📚 Year 9 Edexcel Philosophy: Key Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 9 Edexcel 哲学：关键词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your fast-track glossary for Year 9 Edexcel Philosophy. Mastering key terms is the first step to thinking clearly, writing persuasively, and hitting top marks. This guide pairs every concept with a simple definition, a lively example, and a memory trick designed to make the vocabulary stick. Use it alongside your revision notes to build confidence.
欢迎来到 Year 9 Edexcel 哲学速记术语表。掌握关键术语是清晰思考、有力写作并取得高分的第一步。本指南为每个概念搭配了简单定义、生动例子和记忆窍门，帮助词汇扎根在你的脑海中。请与你的复习笔记一起使用，构建自信。
1. What Is Philosophy? | 什么是哲学？
Philosophy literally means 'love of wisdom' from the Greek 'philo' (love) and 'sophia' (wisdom). It is the activity of asking fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, values, and reason, and trying to answer them through logical argument rather than experiment or faith alone.
哲学的字面意思是“爱智慧”，源自希腊语 'philo'（爱）和 'sophia'（智慧）。它是一种提问活动，探究关于存在、知识、价值和理性的根本问题，并试图通过逻辑论证而非仅仅依靠实验或信仰来解答这些问题。
Memory tip: Imagine Phil, a wise owl who loves questioning everything. Link 'Phil' + 'Sophia' to 'Phil loves wisdom'.
记忆窍门：想象一只名叫菲尔的智慧猫头鹰，它热爱质疑一切。把 'Phil' + 'Sophia' 与“菲尔爱智慧”挂钩。
2. Epistemology: The Study of Knowledge | 认识论：关于知识的研究
Epistemology explores what knowledge is, how we acquire it, and how we can justify our beliefs. The classic definition of knowledge is 'justified true belief': you need to believe something, it must be true, and you must have good reasons for believing it.
认识论探究什么是知识、我们如何获得知识，以及如何为信念辩护。知识的经典定义是“得到辩护的真信念”：你需要相信某事，它必须是真的，且你必须有充分的理由相信它。
Quick recall: 'Epi-stem-ology' – picture a stem growing into branches of knowledge. The 'Epi' sounds like 'epic' journey towards truth.
快速回忆：'Epi-stem-ology'——想象一根茎生长成知识的枝干。'Epi' 听起来像通往真理的“史诗”之旅。
3. Rationalism and Empiricism | 理性主义与经验主义
Rationalism argues that reason is the primary source of knowledge, and some ideas are innate (we are born with them). Empiricism holds that all knowledge comes from sensory experience; our mind starts as a blank slate (tabula rasa).
理性主义主张理性是知识的主要来源，且某些观念是与生俱来的。经验主义则认为所有知识都来自感官经验；我们的心灵最初是一块白板（tabula rasa）。
Memorise by contrast: Rationalism = 'Ratio' (think mathematical reason inside you). Empiricism = 'Empire' of senses (you conquer knowledge through seeing, touching, hearing). Use the phrase 'Rationalists rely on reason; Empiricists embrace experience'.
对比记忆：理性主义 = “Ratio”（设想你内在的数学理性）。经验主义 = 感官“帝国”（通过看、触、听征服知识）。记住口诀：“理性主义靠理性，经验主义靠经验”。
4. A Priori and A Posteriori | 先验知识与后验知识
A priori knowledge is gained independently of experience, such as 'all bachelors are unmarried'. A posteriori knowledge depends on experience or empirical evidence, like 'the sky is blue'.
先验知识是独立于经验获得的，例如“所有单身汉都未婚”。后验知识依赖于经验或经验证据，例如“天空是蓝色的”。
Memory key: 'Prior' means before – think of knowing something before you even check the world. 'Post' means after – you must look at the world first. The letter 'i' in a priori can remind you of 'innate ideas'.
记忆钥匙：'Prior' 表示之前——设想你在观察世界之前就已经知道了某事。'Post' 表示之后——你必须先观察世界。先验中的 'i' 可以提醒你 'innate ideas'（先天观念）。
5. Scepticism: Doubt and Certainty | 怀疑论：怀疑与确定性
Philosophical scepticism challenges whether we can have certain knowledge. Global scepticism doubts everything, even the existence of the external world. Local scepticism targets specific domains, such as religious knowledge or the reliability of memory.
哲学怀疑论挑战我们能否拥有确定性知识。整体怀疑论怀疑一切，甚至怀疑外部世界的存在。局部怀疑论则针对特定领域，如宗教知识或记忆的可靠性。
Recall with 'Sceptic tank': imagine a tank of fish all asking 'Is this water real?' Descartes' famous method of doubt is a classical example; he doubted his senses until he reached 'I think, therefore I am' (Cogito, ergo sum).
用“怀疑鱼缸”来回忆：想象一缸鱼儿都在问“这水是真的吗？”笛卡尔的著名怀疑方法是典型例子；他怀疑自己的感官，直到得出“我思故我在”。
6. Metaphysics: Reality and Existence | 形而上学：实在与存在
Metaphysics investigates the nature of reality, including questions about free will, time, space, and whether abstract objects (like numbers) exist. It goes beyond physics to ask 'What is real?'
形而上学研究实在的本质，包括自由意志、时间、空间以及抽象对象（如数字）是否存在的问题。它超越物理学，追问“什么是真实的？”
Break it down: 'Meta' means beyond, 'physics' means nature. So metaphysics is 'beyond nature'. Picture a 'meta-physical gym' where concepts like 'justice' and 'cause' are the equipment.
