📚 Year 9 OCR Spanish: Preparing for International Competitions | Year 9 OCR 西班牙语：国际竞赛备战攻略
For many Year 9 students following the OCR Spanish curriculum, taking part in an international Spanish competition is a natural next step to stretch their language skills beyond the classroom. Whether it is a spelling bee, a debating championship, a creative writing challenge, or a cultural quiz, these events demand not only a solid grasp of vocabulary and grammar but also the ability to think quickly and express ideas with confidence. A well-planned preparation strategy can turn these challenges into an exciting opportunity to excel and to deepen your connection with the Spanish-speaking world.
对于许多正在学习 OCR 西班牙语课程的 Year 9 学生来说，参加国际西班牙语竞赛是将课堂语言能力向外延伸的自然一步。无论是拼写比赛、辩论锦标赛、创意写作挑战还是文化知识竞答，这些赛事不仅要求扎实的词汇和语法功底，更需要快速思考、自信表达。一套周密的备战策略可以把这些挑战变成脱颖而出的契机，也能加深你与西语世界的联系。
1. Understanding the Competition Types | 了解竞赛类型
Before diving into preparation, you need to identify exactly which type of competition you are entering. Some contests focus on discrete skills, such as spelling, where accuracy and speed under pressure count most. Others emphasise communicative competence, like debates or improvised speeches, where your ability to construct arguments and respond naturally is tested. There are also written exams and essay competitions that assess your control of grammar, range of vocabulary and stylistic awareness. The OCR specification already exposes you to the four skills of listening, speaking, reading and writing, so the first step is to map your competition format onto the skills you have been developing at school and then tailor your practice accordingly.
在投入备考之前，你必须明确自己参加的是哪一类竞赛。有些比赛侧重单项技能，比如拼写，压力下的准确和速度最为关键。另一些则强调交际能力，如辩论或即兴演讲，考验的是构建论点、自然回应的能力。此外还有书面考试和作文竞赛，评估语法的掌握、词汇量以及文体意识。OCR 教学大纲已经让你接触了听说读写四项技能，所以第一步就是把竞赛形式和你已经在校练习的技能对应起来，然后有针对性地进行调整训练。
It is also wise to study past papers, sample questions or recordings of previous competitions if they are available. Familiarising yourself with the timing, the typical themes and the judges' expectations will help you train more efficiently. For example, an international Spanish spelling competition might require you to master the letters of the Spanish alphabet and their pronunciation, including the tricky 'ñ', 'll' and the silent 'h'. A debating competition will expect you to be able to use connectors such as 'además', 'sin embargo' and 'por lo tanto' to structure arguments clearly. Knowing the rules inside out gives you a real head start.
如果往届的试卷、样题或竞赛录音可以找到，仔细研究也是明智的做法。熟悉时间限制、常见主题和评委的期望，能让训练更加高效。比如，国际西班牙语拼写竞赛可能要求你掌握西语字母及其发音，包括棘手的 'ñ'、'll' 和不发音的 'h'。而辩论赛则期待你能够运用 'además'、'sin embargo'、'por lo tanto' 等连接词来清晰组织论点。把规则吃透，你就能获得真正的先发优势。
2. Strengthening Listening for Competitive Edge | 强化听力以获取竞争优势
In international competitions, listening tasks often go beyond the carefully graded recordings you encounter in class. You might face different accents – from the Spanish of Madrid or Seville to Latin American varieties from Mexico, Argentina or Colombia. Speed can also be much faster, and background noise may be present. To build resilience, you should listen to authentic Spanish-language media every day. Podcasts such as 'Radio Ambulante', news broadcasts from RTVE or 'CNN en Español', and even YouTube channels run by native speakers can immerse you in real speech patterns. Start by listening for the gist, then gradually work on catching specific details, such as dates, numbers and names.
在国际竞赛中，听力任务往往超出了课堂上那些精心分级录音的范围。你可能会遇到不同的口音——从马德里或塞维利亚的西班牙语，到墨西哥、阿根廷或哥伦比亚等拉美变体。语速也可能快得多，还可能有背景噪音。为了增强适应力，你应当每天收听地道的西语媒体。像 'Radio Ambulante' 这类播客、RTVE 或 'CNN en Español' 的新闻广播，甚至母语者的 YouTube 频道，都能让你沉浸在真实的语音模式中。先从把握大意入手，然后逐步练习捕捉具体细节，例如日期、数字和人名。
Combine passive listening with active note-taking. In many competitions, you will be allowed to jot down key points while listening. Practise shorthand in Spanish – use abbreviations and symbols that make sense to you. After listening, summarise what you heard aloud or in writing, comparing your version with a transcript if available. Over time, you will notice your ear becomes sharper and you will feel less panicked when unfamiliar words appear, because you have learned to deduce meaning from context.
