📚 Year 9 CIE Chemistry: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memory Guide | Year 9 CIE 化学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the language of chemistry is the first step to excelling in your Year 9 CIE exams. This guide breaks down essential terms into bite-sized chunks, pairing each English definition with a clear Chinese explanation to help you learn faster and retain longer.
掌握化学语言是在 Year 9 CIE 考试中脱颖而出的第一步。本指南将核心术语分解为易于消化的小块，每个英文定义都配以清晰的中文解释，帮助你学得更快、记得更牢。
1. Fundamental Terms | 基础术语
An atom is the smallest particle of an element that can take part in a chemical reaction. Think of it as a single Lego brick — the basic building block of all matter.
原子是能参与化学反应的元素最小粒子。可以把它想象成一块乐高积木——所有物质的基本构建单元。
An element is a pure substance made of only one type of atom. It cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means. Carbon, oxygen and iron are all elements.
元素是由同一种原子组成的纯净物，不能通过化学方法分解成更简单的物质。碳、氧和铁都是元素。
A compound is a substance formed when two or more different elements are chemically bonded together in fixed proportions. Water (H₂O) is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen.
化合物是两种或多种不同元素以固定比例通过化学键结合而成的物质。水 (H₂O) 是氢和氧的化合物。
A mixture contains two or more substances that are not chemically combined. The components keep their own properties and can be separated by physical means, such as sand and salt mixed together.
混合物含有两种或多种未发生化学结合的物质。各组分保持自身性质，可以通过物理方法分离，例如混合在一起的沙子和盐。
2. Atomic Structure | 原子结构
The nucleus is the tiny, dense central part of an atom, containing protons and neutrons. Protons carry a positive charge, while neutrons have no charge.
原子核是原子中央极小且致密的部分，含有质子和中子。质子带正电荷，中子不带电荷。
Electrons are negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus in shells. The mass of an electron is about 1/1836 that of a proton.
电子是带负电荷的粒子，在核外分层排布。电子的质量约为质子的 1/1836。
The atomic number number of protons in an atom. It determines which element the atom is. For carbon, Z = 6.
原子序数 (Z) 是原子中质子的数目，它决定了该原子属于哪种元素。碳的原子序数 Z = 6。
The mass number (A) is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. It is always a whole number. A carbon atom with 6 protons and 6 neutrons has a mass number of 12.
质量数 (A) 是原子核中质子与中子数之和，总是一个整数。一个含有 6 个质子和 6 个中子的碳原子，质量数为 12。
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. They have the same atomic number but different mass numbers, e.g., Carbon-12 and Carbon-14.
同位素是质子数相同但中子数不同的同种元素的原子。它们的原子序数相同，但质量数不同，例如碳-12 和碳-14。
3. The Periodic Table | 元素周期表
Periods are the horizontal rows of the periodic table. Elements in the same period have the same number of occupied electron shells. Moving across a period from left to right, properties change gradually.
周期是周期表中的横行。同一周期的元素具有相同的电子层数。从左到右移动时，元素性质逐渐变化。
Groups are the vertical columns. Elements in the same group share similar chemical properties because they have the same number of electrons in their outer shell. Group 1 elements are called alkali metals.
族是周期表中的纵列。同族元素具有相似的化学性质，因为它们的最外层电子数相同。第 1 族元素被称为碱金属。
Metals are elements that are typically shiny, good conductors of heat and electricity, malleable and ductile. Most elements are metals, found on the left and centre of the table.
金属是通常有光泽、导热导电性好、具延展性的元素。大多数元素是金属，位于周期表的左侧和中间。
Non-metals are elements that are generally poor conductors, brittle when solid, and often dull. They occupy the upper right side of the periodic table, such as oxygen and chlorine.
非金属通常是电和热的不良导体，固体时脆性大，多暗淡无光。它们位于周期表的右上方，例如氧和氯。
Metalloids or semi-metals have properties intermediate between metals and non-metals. Silicon is a key example, widely used in electronics.
