📚 Year 9 Edexcel Psychology: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick-Memorisation Guide | Year 9 Edexcel 心理学：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your fast-track guide for mastering the key terms in Year 9 Edexcel Psychology. Understanding the vocabulary is half the battle – once you can speak the language of psychology, you will find it much easier to explain concepts, answer exam questions and build strong revision notes. This article pairs every essential term with a simple memory hook, breaking down definitions in both English and Chinese to reinforce your learning.
欢迎来到 Year 9 Edexcel 心理学术语速记指南。掌握词汇是成功的一半——一旦你能说心理学的语言，你会发现解释概念、回答考题和整理复习笔记都轻松很多。本文为每一个核心术语搭配了简洁的记忆钩子，并提供中英双语定义，帮助你巩固学习。
1. Research Methods: IV, DV and Operationalisation | 研究方法：自变量、因变量与操作化
The independent variable (IV) is the variable that the researcher deliberately changes or manipulates. Think: 'I change the IV.'
自变量（IV）是研究者有意改变或操纵的变量。记法：“我改变IV”。
The dependent variable (DV) is the variable that is measured to see the effect of the IV. Think: 'I measure the DV.'
因变量（DV）是为了观察自变量的影响而测量的变量。记法：“我测量DV”。
Operationalisation means turning a vague concept into something measurable. For example, 'memory' cannot be measured directly, but you can operationalise it as 'number of words recalled from a list'. Without operationalisation, an experiment cannot be repeated reliably.
操作化是指将模糊的概念转化为可测量的事物。例如，“记忆力”无法直接测量，但你可以操作化为“从单词表中回忆出的单词数量”。没有操作化，实验就无法可靠地重复。
Mnemonics: 'In-Change, De-Measure' – Independent you change, Dependent you measure. For operationalisation, remember 'operation makes it work'.
速记口诀：“自变量改，因变量测”。操作化就记“运作起来才能用”。
2. Hypotheses: Directional and Non-Directional | 假设：定向与非定向
A hypothesis is a precise, testable prediction about the outcome of an experiment. A directional (one-tailed) hypothesis states the direction of the expected difference, e.g. 'Participants who drink caffeine will recall more words than those who do not.'
假设是关于实验结果的精确、可检验的预测。定向（单尾）假设指明了预期差异的方向，例如“饮用咖啡因的参与者会比不饮用的回忆起更多单词”。
A non-directional (two-tailed) hypothesis simply predicts a difference but does not say which group will perform better, e.g. 'There will be a difference in the number of words recalled between participants who drink caffeine and those who do not.'
非定向（双尾）假设仅预测存在差异，但不指明哪一组表现更好，例如“饮用咖啡因与不饮用咖啡因的参与者在回忆单词数量上存在差异”。
Memory hook: 'Directional points the arrow, non-directional says only that the arrow exists.' Use four fingers pointing one way for directional, and open palms up for non-directional.
记忆钩子：“定向如箭头指向一方，非定向只说有箭存在。”用四根手指指向一个方向表示定向，掌心向上摊开表示非定向。
3. Experimental Designs | 实验设计
Independent measures design: different participants are used in each condition of the IV. The key advantage is no order effects, but participant variables can create noise. Think: 'Independent people, independent groups.'
独立组设计：自变量的每个条件下使用不同的参与者。主要优点是没有顺序效应，但参与者变量可能产生干扰。记法：“独立的人，独立的小组”。
ontrols participant variables but may cause order effects like practice or fatigue. Think: 'Repeated = same people again and again.'
重复测量设计：相同的参与者参加所有条件。这控制了参与者变量，但可能导致练习效应或疲劳等顺序效应。记法：“重复就是用同一批人反复测”。
Matched pairs design: participants are paired on key characteristics, and one member of each pair is assigned to each condition. This balances both participant variables and order effects, but matching is difficult. Think: 'Matching twins but only one test each.'
匹配对设计：参与者在关键特征上配对，每对中的一人被分配到每个条件。这平衡了参与者变量和顺序效应，但匹配很困难。记法：“匹配的双胞胎，各自测一边”。
our mind: Independent = different people; Repeated = same people; Matched = similar pairs.
脑海里放个表格：独立组 = 不同人；重复测量 = 同一批人；匹配对 = 相似对。
4. Reliability and Validity | 信度与效度
s to consistency. If you repeat the experiment or measurement, do you get the same results? High reliability means the procedure produces stable findings. Think: 'Reliable = Repeats well.'
