Skill-Related Fitness Components – Powered by 'C.R.A.B.P.S' | 技能相关体适能要素——'C.R.A.B.P.S'助力记忆
The six skill-related components of fitness are Agility, Balance, Coordination, Power, Reaction time and Speed. The classic acronym is 'CRAB PS' or 'A BC PRS'. I prefer 'C.R.A.B.P.S': Coordination, Reaction time, Agility, Balance, Power, Speed. 'Agility' is the ability to change direction quickly and precisely; an attacking midfielder dodging defenders shows agility. 'Balance' is maintaining the body's centre of mass over its base of support; a gymnast on a beam. 'Coordination' is using two or more body parts together smoothly; a tennis player's hand-eye coordination. 'Power' is the product of strength and speed – doing something loudly explosive; a volleyball spike. 'Reaction time' is the time taken to respond to a stimulus; a sprinter starting on the gun. 'Speed' is simply how fast you can move your body or a body part; a 100 m runner.
六大技能相关体适能要素分别是敏捷性、平衡、协调性、爆发力、反应时间和速度。经典缩写是'CRAB PS'或'A BC PRS'。我更推荐'C.R.A.B.P.S'：Coordination（协调性）、Reaction time（反应时）、Agility（敏捷性）、Balance（平衡）、Power（爆发力）、Speed（速度）。'敏捷性'是快速、精准地改变方向的能力；进攻型中场运球过人就体现了敏捷性。'平衡'是维持身体重心在支撑面内的能力；体操运动员在平衡木上就需要平衡。'协调性'是流畅地同时运用两个或多个身体部位的能力；网球运动员的手眼协调。'爆发力'是力量与速度的乘积——一种响亮的、爆发性的动作；排球扣球需要爆发力。'反应时'是对刺激作出反应所需的时间；短跑运动员在发令枪响起跑。'速度'简单来说就是身体或身体部位移动的快慢；百米赛跑运动员依赖速度。
5. Principles of Training – S.P.O.R.T & F.I.T.T | 训练原则——S.P.O.R.T 与 F.I.T.T
When designing a training programme, you must apply the principles of training. The first acronym is 'SPORT': Specificity, Progression, Overload, Reversibility, Tedium. 'Specificity' means training must be relevant to the sport or goal; a swimmer trains in water. 'Progression' means gradually increasing the difficulty. 'Overload' means working harder than normal to force adaptation. 'Reversibility' warns that gains are lost when you stop training; think of reversible gains. 'Tedium' is boredom; variety prevents tedium. To apply overload, use the 'FITT' principle: Frequency (how often), Intensity (how hard), Time (how long), Type (what kind). For example, to improve cardio fitness you could increase Frequency from 3 to 4 sessions per week, Intensity from 60% to 70% max heart rate, Time from 20 to 30 minutes, or change Type from jogging to cycling.
设计训练计划时必须遵循训练原则。第一个首字母缩写是'SPORT'：Specifity（针对性）、Progression（渐进性）、Overload（超负荷）、Reversibility（可逆性）、Tedium（单调性）。'针对性'指训练必须与运动项目或目标相关；游泳运动员在水中训练。'渐进性'指逐步增加难度。'超负荷'指比平常更努力地训练，以迫使身体适应。'可逆性'警告说，停止训练后所获得的能力会丧失；可以联想'可逆的'收益。'单调性'就是枯燥感；多样化可以避免单调。为了应用超负荷，可使用'FITT'原则：Frequency（频率）、Intensity（强度）、Time（时间）、Type（类型）。例如，要提升心肺功能，你可以将频率从每周3次增加到4次，强度从60%最大心率提高到70%，时间从20分钟延长到30分钟，或者将类型从慢跑改为骑自行车。
6. Methods of Training – Linking Names to Feel | 训练方法——将名称与感受关联
Edexcel expects you to know at least six methods. 'Continuous training' is steady-state exercise with no rest, like a 30-minute jog. 'Fartlek training' is Swedish for 'speed play' – mix of fast and slow running; think of a playful fartlek car speeding up and slowing down. 'Interval training' of alternates periods of high-intensity work with recovery; memorise the interval between high-intensity bursts. 'Circuit training' a series of stations; picture an electrical circuit flowing from one exercise to the next. 'Weight training' uses resistance to build strength; weights = heavy. 'Plyometric training' involves explosive jumping; 'plyo-' sounds like 'fly', and you fly into the air when jumping. 'High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT)' is short, maximal effort intervals; think of HIIT as a 'high' intensity 'hit'.