准金属（半金属）的性质介于金属和非金属之间。硅是一个关键例子，广泛用于电子领域。
4. Chemical Bonding | 化学键
An ion is a charged particle formed when an atom gains or loses electrons. A cation is a positively charged ion (lost electrons), while an anion is a negatively charged ion (gained electrons).
离子是原子得失电子后形成的带电粒子。阳离子是带正电荷的离子（失去电子），阴离子是带负电荷的离子（得到电子）。
Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions. It usually occurs between metals and non-metals. Sodium chloride (NaCl) is a classic example: Na⁺ and Cl⁻ ions attract each other.
离子键是带相反电荷离子之间的静电吸引力。通常发生在金属和非金属之间。氯化钠 (NaCl) 是典型例子：Na⁺ 和 Cl⁻ 相互吸引。
Covalent bonding involves the sharing of a pair of electrons between two non-metal atoms. This allows each atom to achieve a full outer shell. In a water molecule (H₂O), oxygen shares electrons with two hydrogen atoms.
共价键涉及两个非金属原子间共用一对电子，使每个原子都能达到稳定的外层电子结构。在水分子 (H₂O) 中，氧与两个氢原子共用电子。
A molecule is a group of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds. It is the smallest particle of a covalent compound that can exist independently. O₂ and CO₂ are molecules.
分子是由共价键连接的两个或多个原子组成的基团，是共价化合物能独立存在的最小粒子。O₂ 和 CO₂ 都是分子。
The valency of an element is the number of electrons an atom gains, loses or shares when forming a bond. Sodium has a valency of 1, oxygen has a valency of 2.
元素的化合价是原子在成键时得失或共用的电子数。钠的化合价为 1，氧的化合价为 2。
5. States of Matter | 物质状态
Solid: particles are tightly packed in a regular arrangement, vibrate in fixed positions, and have a fixed shape and volume.
固体：粒子紧密排列、规则分布，在固定位置振动，具有固定的形状和体积。
Liquid: particles are close together but can slide past one another, allowing the liquid to flow and take the shape of its container, with a fixed volume.
液体：粒子紧密相靠但可以滑动，使液体能够流动并适应容器形状，体积固定。
Gas: particles are widely separated, move rapidly in all directions, and fill any container completely. Gases have no fixed shape or volume.
气体：粒子间距很大，向各个方向快速运动，完全充满容器。气体没有固定的形状或体积。
Melting is the change from solid to liquid at the melting point. Freezing is the reverse process, liquid to solid, at the same temperature.
熔化是在熔点时由固体变为液体的过程。凝固是相反的转变，由液体变固体，发生在同一温度。
Evaporation occurs at the surface of a liquid at any temperature, turning it into a gas. Boiling happens throughout the liquid at a specific temperature (boiling point).
蒸发发生在液体表面，在任何温度下都能进行，将液体变为气体。沸腾则在特定温度（沸点）于整个液体内发生。
Condensation is the change from gas to liquid when cooled. Sublimation is the direct change from solid to gas, such as dry ice (solid CO₂) turning into a gas.
冷凝是气体遇冷变为液体的过程。升华是固体直接变为气体的过程，例如干冰（固态 CO₂）变成气体。
Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until evenly spread. Perfume spreading across a room is an example.
扩散是粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域运动直至均匀分布的过程。香水在房间内弥漫就是一个例子。
6. Chemical Reactions | 化学反应
Reactants are the starting substances in a chemical reaction. Products are the new substances formed. In the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen to make water, hydrogen and oxygen are the reactants, water is the product.
反应物是化学反应起始的物质。生成物是形成的新物质。氢与氧反应生成水时，氢和氧是反应物，水是生成物。
A word equation describes a reaction using the names of chemicals: hydrogen + oxygen → water. A symbol equation uses formulas and state symbols: 2H₂(g) + O₂(g) → 2H₂O(l).
文字表达式用化学物质名称描述反应：氢 + 氧 → 水。符号方程式使用化学式和状态符号：2H₂(g) + O₂(g) → 2H₂O(l)。
The Law of Conservation of Mass states that matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction. The total mass of reactants equals the total mass of products. This is why we must balance equations.
