📚 Year 9 OCR Computer Science: Key Terminology Quick Guide | Year 9 OCR 计算机：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering technical vocabulary is the first step towards excelling in your OCR Computer Science paper. This quick guide groups essential Year 9 terms into logical categories, pairing each English definition with a Chinese equivalent so you can memorise and recall them effortlessly.
掌握技术词汇是你在OCR计算机科学试卷中脱颖而出的第一步。本速记指南将九年级核心术语按逻辑类别分组，每一个英文定义都配有中文对应释义，让你轻松记忆、快速回想。
1. Hardware & Components | 硬件与组件
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is often called the "brain" of the computer; it decodes and executes instructions.
中央处理器（CPU）常被称为计算机的"大脑"；它对指令进行解码并执行。
Random Access Memory (RAM) is volatile primary storage that temporarily holds data and programs the CPU is currently using.
随机存取存储器（RAM）是易失性主存储器，临时保存CPU当前正在使用的数据和程序。
Read Only Memory (ROM) is non-volatile memory that stores firmware, such as the boot program (BIOS), even when power is off.
只读存储器（ROM）是非易失性内存，即使在断电时也保存固件，例如启动程序（BIOS）。
A motherboard is the main circuit board that connects the CPU, memory, storage and other peripherals.
主板是连接CPU、内存、存储器和其他外围设备的主电路板。
An input device, such as a keyboard or sensor, sends data into the computer. An output device, like a monitor or printer, presents the result.
输入设备（如键盘或传感器）将数据送入计算机。输出设备（如显示器或打印机）呈现处理结果。
2. Storage Types | 存储类型
Primary storage consists of RAM and ROM, which the processor can access directly and at very high speed.
主存储器由RAM和ROM组成，处理器可以直接以极高速度访问它们。
Secondary storage refers to non-volatile devices used for long-term data retention, e.g. hard disk drives (HDD) and solid-state drives (SSD).
辅助存储器指用于长期保存数据的非易失性设备，例如硬盘驱动器（HDD）和固态驱动器（SSD）。
Magnetic storage uses magnetised disks (HDD) to read and write data; it offers high capacity at a lower cost per gigabyte.
磁存储使用磁化盘片（HDD）读写数据；以较低每GB成本提供大容量。
Solid-state storage (SSD, USB flash drive) has no moving parts, making it faster, quieter and more durable than magnetic drives.
固态存储（SSD、U盘）没有移动部件，因此比磁驱动器更快、更安静、更耐用。
Optical storage, such as CDs and DVDs, uses lasers to read pits on a reflective surface; it is portable but slower.
光存储（如CD和DVD）使用激光读取反射面上的凹坑；便携但速度较慢。
3. Software Classification | 软件分类
System software manages the hardware and provides a platform for application software. The operating system (OS) is the core system software.
系统软件管理硬件并为应用软件提供平台。操作系统（OS）是核心系统软件。
Utility software performs maintenance tasks: virus scanners, disk defragmenters, backup tools and file managers.
实用软件执行维护任务：病毒扫描器、磁盘碎片整理工具、备份工具和文件管理器。
Application software allows users to perform specific tasks, such as word processors, spreadsheets, web browsers and games.
应用软件让用户完成特定任务，例如文字处理软件、电子表格、网页浏览器和游戏。
An operating system provides a user interface, manages multitasking, controls peripherals and handles file and memory management.
操作系统提供用户界面，管理多任务，控制外围设备，并负责文件和内存管理。
4. The CPU and Performance | CPU与性能
The clock speed, measured in gigahertz (GHz), indicates how many instruction cycles the CPU can complete per second.
时钟速度以千兆赫（GHz）为单位，表示CPU每秒钟可以完成多少个指令周期。
A core is an independent processing unit within the CPU; multiple cores allow true parallel execution of tasks.
核心是CPU内独立的处理单元；多个核心允许真正并行执行任务。
Cache is a small, extremely fast memory inside or near the CPU that stores frequently accessed data to reduce latency.
缓存是CPU内部或附近的一种极小且极快的内存，存放频繁访问的数据以减少延迟。
The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs arithmetic and logical operations, while the control unit (CU) directs data flow inside the processor.
算术逻辑单元（ALU）执行算术与逻辑运算，而控制单元（CU）指挥处理器内的数据流。
5. Binary and Data Units | 二进制与数据单位
All computer data is represented using binary digits, or bits, which can be only 0 or 1.
所有计算机数据都使用二进制数字（比特）表示，只能是0或1。
A byte is a group of 8 bits; it is the basic unit of memory used to store a single character.
一个字节由8个比特组成；它是存储单个字符的基本内存单位。
s, 1 megabyte (MB) ≈ 10⁶ bytes, 1 gigabyte (GB) ≈ 10⁹ bytes, 1 terabyte (TB) ≈ 10¹² bytes.
更大的单位依次为：1千字节（KB）≈10³字节，1兆字节（MB）≈10⁶字节，1吉字节（GB）≈10⁹字节，1太字节（TB）≈10¹²字节。
Hexadecimal (base‑16) uses digits 0‑9 and letters A‑F; it is a shorter way to represent binary values, often used for colours and memory addresses.