要把被动听力与主动记笔记结合起来。在许多竞赛中，听的时候是允许记下关键信息的。练习用西班牙语速记——使用自己看得懂的缩写和符号。听完后，口头或书面概括所听内容，并尽量与录音原文对照。久而久之，你会发觉耳朵变敏锐了，遇到生词时也不那么容易慌张，因为你已经学会根据上下文推断意思了。
3. Speaking Fluency and Interactive Confidence | 口语流利度与互动自信
Speaking components in competitions often involve a short prepared talk, a spontaneous conversation with a judge, or even a group discussion. Fluency does not mean speaking without any pauses or errors, but rather keeping the flow of communication going naturally. To achieve this, you should build a repertoire of functional phrases and fillers. Phrases like 'bueno, es una pregunta interesante', 'déjame pensar un momento' or 'lo que quiero decir es que…' give your brain a few extra seconds to plan the next sentence without awkward silences. The OCR course gives you plenty of opportunities to practise role plays and photo descriptions, so use those frameworks to invent similar tasks and record yourself.
竞赛中的口语部分往往包含一段简短的备稿演讲、与评委的即兴对话，甚至是小组讨论。流利度并非指没有停顿或错误，而是能自然地保持交流的进行。为此，你应当储备一套功能句型与填充语。比如 'bueno, es una pregunta interesante'、'déjame pensar un momento' 或 'lo que quiero decir es que…'，这些都能为大脑争取几秒钟来组织下一句，避免尴尬的冷场。OCR 课程让大家有大量机会练习角色扮演和照片描述，你可以利用这些框架自创类似任务并给自己录音。
Pronunciation also matters a great deal. Even small improvements in your accent can boost intelligibility and give a favourable impression to judges. Focus on the pure vowel sounds of Spanish – 'a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u' are always pronounced clearly and consistently, unlike in English. Practise tricky consonant combinations such as 'rr' in 'perro' and the soft 'd' between vowels in words like 'nada'. A useful exercise is to read aloud a paragraph from a Spanish book, slowly at first, then gradually increasing speed while maintaining clarity. If possible, ask a native speaker or your Spanish teacher for feedback on your intonation and rhythm.
发音同样至关重要。口音的细微提升能增强可理解性，并给评委留下良好印象。着力练习西班牙语中的纯元音——'a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u' 总是发音清晰且一致，这与英语大不相同。练习一些棘手的辅音组合，比如 'perro' 中的 'rr'，以及元音间 'nada' 中弱化的 'd'。一个有用的练习是大声朗读书中的一段文字，开始时慢读，然后逐渐加快速度同时保持清晰度。若有可能，请母语者或你的西班牙语老师就语调和节奏给予反馈。
4. Reading with Depth and Speed | 深度阅读与速度训练
Competition-level reading comprehension is rarely just about locating facts. You are often asked to infer meaning, detect the author's attitude, or distinguish between fact and opinion. To prepare, push beyond the textbook. Read short news articles, blog posts, film reviews and simple short stories in Spanish. While reading, ask yourself questions: What is the main idea of this paragraph? What does this adjective tell me about the writer's feelings? How does the headline relate to the content? Train yourself to tolerate a degree of unknown vocabulary by guessing from context – look for clues in surrounding sentences, cognates and word families.
竞赛级的阅读理解很少只是查找事实。你经常会被要求推断含义、察觉作者的态度，或区分事实与观点。为此要突破课本限制。阅读西班牙语的短新闻、博客文章、影评和简单的短篇故事。阅读时，问自己几个问题：这段文字的主旨是什么？这个形容词透露了作者怎样的感受？标题与内容有什么关系？训练自己容忍一定量的生词，通过上下文猜测词义——在周边句子、同源词和词族中寻找线索。
Another effective strategy is to practise skimming and scanning under timed conditions. Set a timer and try to get the gist of a 300-word article in two minutes, then answer a few true/false questions. After that, scan the same text for specific information – a date, a percentage, or a quoted speech – within 60 seconds. The more you practise this, the more efficiently you will handle the types of texts that appear in competitions. Keep a log of all new words you meet in authentic readings, but focus on high-frequency vocabulary that is likely to appear again and again.