质量守恒定律指出物质在化学反应中既不能创生也不能消灭。反应物的总质量等于生成物的总质量，因此我们必须配平方程式。
Precipitation is a reaction where two solutions are mixed and an insoluble solid (the precipitate) is formed. Mixing silver nitrate solution with sodium chloride solution gives a white precipitate of silver chloride.
沉淀反应是将两种溶液混合后生成不溶性固体（沉淀）的反应。将硝酸银溶液与氯化钠溶液混合，会产生氯化银白色沉淀。
Exothermic reactions release heat energy to the surroundings, causing a temperature rise. Combustion of fuels is exothermic. Endothermic reactions absorb heat from the surroundings, causing a temperature drop, like dissolving ammonium nitrate in water.
放热反应向周围环境释放热量，导致温度升高。燃料的燃烧是放热反应。吸热反应从周围环境吸收热量，导致温度下降，例如硝酸铵溶于水。
7. Acids and Bases | 酸和碱
An acid is a substance that releases hydrogen ions (H⁺) when dissolved in water. Common lab acids include hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) and nitric acid (HNO₃). They turn blue litmus red.
酸是溶于水时释放氢离子 (H⁺) 的物质。常见的实验室酸包括盐酸 (HCl)、硫酸 (H₂SO₄) 和硝酸 (HNO₃)，它们使蓝色石蕊试纸变红。
A base is a substance that can neutralise an acid to form a salt and water. Bases that dissolve in water are called alkalis. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is a strong alkali. Alkalis turn red litmus blue.
碱是能中和酸生成盐和水的物质。能溶于水的碱称为碱溶液。氢氧化钠 (NaOH) 是强碱，碱溶液使红色石蕊试纸变蓝。
The pH scale measures how acidic or alkaline a solution is, from 0 (very acidic) to 14 (very alkaline), with 7 being neutral. A pH indicator like universal indicator shows a range of colours.
pH 标度用于衡量溶液的酸碱性，范围从 0（强酸性）到 14（强碱性），7 为中性。通用指示剂等 pH 指示剂会显示不同的颜色范围。
Neutralisation eneral word equation is: acid + base → salt + water. For example, HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O.
中和反应是酸与碱反应生成盐和水的反应。通用文字表达式为：酸 + 碱 → 盐 + 水。例如，HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O。
A salt is an ionic compound formed when the hydrogen in an acid is replaced by a metal or ammonium ion. Common salts include sodium chloride (table salt), copper sulfate, and potassium nitrate.
盐是酸中的氢被金属或铵根离子取代后形成的离子化合物。常见的盐包括氯化钠（食盐）、硫酸铜和硝酸钾。
8. Separation Techniques | 分离技术
Filtration separates an insoluble solid from a liquid using a filter paper. The solid stays on the paper as the residue, while the liquid passes through as the filtrate. Separating sand from water is a typical example.
过滤利用滤纸将不溶性固体与液体分离。固体留在滤纸上称为滤渣，液体透过滤纸称为滤液。将沙子从水中分离是典型例子。
Evaporation to dryness removes a dissolved solid from a solution by heating, leaving the solid behind. This method is used to obtain salt from seawater, but it is not suitable for heat-sensitive solids.
蒸发至干通过加热将溶液中的固体溶质分离出来，留下固体。该方法可用于从海水中获取食盐，但不适用于热敏性固体。
Crystallisation involves gently heating a solution to evaporate some solvent, then allowing it to cool to form crystals. It is better than evaporation to dryness because it produces pure, well-formed crystals, as in making copper sulfate crystals.
结晶通过温和加热溶液蒸发部分溶剂，然后冷却形成晶体。它优于蒸发至干，因为它能得到纯净、晶形良好的晶体，例如制备硫酸铜晶体。
Simple distillation separates a solvent from a solution by boiling and condensing the vapour. It is used to obtain pure water from salt solution. The thermometer measures the boiling point of the vapour.