Edexcel 要求你至少了解六种训练方法。'持续训练'是以稳定强度进行的无间歇运动，比如30分钟的慢跑。'法特莱克训练'在瑞典语中意为'速度游戏'——快慢跑交替；可以想象一辆调皮的'法特莱克'汽车，一会儿加速一会儿减速。'间歇训练'在高强度工作和恢复之间交替；记住爆发性练习之间的'间歇'。'循环训练'是一系列练习站点的轮转；想象电流沿着电路（circuit）从一个练习站点流向下一站点。'负重训练'使用阻力来增强力量；weights（重量）等于 heavy。'增强式训练'涉及爆发性的跳跃动作；'plyo-'听起来像'fly'，而跳跃时你会飞向空中。'高强度间歇训练（HIIT）'是短时、尽全力冲刺的间歇；把 HIIT 想成一次高（high）强度的'打击（hit）'。
7. Muscular System – Prime Movers & Antagonistic Pairs | 肌肉系统——主动肌与拮抗肌对
You need to know the major muscles and their actions. Use your own body as a map. The 'deltoid' lifts the arm away from the body; 'delt' sounds like 'delta' shaped like a triangle – your shoulder is triangular. 'Biceps' flex the elbow; two heads (bi). 'Triceps' extend the elbow; three heads (tri). 'Pectorals' bring the arm across the chest; you peck like a bird with your chest. 'Abdominals' flex the trunk; abs = a flat stomach. 'Quadriceps' extend the knee; four muscles on the front of the thigh. 'Hamstrings' flex the knee; imagine a hamstring like a string behind your leg that pulls the lower leg back. 'Gastrocnemius' points the foot (plantarflexion); it's the calf muscle that lets you stand on your tiptoes, like a gas pedal action. 'Gluteals' extend the hip; the biggest muscle for standing up from a squat. In any movement, the 'agonist' (prime mover) contracts while the 'antagonist' relaxes; for a bicep curl the biceps is agonist and triceps is antagonist.
你需要了解主要肌肉及其功能，可以把自己的身体当作地图来记。'三角肌'从体侧抬起手臂；'delt'听起来像三角形的'delta'，而你的肩膀就是三角形状。'肱二头肌'使肘关节屈曲；两个头（bi）。'肱三头肌'使肘关节伸展；三个头（tri）。'胸肌'将手臂拉向胸前；你可以像鸟一样用胸部完成'啄'的动作。'腹肌'使躯干屈曲；abs 意味着平坦的腹部。'股四头肌'伸展膝关节；大腿前方有四块肌肉。'腘绳肌'屈曲膝关节；想象一根绳子（string）在你腿后，将小腿向后拉。'腓肠肌'完成足尖下压（跖屈）；这是让你踮起脚尖的小腿肌肉，就像踩油门踏板的动作。'臀肌'伸展髋关节；这是你从深蹲站起时最大的功臣肌肉。在任何动作中，'主动肌'收缩，同时'拮抗肌'放松；在做哑铃弯举时，肱二头肌是主动肌，肱三头肌是拮抗肌。
8. Skeletal System – Bones and Their Functions | 骨骼系统——骨骼及其功能
Key bones to label and know: cranium (skull), clavicle (collar bone), scapula (shoulder blade), humerus (upper arm), radius (thumb side forearm), ulna (little finger side), ribs, sternum, vertebrae, pelvis, femur (thigh bone, longest), patella (knee cap), tibia (shin bone, larger), fibula (thin outer leg bone). To remember radius and ulna, think of the radius being on the thumb side where you might have a watch, radial pulse. The ulna is on the 'ulnar' side, little finger side. The patella protects the knee joint. Functions of the skeleton: Support, Protection, Movement, Shape, Mineral storage, Blood cell production. Mnemonic: 'Super People Make Salads Mostly Boring'. Or 'Silly Penguins Move Slowly Making Babies'. Support – bones hold you up. Protection – ribs protect heart and lungs. Movement – joints allow movement. Shape – gives body posture. Mineral storage – calcium and phosphorus. Blood cell production – bone marrow makes red and white blood cells.