十六进制（基数为16）使用数字0‑9和字母A‑F；这是一种更简短地表示二进制值的方法，常用于颜色和内存地址。
6. Networks and the Internet | 网络与互联网
A Local Area Network (LAN) connects computers over a small geographical area, such as a school or office.
局域网（LAN）在较小地理范围内连接计算机，如学校或办公室。
A Wide Area Network (WAN) spans a large area, often using leased lines or satellites; the Internet is the largest WAN.
广域网（WAN）跨越广大区域，常使用专线或卫星；互联网是最大的广域网。
A protocol is a set of rules that govern how data is transmitted and received. TCP/IP is the fundamental protocol suite of the Internet.
协议是管理数据如何发送和接收的一套规则。TCP/IP是互联网的基本协议族。
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) transfers web pages; HTTPS is its secure version using encryption. FTP handles file transfers.
HTTP（超文本传输协议）传输网页；HTTPS是其使用加密的安全版本。FTP处理文件传输。
7. Network Hardware & Topologies | 网络硬件与拓扑
A router directs data packets between different networks, often connecting a home LAN to the Internet.
路由器在不同网络之间引导数据包，通常将家庭局域网连接到互联网。
A switch connects devices within the same network and forwards data only to the intended recipient, making it more efficient than a hub.
交换机连接同一网络中的设备，并仅将数据转发给目标接收者，因此比集线器更高效。
A Network Interface Card (NIC) allows a computer to connect to a network, providing a unique MAC address.
网络接口卡（NIC）使计算机能够连接网络，提供唯一的MAC地址。
In a star topology, all devices connect to a central switch; if one cable fails, only that device is affected. A bus topology shares a single backbone cable.
在星型拓扑中，所有设备都连接到中央交换机；一条电缆故障只影响该设备。总线拓扑共享一条主干电缆。
8. Programming Concepts | 编程概念
A variable is a named storage location whose value can change while a program runs. A constant holds a value that stays the same throughout.
变量是一个命名的存储位置，其值在程序运行中可以改变。常量保存一个在整个过程中不变的值。
Common data types include integer (whole number), real/float (decimal), Boolean (true/false) and string (text).
常见数据类型包括整型（整数）、实型/浮点型（小数）、布尔型（真/假）和字符串（文本）。
Assignment means giving a variable a value, often using the = symbol, e.g. score = 0.
赋值是指为变量赋予一个值，常用 = 符号，如 score = 0。
Sequence, selection and iteration are the three fundamental building blocks of any algorithm.
顺序、选择和迭代是任何算法的三种基本构建块。
9. Algorithms and Control Flow | 算法与控制流
An algorithm is a step‑by‑step procedure for solving a problem, often expressed in pseudocode or flowcharts.
算法是解决问题的分步过程，常用伪代码或流程图表示。
Selection uses conditions (IF...ELSE) to make decisions; iteration uses loops (FOR, WHILE) to repeat instructions.
选择利用条件（IF...ELSE）做出判断；迭代利用循环（FOR、WHILE）重复执行指令。
Linear search checks each item one by one; binary search repeatedly divides a sorted list in half, making it much faster on large data sets.
线性搜索逐个检查每一项；二分查找反复将已排序列表折半，在大型数据集上要快得多。
Bubble sort compares adjacent elements and swaps them if they are out of order, making repeated passes until sorted.
冒泡排序比较相邻元素，若顺序错误则交换，重复扫描直到排序完成。
10. Cybersecurity and Threats | 网络安全与威胁
Malware is any software intentionally designed to harm a computer, steal data or spy on users. A virus attaches itself to legitimate programs and spreads when executed.
恶意软件是任何旨在损害计算机、窃取数据或监视用户的软件。病毒附在合法程序上，执行时传播。
A worm spreads independently across networks without needing a host file. A Trojan disguises itself as useful software to trick users into installing it.
蠕虫无需宿主文件，自行通过网络传播。特洛伊木马伪装成有用软件，诱骗用户安装。
Phishing uses fake emails or websites to steal sensitive information like passwords. Social engineering manipulates people into revealing confidential data.
网络钓鱼使用虚假电子邮件或网站窃取密码等敏感信息。社会工程操纵人们泄露机密数据。
A firewall monitors and controls incoming/outgoing network traffic based on security rules. Encryption scrambles data so that only authorised parties can read it.
防火墙根据安全规则监视和控制进出网络流量。加密打乱数据，使得只有授权方才能读取。
11. Ethical & Legal Issues | 伦理与法律问题
The Data Protection Act governs how personal data can be collected, stored and processed, giving individuals rights over their information.
《数据保护法》规范个人数据的收集、存储和处理方式，赋予个人对其信息的权利。
The Computer Misuse Act makes unauthorised access to computer systems and the spread of malware a criminal offence.
《计算机滥用法》将未经授权访问计算机系统和传播恶意软件定为刑事犯罪。
Copyright law protects the creators of original work, including software, music and images, from unauthorised copying or distribution.
版权法保护原创作品（包括软件、音乐和图像）的创作者，防止未经授权的复制或分发。
Open source software allows users to view, modify and share the source code, while proprietary software restricts such access.
开源软件允许用户查看、修改和共享源代码，专有软件则限制此类访问。
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