📚 Year 9 OCR Psychology: Key Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Reference Guide | Year 9 OCR 心理学：词汇术语速记指南
This guide provides clear, concise definitions of essential psychology terms for Year 9 students following the OCR specification. Mastering these terms will strengthen your understanding of core topics, from research methods to memory and social influence. Each concept is explained first in English and then in Chinese, helping bilingual learners build confidence in both languages.
本指南为遵循 OCR 课程大纲的九年级学生提供了清晰、简洁的心理学核心术语定义。掌握这些术语将加深你对核心主题的理解，从研究方法到记忆和社会影响。每个概念先用英文解释，再用中文解释，帮助双语学习者在两种语言中建立自信。
1. Core Research Methods Terms | 核心研究方法术语
Independent Variable (IV) – The factor that the researcher deliberately changes or manipulates in an experiment to see if it has an effect on the dependent variable. For example, in a study testing whether noise affects memory, noise level is the IV.
自变量 – 研究者在实验中故意改变或操纵的因素，以观察它是否对因变量产生影响。例如，在一项测试噪音是否影响记忆的研究中，噪音水平就是自变量。
Dependent Variable (DV) – The factor that is measured in an experiment; it is expected to change as a result of the manipulation of the independent variable. In the noise and memory study, the number of words recalled correctly would be the DV.
因变量 – 实验中被测量的因素；预计会因自变量的操控而发生变化。在噪音与记忆的研究中，正确回忆的单词数量就是因变量。
Extraneous Variable – Any variable other than the IV that might affect the DV if not controlled. These are unwanted variables that researchers try to eliminate or keep constant, such as the time of day or the participants' prior knowledge.
额外变量 – 除自变量以外，如果不加以控制就可能影响因变量的任何变量。这些是不想要的变量，研究者试图消除它们或保持恒定，如一天中的时间或参与者的先前知识。
2. Variables and Controls | 变量与控制
Confounding Variable – A type of extraneous variable that varies systematically with the IV, making it impossible to determine whether the IV or the confounding variable caused any change in the DV. For example, if one group is tested in the morning and another in the afternoon, tiredness could become a confounding variable.
混淆变量 – 一种额外变量，它与自变量系统地变化，使得无法确定是自变量还是混淆变量导致了因变量的任何变化。例如，如果一组在上午测试，另一组在下午测试，疲劳就可能成为混淆变量。
Control Condition – A level of the IV in which the IV is absent or set at a baseline value. The control condition provides a standard against which the effects of the experimental condition can be compared. For example, a group given no caffeine vs a group given caffeine.
控制条件 – 自变量缺失或被设定为基线值的一种自变量水平。控制条件为比较实验条件的效果提供了一个标准。例如，不给咖啡因的一组与给咖啡因的一组。
Standardised Procedures – A set of instructions and procedures that are the same for all participants in all conditions. This ensures that every participant experiences the same environment, reducing extraneous variables and improving reliability.
标准化程序 – 一套对所有参与者在所有条件下都相同的指令和流程。这确保每个参与者经历相同的环境，减少了额外变量，提高了可靠性。
3. Sampling and Participants | 抽样与参与者
Target Population – The large group of individuals from which a sample is drawn and about whom the researcher wants to draw conclusions. For example, 'all Year 9 students in the UK' could be a target population.
目标人群 – 样本所来自的、研究者想要得出结论的大群体。例如，“英国所有九年级学生”就可以是一个目标人群。
Random Sampling – A technique where every member of the target population has an equal chance of being selected. Names drawn from a hat or a random number generator are typical methods. This reduces bias but can be impractical.
随机抽样 – 一种技术，目标人群中的每个成员都有同等被选中的机会。从帽子中抽名字或使用随机数生成器是典型方法。这减少了偏差，但可能不切实际。
Opportunity Sampling – Selecting participants who are readily available and willing to take part, such as people walking past in a school corridor. This is quicker and easier, but the sample can be biased and not representative.
便利抽样 – 选择那些容易找到且愿意参加的参与者，比如在学校走廊经过的人。这更快更容易，但样本可能有偏差，不具代表性。
4. Ethics in Psychology | 心理学中的伦理
Informed Consent – Participants must be given comprehensive information about the nature and purpose of the research, what they will be required to do, and any potential risks, so they can make an informed decision about whether to participate. For under-16s, parental consent is also needed.
知情同意 – 必须向参与者提供有关研究性质和目的、他们需要做什么以及任何潜在风险的全面信息，以便他们能够对所参与的实验做出知情决定。对于16岁以下的人，还需要父母同意。
Right to Withdraw – Participants should know that they can leave the study at any time, without giving a reason, and their data will be removed if requested. This must be made clear before and during the procedure.
退出权 – 参与者应当知道自己可以随时退出研究，无需给出理由，并且如果要求，他们的数据会被移除。这必须在程序之前和期间明确说明。
Debrief – After the study, participants should be fully informed of its true aims, any deception used, and given the opportunity to ask questions. The debrief should also check for any harm and offer follow-up support if needed.