信度指一致性。如果重复实验或测量，是否会得到相同结果？高信度意味着程序能产生稳定的发现。记法：“信度就是靠得住，反复测都一样”。
Validity refers to accuracy – are you measuring what you intend to measure? A test with high validity genuinely reflects the concept being studied. Think: 'Valid = True value.'
效度指准确性——你是否测量了想要测量的东西？高效度的测验能真实反映所研究的概念。记法：“效度即真值，测啥像啥”。
Internal validity asks whether the IV really caused the change in the DV, without confounding variables. External validity asks whether findings can be generalised to other settings and people.
内部效度关心的是：在没有混淆变量的情况下，IV是否真的引起了DV的改变。外部效度关心的是：研究结果能否推广到其他场景和人群。
Mnemonics: 'Reliability = Replication; Validity = Verity (truth).' For internal vs external: 'Inside the lab, outside the world.'
记忆法：“信度看重复，效度看真相”。内部和外部：“内部对实验室内有效，外部对现实世界有效”。
5. Ethical Guidelines | 伦理准则
All psychological research must follow ethical principles to protect participants. The key terms can be remembered with the mnemonic 'C-DRIP-C' (Consent, Deception, Right to withdraw, Informed consent, Protection from harm, Confidentiality).
所有心理学研究必须遵循伦理原则以保护参与者。关键术语可用口诀“知情同退保密护”来记忆（知情同意、欺骗、退出权、知情同意、免受伤害、保密）。
Informed consent means participants must know the aim and procedure of the study and agree to take part. Debriefing happens after the study, explaining the true purpose and allowing questions. Deception should be avoided, but if necessary, it must be justified and followed by thorough debriefing.
知情同意意味着参与者必须了解研究的目的和程序并同意参加。事后解释是在研究结束后进行，说明真实目的并允许提问。欺骗应避免，但如果必要，必须给出合理理由并在事后进行充分说明。
Right to withdraw: participants can leave the study at any time without penalty. Protection from harm: psychological or physical risk must be no greater than in everyday life. Confidentiality: personal data must be kept private.
退出权：参与者可以随时退出研究而不受惩罚。免受伤害：心理或生理风险不得大于日常生活。保密：个人数据必须保密。
Memory hook: 'Can Do's are Consent, Debrief, Withdraw, Protect, Confidentiality.' Imagine a shield with these five words.
记忆钩子：“能做的”有：同意、事后说明、退出、保护、保密。想象一个有这五个词的盾牌。
6. The Multi-Store Model of Memory | 记忆的多储存模型
The multi-store model (Atkinson and Shiffrin) describes memory as three separate stores: sensory register, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM). Information flows linearly from sensory to STM through attention, and from STM to LTM through rehearsal.
多储存模型（阿特金森和谢夫林）将记忆描述为三个独立的储存库：感觉登记、短时记忆和长时记忆。信息通过注意力从感觉到短时记忆，再通过复述从短时记忆进入长时记忆，呈线性流动。
rief duration (less than 1 second for visual), encodes information from the senses. Think: 'Sensory = snapshot.'
感觉登记：容量大，持续时间极短（视觉不到1秒），对来自感官的信息进行编码。记法：“感觉就是快照”。
Short-term memory: capacity 7±2 items (Miller' gic number), duration up to 30 seconds without rehearsal, encoding mainly acoustic. Think: 'STM holds the phone number you just heard.'
短时记忆：容量7±2个项目（米勒的神奇数字），不复述时持续约30秒，编码以听觉为主。记法：“短时记忆就像你刚听到的电话号码”。
Long-term memory: potentially unlimited capacity and duration, encoding mainly semantic (meaning). Think: 'LTM is your lifetime library.'
长时记忆：容量和持续时间几乎无限，编码以语义（意义）为主。记法：“长时记忆是你的终身图书馆”。
(attention) → STM → (rehearsal) → LTM. Without rehearsal, information decays. Memory tip: 'Review to renew.'
流动链条：感觉→（注意力）→短时→（复述）→长时。没有复述，信息就会消退。记忆诀窍：“复习就是续期”。
7. Memory Processes: Encoding, Storage, Retrieval | 记忆过程：编码、储存、提取
memory system. It can be visual (picture), acoustic (sound), or semantic (meaning). Think: 'Encode = enter code.'