需要标注并了解的关键骨骼有：颅骨、锁骨、肩胛骨、肱骨、桡骨（拇指侧前臂）、尺骨（小指侧）、肋骨、胸骨、椎骨、骨盆、股骨（大腿骨，最长）、髌骨（膝盖骨）、胫骨（小腿骨，较粗）和腓骨（小腿外侧的细骨）。为了记住桡骨和尺骨，联想桡骨在拇指一侧，通常戴手表的位置，可触摸到桡动脉搏动；尺骨在'尺侧'，即小指一侧。髌骨保护膝关节。骨骼的功能包括：支撑、保护、运动、塑形、矿物质储存和血细胞生成。助记口诀：'Super People Make Salads Mostly Boring'（Support, Protection, Movement, Shape, Mineral storage, Blood cell production）。'支撑'——骨骼让你直立；'保护'——肋骨保护心脏和肺；'运动'——关节允许动作发生；'塑形'——赋予身体姿态；'矿物质储存'——储存钙和磷；'血细胞生成'——骨髓制造红细胞和白细胞。
9. Cardiovascular & Respiratory Key Terms | 心血管与呼吸关键术语
volume (SV) is the amount of blood pumped per beat. Cardiac output (Q) = HR × SV. Remember 'Q = heart rate times stroke volume' by thinking of a 'Queen' needing both heart and volume to rule. 'Vital capacity' is the maximum amount of air you can exhale after a maximal inhalation; vital for life. 'Tidal volume' he is the amount of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing; tides come in and out gently. 'Minute ventilation' is the volume of air inspired per minute. 'Haemoglobin' in red blood cells carries oxygen. 'Aerobic' means with oxygen; think of 'air-obic'. 'Anaerobic' means without oxygen; 'an-' without, like anaerobic. Anaerobic exercise produces lactic acid, causing muscle fatigue; 'lactic' sounds like 'lactic acid' that makes muscles 'lack' energy.
心率（HR）是每分钟心跳次数。每搏输出量（SV）是心脏每搏动一次泵出的血量。心输出量（Q）= HR × SV。联想需要心率和每搏量两者兼顾的'Queen'（女王）来记住Q = 心率×每搏输出量。'肺活量'是最大吸气后能呼出的最大气量；对于生命至关重要。'潮气量'是平静呼吸时吸入或呼出的气量；如同潮水轻柔地进出。'每分通气量'是每分钟吸入的气体容积。红细胞中的'血红蛋白'携带氧气。'有氧'意味着需要氧气；想象'air-obic'。'无氧'意味着无需氧气；前缀'an-'常表示'没有'，如 anaerobic。无氧运动会生成乳酸，导致肌肉疲劳；'lactic acid'听起来像是让肌肉'缺乏'能量的酸。
10. Health, Fitness and Well-being – The Three Pillars | 健康、体适能与幸福——三大支柱
Edexcel defines 'health' ate of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease. 'Fitness' is the ability to meet the demands of the environment. 'Well-being' t are not identical; a person can be physically fit but have poor mental health. The terms 'sedentary lifestyle' (inactive lifestyle) is linked to obesity, heart disease, diabetes. 'Obesity' is a BMI over 30. Remember 'sedentary' comes from 'sedent' like sitting; a sedentary job is one where you sit all day. 'BMI' (Body Mass Index) = weight (kg) ÷ height² (m²). Limitations of BMI: it doesn't distinguish between muscle and fat. Thus a rugby player may be classified overweight.