事后解释 – 研究结束后，应充分告知参与者研究的真实目的、使用的任何欺骗手段，并给予提问的机会。事后解释还应当检查是否有任何伤害，并在必要时提供后续支持。
5. Cognitive Psychology: Memory Terms | 认知心理学：记忆术语
Encoding – The process by which information is transformed into a form that can be stored in memory. It can be visual (picture), acoustic (sound), or semantic (meaning). Semantic encoding tends to lead to more durable memories.
编码 – 信息被转换成可以存储在记忆中的形式的过程。它可以是视觉的（图像）、声学的（声音）或语义的（意义）。语义编码往往会导致更持久的记忆。
Short-Term Memory (STM) – A temporary memory store with limited capacity (about 7±2 items) and duration (around 18–0 seconds) unless information is rehearsed. It typically encodes information acoustically.
短时记忆 – 一个临时记忆存储，容量有限（约7±2个项目）且持续时间短（约18-30秒），除非信息被复述。它通常以声学方式编码信息。
Long-Term Memory (LTM) – The relatively permanent memory store with potentially unlimited capacity and duration. It mainly encodes information semantically. It includes episodic, semantic, and procedural memories.
长时记忆 – 相对永久的记忆存储，容量和持续时间可能无限。它主要语义编码信息。包括情节记忆、语义记忆和程序性记忆。
6. Social Influence Terms | 社会影响术语
Conformity – A change in a person's behaviour or beliefs as a result of real or imagined group pressure. It is often divided into compliance (publicly agreeing but privately disagreeing) and internalisation (genuinely accepting group norms).
从众 – 由于真实或想象到的群体压力而导致个人行为或信念发生改变。通常分为顺从（公开同意但私下不同意）和内化（真正接受群体规范）两种。
Obedience – Following a direct order from an authority figure. This involves a power hierarchy and can lead individuals to act against their own conscience. Milgram's electric shock experiment is a famous study of obedience.
服从 – 遵循权威人物的直接命令。这涉及权力等级，可能导致个人违背自己的良知行动。米尔格拉姆的电击实验是一个著名的服从研究。
Social Loafing – The tendency for individuals to put in less effort when working in a group compared to when they work alone. This is because individual contributions are less identifiable in a group setting.
社会懈怠 – 个人在群体中工作时比单独工作时付出更少努力的趋势。这是因为在群体环境中，个人的贡献不易被识别。
7. Attachment and Development Terms | 依恋与发展术语
Attachment – A strong, long-lasting emotional bond between two individuals, particularly between an infant and primary caregiver. It is reciprocal and provides a sense of security, allowing the child to explore the world.
依恋 – 两人之间强烈而持久的情感纽带，特别是在婴儿和主要照料者之间。它是互惠的，提供安全感，使孩子能够探索世界。
Secure Attachment – A healthy attachment style where the child uses the caregiver as a secure base, showing distress when separated but happy on reunion and able to be comforted. It is associated with sensitive and responsive parenting.
安全型依恋 – 一种健康的依恋类型，孩子将照料者作为安全基地，分离时表现出痛苦，但重逢时高兴且能被安慰。它与敏感、及时回应的养育方式有关。
Insecure-Avoidant Attachment – A style where the child shows little distress when the caregiver leaves and avoids them upon return. The child tends to treat the caregiver and stranger similarly, often as a result of caregivers who are rejecting or dismissive.
不安全-回避型依恋 – 一种依恋类型，孩子对照料者的离开表现出很少的痛苦，并在回来时回避他们。孩子往往对待照料者和陌生人相似，通常由拒绝或疏远的照料者导致。
8. Biopsychology Basics | 生物心理学基础
Central Nervous System (CNS) – Comprises the brain and spinal cord. It receives sensory information, processes it, and sends motor commands to the body. It is the main control centre for all behaviour and mental processes.
中枢神经系统 – 由脑和脊髓组成。它接收感觉信息，处理信息，并向身体发送运动指令。它是所有行为和心理过程的主要控制中心。
Neuron – A specialised cell that transmits nerve impulses electrically and chemically. It consists of a cell body, dendrites (receiving signals), and an axon (sending signals). The three main types are sensory, relay, and motor neurons.
神经元 – 一种特化的细胞，以电和化学方式传递神经冲动。它由细胞体、树突（接收信号）和轴突（发送信号）组成。三种主要类型是感觉神经元、联络神经元和运动神经元。
Synapse – The tiny gap between two neurons where chemical transmission occurs. Neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic neuron cross the synapse and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, continuing the signal.
突触 – 两个神经元之间的微小间隙，化学传递在此发生。从突触前神经元释放的神经递质穿过突触，与突触后神经元上的受体结合，继续传递信号。
9. Psychopathology Key Terms | 心理病理学关键术语
Mental Health – A state of well-being in which an individual realises their own abilities, can cope with normal stresses of life, work productively, and contribute to their community. It is not simply the absence of mental illness.