简单蒸馏通过沸腾并冷凝蒸气来分离溶液中的溶剂，用于从盐溶液中获取纯水。温度计测量蒸气的沸点。
Chromatography separates small amounts of dissolved substances (solutes) based on their different solubilities and attractions to the paper. A solvent carries the substances up the paper, forming a chromatogram. Different dyes in ink can be separated this way.
色谱法根据溶解物质（溶质）的不同溶解度和对纸张的吸附力来分离微量物质。溶剂将物质沿纸上推进，形成色谱图。墨水中的不同染料可用此方式分离。
Magnetic separation uses a magnet to attract and separate magnetic materials from a mixture. For example, a magnet can pull iron filings away from a mixture with sulfur powder.
磁分离利用磁铁吸引并分离混合物中的磁性物质。例如，磁铁可将铁屑从与硫粉的混合物中吸出。
9. Practical Vocabulary | 实验词汇
A Bunsen burner is a gas burner used for heating in the lab. The air hole can be adjusted to produce a yellow safety flame or a blue roaring flame. The blue flame is hotter and used for strong heating.
本生灯是实验室中用于加热的煤气灯。可调节气孔产生黄色安全火焰或蓝色怒焰。蓝色火焰温度更高，用于强烈加热。
A test tube is a small glass tube used to hold, mix or heat small amounts of substances. It is often held with a test tube holder when heated.
试管是一种小型玻璃管，用于盛放、混合或加热少量物质。加热时通常用试管夹夹持。
A beaker is a wide cylindrical container used for mixing, stirring and heating larger volumes of liquid. It has a lip for easy pouring.
烧杯是一种广口圆柱形容器，用于混合、搅拌和加热较大体积的液体。它有一个唇口便于倾倒。
An Erlenmeyer flask (conical flask) has a narrow neck and broad base, ideal for swirling liquids without spilling. It is often used in titrations.
锥形瓶（三角烧瓶）瓶颈窄底部宽，适合旋转液体而不溅出，常用于滴定实验。
A measuring cylinder is used to measure approximate volumes of liquids. It is more accurate than a beaker but less accurate than a pipette.
量筒用于测量液体的近似体积。它比烧杯精确，但不如移液管准确。
A pipette transfers a precise, fixed volume of liquid. It is used together with a pipette filler for safety, never by mouth.
移液管用于精确移取固定体积的液体。使用时需配合洗耳球以确保安全，严禁用嘴吸。
10. Safety and Symbols | 安全与符号
A hazard is anything that has the potential to cause harm, such as a chemical, electricity or a sharp object. Recognising hazards is the first step in lab safety.
危险源是任何可能导致伤害的事物，如化学品、电力或尖锐物体。识别危险源是实验室安全的第一步。
The corrosive symbol shows a substance attacking a hand and a metal, indicating it can destroy living tissue and erode metals. Strong acids and alkalis carry this symbol.
腐蚀性符号显示一种物质侵蚀手和金属，表明它能破坏活体组织并腐蚀金属。强酸和强碱带有此符号。
Flammable substances catch fire easily. The symbol is a flame. Ethanol, propanone and many organic solvents are flammable and must be kept away from open flames.
易燃物质容易着火，符号为火焰。乙醇、丙酮和许多有机溶剂易燃，必须远离明火。
The toxic symbol (skull and crossbones) indicates that swallowing, inhaling or absorbing the substance through the skin can cause serious health effects or death. Wear gloves and fume hoods when handling such substances.
有毒符号（骷髅与交叉骨）表示吞咽、吸入或皮肤吸收该物质会导致严重的健康损害乃至死亡。处理此类物质时需戴手套和启动排风柜。
Eye protection must be worn at all times when handling chemicals, heating substances or doing any practical work. The symbol is a pair of goggles. Safety glasses are essential to protect against splashes.
眼部防护必须在处理化学品、加热物质或进行任何实验操作时全程佩戴，符号为一对护目镜。安全眼镜对防止飞溅物至关重要。
Always read the risk assessment before an experiment. It identifies potential risks and the control measures to reduce them, such as using a dilute solution instead of a concentrated one.
实验前务必阅读风险评估。它确定了潜在风险及降低风险的控制措施，比如使用稀溶液代替浓溶液。
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