📚 GCSE Biology Homeostasis, Feedback and Hormones Revision | GCSE生物 体内稳态、反馈与激素复习
Homeostasis is the regulation of the internal conditions of a cell or organism in response to internal and external changes. In GCSE Biology you must know how the nervous and endocrine systems detect changes and trigger responses that keep body temperature, blood glucose concentration and water balance within narrow limits. This revision guide covers negative feedback, the hormones insulin, glucagon, adrenaline, ADH and the reproductive hormones, the menstrual cycle, plant hormones, and the exam technique that turns knowledge into marks.
体内稳态（homeostasis）是细胞或生物体根据内部与外部变化调节自身内部条件的过程。在 GCSE 生物中，你需要掌握神经系统与内分泌系统如何检测变化并触发反应，从而把体温、血糖浓度和水分平衡维持在很窄的范围内。本文覆盖负反馈、胰岛素、胰高血糖素、肾上腺素、ADH 与生殖激素、月经周期、植物激素，以及把知识转化为分数的答题技巧。
1. What Is Homeostasis? | 什么是体内稳态？
Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment. Cells work best when conditions such as temperature, pH, ion concentration and glucose concentration stay close to an optimum. Enzymes are especially sensitive: a small rise in temperature speeds up reactions until the enzyme denatures, while a fall in temperature slows metabolism dramatically.
体内稳态是指维持稳定的内部环境。只有当温度、pH、离子浓度和葡萄糖浓度等条件接近最适值时，细胞才能正常工作。酶尤其敏感：温度小幅升高会加快反应速率，但过高会使酶变性；温度下降则使代谢速率明显变慢。
In humans, the three main homeostatic systems you must know are thermoregulation (core temperature close to 37 °C), blood glucose regulation, and osmoregulation (water and ion balance). Each system uses the same three-part pathway: a receptor detects the change, a coordination centre processes the information, and an effector produces the response.
在人体中，你必须掌握三大稳态调节系统：体温调节（核心温度约 37 °C）、血糖调节和渗透调节（水与离子平衡）。每个系统都遵循同一条三步通路：感受器检测变化，协调中枢处理信息，效应器作出反应。
A useful summary table for revision:
复习时可用下表进行归纳：
| System 系统 | Variable controlled 被调节变量 | Coordination centre 协调中枢 |
| Thermoregulation 体温调节 | Core body temperature 核心体温 | Hypothalamus 下丘脑 |
| Blood glucose 血糖调节 | Glucose concentration 血糖浓度 | Pancreas 胰腺 |
| Osmoregulation 渗透调节 | Water and ion balance 水与离子平衡 | Hypothalamus and pituitary 下丘脑与垂体 |
2. Nervous and Endocrine Coordination | 神经调节与激素调节
ts such as pulling your hand away from a hot object. A reflex arc runs in this order: stimulus → receptor → sensory neurone → relay neurone (spinal cord or brain) → motor neurone → effector → response.
神经系统沿神经元传导电脉冲。传递速度极快，反应持续时间短，适合把手从烫物上缩回来这类情况。反射弧的顺序是：刺激 → 感受器 → 感觉神经元 → 中间神经元（脊髓或大脑）→ 运动神经元 → 效应器 → 反应。
The endocrine system uses hormones - chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands directly into the blood. Hormones travel in the plasma and only affect target organs that carry the correct receptors. Endocrine responses start more slowly but last longer, which is why growth, puberty, blood glucose control and the menstrual cycle are all hormonal.
内分泌系统依靠激素——由内分泌腺直接分泌到血液中的化学信使。激素随血浆运输，只作用于带有相应受体的靶器官。内分泌反应起效较慢，但持续时间更长，因此生长、青春期发育、血糖控制和月经周期都由激素主导。
| Feature 特征 | Nervous system 神经系统 | Endocrine system 内分泌系统 |
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