Edexcel 将'健康'定义为一种完全的身体、心理和社交健康状态，而不仅仅是没有疾病。'体适能'是满足环境需求的能力。'幸福'是身体、心理和社交因素动态结合的感受。用维恩图来理解：健康和体适能有所重叠但并不等同；一个人可能身体非常健康，但心理状态不佳。'久坐不动的生活方式'与肥胖、心脏病、糖尿病相关联。'肥胖'是体重指数（BMI）超过30。记住'sedentary'源于'sedent'意为坐着；久坐的工作就是整天坐着。BMI = 体重(kg) ÷ 身高²(m²)。BMI 的局限在于无法区分肌肉和脂肪，因此一名橄榄球运动员可能会被归类为超重。
11. Sport Psychology – Arousal, Motivation & Feedback | 运动心理学——唤醒、动机与反馈
proves performance. Inverted-U theory states performance peaks at moderate arousal. If you're too relaxed or too anxious, performance drops. 'Intrinsic motivation' is driving from within, like enjoyment. 'Extrinsic motivation' comes from external rewards, like trophies. 'Feedback' is information about a performance. 'Intrinsic feedback' is what the performer feels themselves (kinaesthetic sense). 'Extrinsic feedback' comes from coaches or a stopwatch. 'Knowledge of results' (KR) tells you the outcome, e.g. the score. 'Knowledge of performance' (KP) tells you how well you moved, e.g. your technique. Use a simple cue: 'results = numbers, performance = style'.
唤醒是一种准备状态；最佳唤醒有利于提升表现。倒U型理论表明，中等唤醒水平时表现最佳。如果你过于放松或过于焦虑，表现都会下降。'内在动机'源于内心驱动，比如热爱。'外在动机'来自外部奖励，比如奖杯。'反馈'是关于表现的信息。'内在反馈'是运动员自身感受到的（本体感觉）。'外在反馈'来自教练或秒表。'结果知晓'（KR）告诉你结果，例如得分。'表现知晓'（KP）告诉你动作完成的质量，例如技术动作。用简单提示区分：'结果 = 数字，表现 = 风格'。
12. Quick-Memorisation Techniques Summary – Lock It In | 速记技巧汇总——牢牢记住
The best strategy is to create your own mnemonic sentences, draw simple diagrams, use colour coding and teach someone else. For spelling: emphasise the tricky parts. 'Phosphocreatine' – break it as phospho-creatine. 'Gastrocnemius' – gastro-c-nemius. 'Antagonistic' – ant-agon-istic. Chunking: group terms into anatomy, physiology, psychology. Active recall: close your book and list all the components of fitness. Spaced repetition: review vocabulary three times over the next week. Finally, link every term to a vivid image or sporting example. The odder the image, the more memorable. Run through these terms regularly, and you'll find that exam questions no longer trip you up with technical language.
最佳策略是创编属于自己的助记短句，绘制简易示意图，使用颜色标记，并尝试教给别人来巩固记忆。拼写方面，要强调易错部分：'Phosphocreatine' 拆成 phospho-creatine；'Gastrocnemius' 拆成 gastro-c-nemius；'Antagonistic' 拆成 ant-agon-istic。组块化：将术语归类为解剖、生理、心理。主动回忆：合上书，列出所有体适能要素。间隔重复：在接下来的一周内，至少三次重温这些词汇。最后，为每个术语关联一个生动的形象或运动实例。形象越奇特，记忆越牢固。定期重温这些术语，你将会发现，考试题中那些专业用语再也难不倒你。
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