另一个有效策略是在限时条件下练习略读和扫读。设定计时器，尝试在两分钟内把握一篇三百词文章的大意，然后回答几道正误判断题。之后，再对同一篇文章做扫读，在六十秒内找出具体信息——一个日期、一个百分比或一段引语。练得越多，处理竞赛文本类型的效率就越高。把在真实阅读中遇到的生词记在日志里，但重点关注那些可能反复出现的高频词汇。
5. Writing with Structure and Style | 写作的结构与风格
Excellent writing in a competition is not just grammatically correct; it shows range, coherence and a touch of originality. For discursive or argumentative essays, master the good old formula: a clear introduction stating your stance, two or three well-developed paragraphs each presenting one main idea with examples, and a conclusion that restates your view without simply repeating the introduction. Use a checklist of advanced structures you want to include – subjunctive phrases like 'es importante que reciclemos', conditional sentences such as 'si tuviera más tiempo, viajaría por América Latina', and relative clauses to add detail.
竞赛中的优秀写作不仅仅是语法正确，它更要展现语言广度、连贯性和一点原创色彩。对于议论性或辩论性文章，要掌握经典的写作公式：开篇明确陈述立场，中间两到三段充分展开，每段展示一个核心观点并配以例证，结尾重申你的看法而不简单重复开头。列一份你想要用到的进阶结构清单——像 'es importante que reciclemos' 这样的虚拟式句型，'si tuviera más tiempo, viajaría por América Latina' 这类条件句，以及用来补充信息的定语从句。
For creative writing, such as a short story or a diary entry, you need to show a vivid imagination blended with accurate language. Plan your narrative arc before writing: who, where, what happens, the conflict and the resolution. Keep a bank of sensory adjectives (e.g. 'tenebroso', 'resplandeciente', 'acogedor') and verbs that convey action and emotion. Proofreading is non-negotiable; leave at least five minutes at the end to check for common slip-ups like adjective agreement ('las casas blancas'), verb endings and accent marks. A clean, polished piece always stands out.
对于创意写作，比如短篇故事或日记，你需要展示生动的想象力和准确的语言。动笔前先规划叙事的弧线：人物、地点、事件、冲突和结局。储备一组描写感官的形容词（如 'tenebroso'、'resplandeciente'、'acogedor'）以及传达动作和情感的动词。校对是不可或缺的环节；最后至少留出五分钟检查常见的小错，如形容词一致性 ('las casas blancas')、动词词尾和重音记号。一篇干净、精练的文章总能脱颖而出。
6. Vocabulary Expansion for High-Level Performance | 高阶词汇扩展
To compete at an international level, you need a vocabulary that stretches far beyond the GCSE word list. Start by organising words thematically: education, technology, environment, health, leisure and social issues are all staples of OCR and most competitions. Under each theme, create mind maps that branch out into nouns, verbs, adjectives and set phrases. Synonyms are your secret weapon. Instead of always using 'bueno', try 'excelente', 'maravilloso' or 'positivo'. Instead of 'problema', consider 'desafío' or 'inconveniente'. This lexical variety immediately lifts your speaking and writing marks.
要在国际层面竞技，你所需的词汇量远远超出 GCSE 词表。首先要按主题整理词汇：教育、科技、环境、健康、休闲和社会问题都是 OCR 和多数竞赛的常客。在每个主题下，绘制延伸到名词、动词、形容词和固定短语的思维导图。同义词是你的秘密武器。不要总是用 'bueno'，试试 'excelente'、'maravilloso' 或 'positivo'。不要只用 'problema'，可以换成 'desafío' 或 'inconveniente'。这种词汇的多样性会立刻提升口语和写作的评分。
Learn collocations, not just isolated words. Knowing that you say 'tomar una decisión' (make a decision) rather than 'hacer una decisión', or 'prestar atención' (pay attention) rather than 'dar atención', makes your Spanish sound much more natural. Flashcards are useful, but the real magic happens when you meet these phrases in context. Create sentences of your own with each new collocation and get a teacher or a language partner to check them. Apps with spaced repetition can help you transfer these new items into long-term memory if used daily for short sessions.