编码是信息进入记忆系统的方式。它可以是视觉（图像）、听觉（声音）或语义（意义）。记法：“编码就是输入代码”。
mory stores over time. Short-term storage is fragile; long-term storage is durable. Think: 'Store = warehouse.'
储存是随时间在记忆库中保留信息。短时储存脆弱，长时储存持久。记法：“储存就像仓库”。
it. Recognition (e.g. multiple choice) is easier than recall (e.g. essay question). Think: 'Retrieval = re-find.'
提取是在需要时把信息取出来。再认（如选择题）比回忆（如问答题）容易。记法：“提取就是重新找到”。
endency shows that retrieval is better when the context of encoding and retrieval match. Mnemonics: 'Enter, Keep, Fetch.'
这三个过程依次进行：编码→储存→提取。线索依赖表明，当编码和提取的情境匹配时，提取效果更好。口诀：“进、留、取”。
8. Social Influence: Conformity vs Obedience | 社会影响：从众与服从
ty, often due to real or imagined group pressure. It does not involve a direct order. Asch's line study is a classic example. Think: 'Conform = go with the crowd.'
从众是因真实或想象到的群体压力而改变行为或信念，以与多数人保持一致。这不涉及直接命令。阿希线段实验是经典范例。记法：“从众就是随大流”。
ect command from an authority figure, even if it goes against personal conscience. Milgram's shock experiment illustrated obedience. Think: 'Obedience = obey an order.'
服从是听从权威人物发出的直接命令，即使这违背个人良知。米尔格莱姆电击实验展示了服从。记法：“服从就是听令行事”。
Key difference: Conformity is peer-driven; obedience is authority-driven. Mnemonic: 'Conform to peers, Obey the officer.'
关键区别：从众由同伴驱动，服从由权威驱动。口诀：“从众跟同伴，服从听长官”。
Normative social influence (desire to be liked) and informational social influence (desire to be right) explain conformity. In obedience, the agentic state (shifting responsibility to authority) is central.
规范社会影响（渴望被喜欢）和信息社会影响（渴望正确）可以解释从众。在服从中，代理状态（将责任转移给权威）是关键。
9. Attachment: Key Concepts | 依恋：核心概念
ars of life. It ensures survival by keeping the infant close to a protective adult. Think: 'Attachment = tie that binds.'
依恋是婴儿与照料者之间的情感纽带，在生命最初几年形成。它通过让婴儿靠近保护他的成年人来确保生存。记法：“依恋就是绑在一起的纽带”。
Bowlby's monotropic theory argues that infants have an innate need to form one primary attachment (monotropy), usually with the mother. This bond acts as a template for future relationships – the internal working model.
鲍尔比的单养理论认为，婴儿天生需要形成一个主要依恋（单养性），通常是母亲。这一纽带成为未来人际关系的模板——内部工作模型。
Ainsworth's Strange Situation identified attachment types: secure (explores, distressed when caregiver leaves, comforted on return), insecure-avoidant (little distress, avoids caregiver), and insecure-resistant (clingy, angry on return).
安斯沃思的陌生情境实验识别出依恋类型：安全型（探索、分离痛苦、重聚时得到安慰）、不安全-回避型（少痛苦、回避照料者）和不安全-反抗型（粘人、重聚时生气）。
Memory hook: Bowlby's 'B' for bond, Ainsworth's 'A' for attachment types. For the three types: 'Secure seeks, Avoidant averts, Resistant resists.'
记忆钩子：鲍尔比的“B”代表纽带，安斯沃思的“A”代表依恋类型。三种类型：“安全型寻找，回避型躲开，反抗型抗拒”。
10. Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development | 皮亚杰的认知发展阶段
Jean Piaget proposed that children's thinking develops through four fixed stages. The mnemonic 'Some People Can't Fly' helps: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete operational, Formal operational.
让·皮亚杰提出儿童思维通过四个固定阶段发展。口诀“有些人不全会飞”（自译）来记：感知运动、前运算、具体运算、形式运算。
Sensorimotor (0-2 years): infants learn through senses and actions, develop object permanence – knowing objects exist even when out of sight. Peek-a-boo is fascinating because object permanence is still developing.