心理健康 – 一种幸福的状态，在这种状态下，个人认识到自己的能力，能够应对正常的生活压力，富有成效地工作，并为社区做出贡献。它不仅仅是精神疾病的缺席。
Phobia – An anxiety disorder characterised by an extreme and irrational fear of a specific object, place, or situation. The fear is disproportionate to the actual danger and leads to avoidance behaviour. Common examples are arachnophobia (fear of spiders) and claustrophobia (fear of confined spaces).
恐惧症 – 一种焦虑障碍，其特征是对特定物体、场所或情境产生极端和非理性的恐惧。恐惧与实际危险不成比例，并导致回避行为。常见例子有蜘蛛恐惧症（害怕蜘蛛）和幽闭恐惧症（害怕密闭空间）。
Unipolar Depression – A mood disorder involving persistently low mood, loss of interest or pleasure in activities, and reduced energy. Symptoms must last at least two weeks for a clinical diagnosis. It affects how a person thinks, feels, and functions.
单相抑郁症 – 一种心境障碍，涉及持续性情绪低落、对活动失去兴趣或乐趣，以及精力减退。症状必须持续至少两周才能做出临床诊断。它会影响一个人的思维、感受和功能。
10. Approaches in Psychology | 心理学流派
Behaviourist Approach – The view that all behaviour is learned through interactions with the environment, primarily via classical and operant conditioning. It focuses on observable, measurable behaviours and rejects introspection. Key theorists: Pavlov, Skinner.
行为主义流派 – 认为所有行为都是通过与环境互动而习得的，主要通过经典条件反射和操作性条件反射。它关注可观察、可测量的行为，拒绝内省。关键理论家：巴甫洛夫、斯金纳。
Cognitive Approach – This perspective studies internal mental processes such as memory, perception, thinking, and attention. It compares the human mind to a computer, uses theoretical models, and supports the use of experiments. It acknowledges that mental processes cannot be directly observed but can be inferred.
认知流派 – 这一视角研究内部心理过程，如记忆、知觉、思维和注意。它将人脑比作一台计算机，使用理论模型，并支持实验的使用。它承认心理过程无法直接观察，但可以推断出来。
Biological Approach – Explains behaviour through biological structures and processes, including genes, the nervous system, brain chemistry, and evolution. It uses techniques like brain scans and twin studies to investigate the physical basis of behaviour.
生物流派 – 通过生物结构和过程来解释行为，包括基因、神经系统、大脑化学和进化。它使用诸如脑部扫描和双生子研究等技术来研究行为的生理基础。
11. Data and Statistics Terms | 数据与统计术语
Mean – The arithmetic average of a set of scores, calculated by adding all scores together and dividing by the number of scores. It is sensitive to extreme outliers, which can make it unrepresentative of the data set.
平均数 – 一组分数的算术平均值，计算方法是将所有分数相加，再除以分数的数量。它对极端异常值敏感，这可能会使其不能代表整个数据集。
Median – The middle value in an ordered list of scores. If there is an even number of scores, the median is the average of the two middle values. It is unaffected by extreme scores and is often used when data is skewed.
中位数 – 一组排序数据中的中间值。如果分数个数为偶数，中位数就是中间两个分数的平均值。它不受极端分数的影响，常被用于数据呈偏态分布的情况。
Range – A simple measure of dispersion calculated by subtracting the lowest score from the highest score in a data set. It gives a quick indication of the spread of scores but can be heavily influenced by a single outlier.
极差 – 一个简单的离散程度度量，计算方法是用数据集中的最高分减去最低分。它快速地反映了分数的分散程度，但极易受到单个异常值的影响。
12. Key Exam Command Words | 关键考试指令词
Identify – Name, list, or briefly state a required piece of information without elaboration. For example, 'Identify one ethical issue in this study.' Responses should be short and directly to the point.
识别 – 说出、列出或简要陈述所需信息，无需详述。例如，“识别这项研究中的一个伦理问题。”回答应简短直接。
Explain – Give detailed reasons for why or how something occurs, often using psychological theory or evidence. It requires logical links and development of points. For example, 'Explain how operant conditioning could be used to treat a phobia.'
解释 – 给出某事为何或如何发生的详细理由，通常运用心理学理论或证据。需要逻辑联系和要点展开。例如，“解释操作性条件反射如何用于治疗恐惧症。”
Evaluate – Make a judgement by considering strengths, weaknesses, supporting evidence, and alternative viewpoints. This often involves discussing validity, reliability, ethics, and practical applications. Balanced arguments score highest.
评价 – 通过考虑优点、缺点、支持证据以及其他观点来做出判断。这通常要讨论效度、信度、伦理和实际应用。平衡的论证得分最高。
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