要学习搭配，而不仅是孤立的词语。知道说 'tomar una decisión'（做决定）而不是 'hacer una decisión'，或 'prestar atención'（注意）而非 'dar atención'，会让你的西语听起来自然得多。抽认卡固然有用，但真正神奇的是在语境中遇见这些短语。用每一个新学到的搭配自己造句，并请老师或语伴帮忙检查。结合间隔重复的应用，若能每天短时间使用，有助于把这些新内容转入长时记忆。
7. Grammar for Precision and Sophistication | 语法精准与高级表达
Competition judges quickly spot candidates who have moved beyond simple present and past tenses. For Year 9 students aiming high, it is essential to confidently handle a range of tenses: the preterite and imperfect distinction, the present perfect, the future simple and the conditional. Yet tenses alone are not enough. You must also show a command of the subjunctive mood, at least in common triggers such as expressing wishes ('quiero que vengas'), doubt ('no creo que sea verdad') and impersonal judgements ('es necesario que estudiemos'). These structures add a layer of sophistication that distinguishes top performers.
竞赛评委很快就能分辨出那些超越了简单现在时和过去时的选手。对于目标高远的 Year 9 学生来说，自信地驾驭一系列时态至关重要：简单过去时与过去未完成时的区分、现在完成时、简单将来时和条件式。但仅有时态还不够。你还必须展现对虚拟式的掌握，至少在常见触发条件下，如表达愿望 ('quiero que vengas')、怀疑 ('no creo que sea verdad') 和无人称判断 ('es necesario que estudiemos')。这些结构能增添一层精妙感，让你从优秀选手中脱颖而出。
Pay equal attention to the small details that trap many learners: the correct use of 'ser' and 'estar', the personal 'a', and the placement of object pronouns. A single misplaced 'le' or 'lo' can change the meaning of a sentence or sound jarring. To internalise these patterns, avoid drilling grammar in isolation. Instead, each time you write a paragraph, highlight all instances of grammar structures you are targeting. Ask yourself why you chose 'ser' over 'estar' in that sentence, or why the subjunctive was triggered. This reflective practice turns passive knowledge into active skill.
同样要注意那些许多学习者会掉进去的小陷阱：'ser' 与 'estar' 的正确使用、指人的 'a'，以及宾格代词的位置。一个错放的 'le' 或 'lo' 就可能改变句意或听感别扭。要将这些模式内化，切忌孤立地死记语法规则。相反，每次写作一段话时，把目标语法结构用高亮标出来。问一问自己为什么在那句话里选了 'ser' 而非 'estar'，或是什么触发了虚拟式。这种反思性练习能把被动的知识转化为主动的技能。
8. Cultural Knowledge as a Differentiator | 文化知识让你与众不同
Many international Spanish competitions include a cultural dimension, whether explicitly through a quiz on Spanish-speaking countries or implicitly in reading and listening texts. A candidate who can reference the significance of 'La Tomatina', mention the works of Gabriel García Márquez, or compare Christmas traditions in Spain and Mexico demonstrates a mature engagement with the language. The OCR syllabus touches on customs and festivals, but for competitions you should go further. Create a profile for each of the 21 Spanish-speaking countries, noting key facts like the capital, a famous dish, a well-known artist or writer, and a distinctive tradition.
许多国际西班牙语竞赛都包含文化维度，要么是明确的关于西语国家的知识竞答，要么是隐含在阅读和听力文本中。一个能引用 'La Tomatina' 的意义，提及加夫列尔·加西亚·马尔克斯的作品，或比较西班牙与墨西哥圣诞传统的选手，显示出了对这门语言更成熟的投入。OCR 大纲涉及了风俗与节日，但为了竞赛你应当更深入。为 21 个西语国家逐个制作一张信息卡，记录关键信息，如首都、一道名菜、一位知名艺术家或作家，以及一项独特的传统。
Cultural awareness also sharpens your communication. When you understand that in many Spanish-speaking cultures greetings often involve two kisses or a warm handshake, and that mealtimes and concepts of personal space differ, you are better equipped to navigate scenarios in role plays or conversations. Watching Spanish-language films and series – not just as language input but as windows into everyday life – is an enjoyable way to absorb these subtleties. Documentaries on topics like Día de los Muertos or the Camino de Santiago can provide rich material to mention in a speech or an essay, showing that you see Spanish as a living, breathing culture, not just a school subject.