拆解词根：'Meta' 意为超越，'physics' 意为自然。因此形而上学就是“超越自然”。设想一个“形而上健身房”，里面的器械是“正义”“因果”这些概念。
7. The Mind-Body Problem | 心身问题
This classic problem asks: what is the relationship between the mind (thoughts, feelings) and the body (brain, physical states)? Dualism claims mind and body are distinct substances; materialism argues the mind is entirely physical.
这个经典问题追问：心灵（思想、情感）与身体（大脑、物理状态）之间是什么关系？二元论主张心灵和身体是两种不同的实体；唯物主义则认为心灵完全是物理的。
Memory hook: 'Dualism = two-ism' (like a two-storey house, mind upstairs, body downstairs). 'Materialism = matter rules' ture a ghost in a machine for dualism, versus a computer running software for materialism.
记忆钩子：“二元论 = 两个主义”（像一个两层楼的房子，心灵在楼上，身体在楼下）。“唯物主义 = 物质为王”。二元论可想象为机器中的幽灵，唯物主义则像运行软件的电脑。
8. Ethics: Moral Philosophy | 伦理学：道德哲学
Ethics examines how we should live, what is right and wrong, and what makes an action good. Key theories include utilitarianism (greatest happiness for the greatest number), deontology (duty-based rules), and virtue ethics (focus on character traits).
伦理学审视我们应如何生活，什么是对错，以及什么使一个行为成为善的。主要理论包括功利主义（最大多数人的最大幸福）、义务论（基于义务的规则）和德性伦理（关注品格特质）。
Remember the three families: 'You-Tilly' the utilitarian calculator, 'Duty Dan' who always follows the rulebook, and 'Virtue Vera' who asks 'What would a kind person do?' Categorise problems using these three characters.
记住三大家族：功利主义者“算计的尤蒂莉”、义务论的“责任丹”（永远遵守规则手册），以及德性伦理的“美德薇拉”（她会问“善良的人会怎么做？”）。用这三个角色给问题归类。
9. Logic: Arguments and Reasoning | 逻辑：论证与推理
An argument in philosophy is not a shouting match; it is a set of statements where some (premises) are offered in support of another (the conclusion). Logic studies the principles of correct reasoning.
在哲学中，论证不是吵架；它是一组陈述，其中一些陈述（前提）被用来支持另一个陈述（结论）。逻辑研究正确推理的原则。
Visualise an argument as a bridge: premises are the pillars, conclusion is the road surface. If the pillars are strong and correctly placed, the bridge holds. The word 'logic' has the same root as 'logo' – a clear, organised structure.
将论证想象成一座桥：前提是桥墩，结论是桥面。如果桥墩坚固且位置正确，桥就能承重。“逻辑”一词与“标识”（logo）同源——代表着清晰有序的结构。
10. Validity and Soundness | 有效性与可靠性
Validity is about the structure of an argument: if the premises were true, the conclusion must follow. Soundness requires both a valid structure and true premises. A valid argument can still have false premises; a sound argument guarantees a true conclusion.
有效性关乎论证的结构：如果前提为真，结论必然得出。可靠性既要求结构有效，也要求前提真实。一个有效的论证仍可能有假前提；而可靠的论证则保证结论为真。
Think of a valid recipe: 'If you add magic beans, you get gold.' e premise (magic beans exist) is false. Sound = valid + true ingredients. Use the mnemonic 'True Premises + Valid Shape = Sound'.
想象一份有效的食谱：“如果加入魔法豆，就能得到金子。”它在结构上有效但不可靠，因为前提（魔法豆存在）是假的。可靠 = 有效 + 真实原料。用助记符“真前提+有效形=可靠”来记忆。
11. Deduction and Induction | 演绎与归纳
Deductive arguments aim for certainty: if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true (e.g., all humans are mortal; Socrates is human; therefore Socrates is mortal). Inductive arguments offer probable support: the conclusion likely follows from the evidence (e.g., the sun has risen every day, so it will rise tomorrow).
演绎论证追求确定性：如果前提为真，结论必然为真（例如，所有人都会死；苏格拉底是人；所以苏格拉底会死）。归纳论证则提供可能性支持：结论很可能从证据中得出（例如，太阳每天都升起，因此明天也会升起）。
Distinguish them: Deduction = 'D' for 'definite', Induction = 'I' for 'inference' specific case (top-down), induction builds a general rule from specific cases (bottom-up).
区分二者：演绎 = Deduction 的 'D' 代表“确定”（definite），归纳 = Induction 的 'I' 代表“推断”（inference，解读证据并做出概括）。另一窍门：演绎从普遍规则到具体情况（自上而下），归纳从具体情况构建普遍规则（自下而上）。
12. Key Philosophical Skills: Analysis and Evaluation | 关键哲学技能：分析与评价
Beyond knowing terms, you need to analyse claims (break them into parts), evaluate arguments (judge their strength and weaknesses), and construct counter-arguments. A 'claim' is a statement that can be true or false. A 'counter-argument' is a reason against a claim.
除了了解术语，你还需要分析主张（将其拆解为各部分）、评价论证（判断其优缺点）并构建反论证。“主张”是一个可真可假的陈述。“反论证”则是反对某一主张的理由。
Rapid recall: Think of a tennis rally – your opponent serves a claim, you return a counter-argument. The rally continues with 'objections' and 'replies'. Words like 'however', 'on the other hand', and 'this suggests' are your rackets.
快速回忆：想象一场网球对打——对手发球提出主张，你回球给出反论证。对打持续进行，有“异议”和“答复”。像“然而”、“另一方面”、“这表明”这类词语就是你的球拍。
Published by TutorHao | Philosophy Revision Series | aleveler.com
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