感知运动阶段（0-2岁）：婴儿通过感觉和动作学习，发展客体永久性——知道物体即使看不见也依然存在。躲猫猫之所以有趣，是因为客体永久性仍在发展。
Preoperational (2-7 years): children use symbols (language, pretend play) but cannot yet perform logical operations. They are egocentric – seeing the world only from their own viewpoint. The three mountains task reveals this. Think: 'Pre-logical.'
前运算阶段（2-7岁）：儿童使用符号（语言、假想游戏），但还不能进行逻辑运算。他们自我中心——仅从自己的视角看世界。三山任务揭示了这一点。记法：“前逻辑”。
l (7-11 years): logical thinking develops about concrete objects. Conservation is mastered – that quantity stays the same despite changes in shape. Reversibility also appears. Think: 'Concrete = can conserve.'
具体运算阶段（7-11岁）：对具体物体发展出逻辑思维。守恒概念掌握——理解数量不随形状改变。可逆性也出现。记法：“具体就是能守恒”。
onal (11+ years): abstract and hypothetical thinking emerges. Adolescents can reason about 'what if' and perform systematic problem solving. Think: 'Formal = formulate possibilities.'
形式运算阶段（11岁及以上）：抽象和假设思维出现。青少年能进行“如果…会怎样”的推理和系统解决问题。记法：“形式就是构思可能性”。
11. Sampling Methods | 抽样方法
Sampling is selecting participants from the target population to take part in research. The key methods are random, opportunity, volunteer, and stratified.
抽样是从目标人群中选取参与者进行研究。关键方法有随机抽样、机会抽样、志愿者抽样和分层抽样。
n using a random name generator. High representativeness but hard to achieve fully. Think: 'Random = lottery picks.'
随机抽样：目标人群中每个人都有均等被选中的机会，常用随机姓名生成器。代表性高但难以完全实现。记法：“随机就像抽奖”。
such as people walking past. It is quick and easy, but the sample is likely biased. Think: 'Opportunity = whoever is there.'
机会抽样：研究者选取任何可接触且愿意的人，比如路过的人。快速简单但样本可能存在偏差。记法：“机会就是碰到谁算谁”。
t. This often attracts a certain personality type, so it may lack generalisability. Think: 'Volunteer = they raise their hand.'
志愿者抽样：参与者通过回应广告自我选择。这常吸引某种特定人格类型，因此可能缺乏普遍性。记法：“志愿者就是举手报名”。
ly taken from each stratum in proportion. This ensures representation of subgroups. Think: 'Strata = layers of a cake, each tasted proportionally.'
分层抽样：将总体分成层（如年龄、性别），然后从每一层中按比例随机抽取参与者。这确保了亚群体的代表性。记法：“分层就像蛋糕，每层按比例尝”。
12. Quick Recap and Final Tips | 快速回顾与最后提示
You have covered the core terminology toolkit: IV & DV, operationalisation, hypotheses, experimental designs, reliability/validity, ethics, the multi-store model, memory processes, conformity vs obedience, attachment types, Piaget's stages, and sampling methods. Keep this guide as a bookmark and review regularly.
你已经掌握了核心术语工具箱：自变量与因变量、操作化、假设、实验设计、信度/效度、伦理、多储存模型、记忆过程、从众与服从、依恋类型、皮亚杰阶段和抽样方法。把这份指南收藏起来，定期复习。
Use active recall: cover the definition, guess the term, then check. Create flashcards with the English term on one side and the Chinese definition and mnemonic on the other. Explain the concepts out loud to a friend or even a teddy bear – teaching is the fastest way to learn.
运用主动回忆：遮住定义，猜出术语，然后核对。制作抽认卡，一面写英文术语，另一面写中文定义和记忆口诀。向朋友甚至泰迪熊大声解释概念——教授别人是学得最快的方式。
Finally, remember that psychology vocabulary is logical. Most terms break down into helpful roots: 'operationalise' contains 'operation', 'reliability' relates to 'relied upon', 'attachment' suggests 'attached'. Once you spot these patterns, the terminology becomes your strength, not your struggle.
最后，记住心理学词汇是有逻辑的。大多数术语可以拆解成有用的词根：“operationalise”里有“操作”，“reliability”与“可靠”相关，“attachment”暗示“依附”。一旦你发现了这些模式，术语就会成为你的优势，而非挣扎。
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