文化意识也能让你的沟通更加敏锐。当你了解到在许多西语文化中，问候通常包括贴面礼或热情的握手，而用餐时间和个人空间的概念也有所不同，你就更能应对角色扮演或对话中的场景。观看西语电影和电视剧——不仅把它当作语言输入，更当作观察日常生活的窗口——是吸收这些微妙之处的愉快方式。关于 Día de los Muertos 或圣地亚哥朝圣之路等主题的纪录片，能为演讲或文章提供丰富的素材，表明你把西班牙语视为一种活生生的、充满生机的文化，而不只是一门学校科目。
9. Timed Practice and Simulation | 限时训练与模拟实战
No preparation is complete without simulating the actual competition environment. Set up a mock test at home or in a classroom that replicates the time limits, the instructions in Spanish, and even the potential distractions. For a speaking competition, practise delivering your prepared speech in front of a small audience – family members, friends, or classmates – so that you get used to performing under observation. Record these sessions and review them critically: are you speaking too fast? Is your body language aligned with your message? Do you maintain eye contact? Small adjustments can make a huge difference to your overall impression.
不进行实战环境模拟，备考就不算完整。在家中或教室里设置一场模拟测试，复制限时要求、西班牙语指令，甚至可能的干扰因素。对于演讲比赛，可以在家人、朋友或同学组成的小型观众面前练习发表备好的演讲，以适应在注视下表现。录制这些练习，然后批判性地回看：你是否说得太快？肢体语言是否配合了所要传达的信息？你保持了眼神交流吗？微小的调整能极大地改变整体印象。
As the competition date approaches, increase the frequency of these simulations but keep them short to avoid burnout. After each mock test, carry out a focused debrief: note two or three things you did well and two or three to improve next time. This keeps you motivated and directs your remaining study time effectively. Pay attention to stamina as well; if the competition lasts two hours, train yourself to maintain concentration for that length by gradually extending your practice blocks. Treat your energy like a resource that needs to be managed.
随着竞赛日期临近，要提高模拟的频率，但要保持短时，以免倦怠。每次模拟测试后，进行一次有针对性的复盘：记下两三点表现好的地方，以及两三点下次要改进的地方。这会保持你的动力，并有效地引导余下的学习时间。同时还要关注耐力；如果竞赛持续两小时，就要通过逐步延长练习时段来训练自己保持同样时长的专注力。把你的精力当作一种需要管理的资源来对待。
10. Managing Nerves and Building Resilience | 管理紧张情绪与培养韧性
It is entirely normal to feel nervous before and during an international competition, but too much anxiety can block your working memory and affect your performance. Develop a pre-competition routine that calms your mind, such as deep breathing exercises, a short mindfulness session, or listening to a favourite Spanish song. Visualisation is a powerful tool: close your eyes and imagine yourself entering the room, greeting the judges politely in Spanish, and answering questions calmly and clearly. This mental rehearsal prepares your brain to follow the same path when the real moment arrives.
在国际竞赛前和竞赛过程中感到紧张完全正常，但过度焦虑会阻碍工作记忆并影响发挥。培养一套能让自己冷静下来的赛前程序，比如深呼吸练习、短暂的专注力训练，或听一首心爱的西班牙语歌曲。想象是一个强大的工具：闭上眼睛，想象自己走进房间，用西班牙语礼貌地问候评委，然后平静清晰地回答问题。这种心理预演能让大脑在真实时刻来临时沿着同样的路径行进。
Build resilience by reframing mistakes as learning opportunities. During practice, deliberately put yourself in challenging situations – for example, have a friend ask you an unexpected question mid-conversation. When you stumble, note what went wrong without self-criticism and then try again. Over time, you will develop a growth mindset that sees errors as a natural part of communication. On competition day, if you make a slip, take a breath, correct yourself if possible, and move on. Judges are usually impressed by candidates who recover gracefully rather than those who never make a mistake.
通过把错误重新定义为学习机会来培养韧性。在练习中有意把自己置身于挑战之中——比如，让朋友在对话中突然提一个意料之外的问题。当你卡住时，记录下哪里出了问题，但不要自我批评，然后再试一次。久而久之，你会形成一种成长型思维，把错误视为沟通的自然部分。竞赛当天，如果口误了，吸一口气，尽可能纠正自己，然后继续。评委通常对那些优雅恢复的选手印象深刻，而非那些从不犯错的人。
11. Building a Winning Study Plan with Quality Resources | 利用优质资源制定制胜学习计划
A scattered approach rarely leads to success in a competitive setting. Build a realistic weekly study plan that balances all four skills and includes cultural study. Dedicate specific days to listening and reading, others to writing and grammar, and schedule speaking practice at least three times a week. Each session should have a clear goal, such as 'today I will learn 15 new environment-related collocations and use them in a short paragraph' or 'I will listen to a 5-minute news clip and summarise it in three sentences'. Keep a log of what you accomplish; this will give you visible evidence of progress and help you stay motivated.
分散无序的方法在竞赛环境中很难带来成功。制定一份切实可行的周学习计划，平衡四项技能并包含文化学习。把特定日子分配给听力与阅读，另外的日子用于写作与语法，并安排每周至少三次口语练习。每次练习都应有明确目标，比如“今天我要学习 15 个与环境相关的新搭配，并用它们写一小段话”或“我要听一段五分钟的新闻片段，并用三句话概括”。记录下所完成的内容，这会给你提供可见的进步证据，并有助于保持动力。
Choose resources that suit your level but also push you slightly beyond. For Year 9 students, 'El mundo en tus manos' news summaries, the 'BBC Mundo' website and graded readers at A2-B1 level are excellent starting points. The OCR specification itself is a springboard: review the topic vocabulary lists and grammar points, then seek more advanced materials on the same themes. Form a study group with classmates who share similar ambitions; you can quiz each other, swap essays for peer correction, and organise mini-debates. The social element turns preparation from a chore into a shared challenge.
选择适合自己水平但又略具挑战性的资源。对 Year 9 学生来说，'El mundo en tus manos' 新闻简讯、'BBC Mundo' 网站以及 A2-B1 级别的分级读物都是极佳的起点。OCR 教学大纲本身就是一个跳板：复习话题词汇表和语法点，然后寻找同一主题下更进阶的材料。与志同道合的同学组建学习小组；你们可以互相问答、交换作文进行同伴批改，并组织小型辩论。社交元素能把备考从苦差事变成共同面临的挑战。
12. Staying Healthy and Balanced | 保持健康与平衡
It might seem obvious, but physical wellbeing has a direct impact on cognitive performance. In the weeks leading up to the competition, maintain a consistent sleep schedule so that you are alert and your memory consolidation works optimally. Exercise, even a brisk walk or a short dance session in your room, helps reduce stress and clears your mind. Hydration and healthy snacking during long study blocks keep your energy levels stable. Treat your brain like an athlete would treat their body – with respect and proper maintenance.
这看似平常，但身体状态对认知表现有直接影响。在竞赛前几周，保持固定的睡眠作息，以确保自己头脑清醒、记忆巩固效果最佳。运动，哪怕是在房间里快走一小段或跳一会儿舞，都有助于减压、理清思绪。长时间学习期间的水分补充和健康零食，能保持能量平稳。像运动员对待身体一样对待自己的大脑——给予尊重和恰当的维护。
Finally, keep your love for Spanish alive. Competitions are just one way to celebrate your progress, not the only measure of your worth as a language learner. Watch a silly Spanish comedy, cook a recipe from a Spanish-speaking country, or chat with a language exchange partner about your favourite music. This intrinsic enjoyment will fuel your studies far more sustainably than any trophy. When you step into that competition room, remind yourself that you are there to share what you love about Spanish, and that confidence will shine through every word you say.
最后，保持你对西班牙语的热爱。竞赛只是庆祝进步的一种方式，而不是衡量你作为语言学习者价值的唯一尺度。看一部滑稽的西语喜剧，按照西语国家的食谱做一道菜，或者和语言交换伙伴聊聊你最喜欢的音乐。这种内在的愉悦会比任何奖杯都更能持续地为学习注入动力。当你踏入竞赛教室的那一刻，提醒自己，你是去分享你对西班牙语的热爱，这份自信会在你说的每一个词中闪耀。
Published by TutorHao | Spanish Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图