📚 IGCSE Physics Notes: Complete Bilingual Revision Guide | IGCSE 物理复习笔记：完整双语备考指南
IGCSE Physics is a subject where clear notes, correct equations and repeated practice make a decisive difference. This bilingual revision guide expands the original IGCSE Physics notes into a structured set of topic summaries, key definitions, formulas, practical skills and exam advice. It is suitable for Cambridge IGCSE Physics 0625 and 0972, and useful for Edexcel or Oxford AQA students who need a compact but complete revision reference. Please note: this is a digital resource, and after purchase it cannot be returned or refunded.
IGCSE 物理是一门非常依赖清晰笔记、正确公式和反复练习的学科。本文在原有 IGCSE physics notes 物理复习笔记的基础上扩写，整理出系统的知识点总结、核心定义、公式、实验技能与考试建议，适用于 Cambridge IGCSE Physics 0625 和 0972，也适合 Edexcel、Oxford AQA 学生作为精简但完整的复习参考。请注意：本资料为电子版资料，购买后无法退货。
1. Overview of These Notes | 笔记概览
These notes are organised by syllabus topic rather than by textbook chapter. Each section gives the essential definitions, the equations you must recall, the graphs you must interpret, and the common question styles that appear in past papers. The aim is to reduce revision time while keeping the physics accurate and exam-focused.
本笔记按考纲主题而不是教材章节来组织。每一节都给出必须记住的定义、必须会用的公式、必须会读的图像，以及历年真题中常见的题型。目标是缩短复习时间，同时保证物理内容准确、紧贴考试。
The notes are written in bilingual form so that you can check understanding in English and then review the same idea in Chinese. This is especially useful for students studying in an English-medium school but thinking through concepts in Chinese, or for students who need to build English scientific vocabulary before the exam.
笔记采用中英双语形式，你可以先用英文检查理解，再用中文复习同一概念。这对在国际学校用英文学习、但习惯用中文思考的学生尤其有用，也适合需要在考前积累英文学术词汇的学生。
The original information point is kept: this is an electronic resource, and once purchased it cannot be returned. Please read the topic list and sample pages carefully before buying, and make sure the format suits your device.
原有信息点保留：这是电子版资料，购买后无法退货。请在购买前仔细阅读主题列表和样页，并确认文件格式适合你的设备。
2. Syllabus and Exam Format | 考纲与考试形式
Cambridge IGCSE Physics usually tests both Core and Extended content. Core students focus on the basic syllabus statements, while Extended students must also handle harder calculations, multi-step reasoning and more complex graphs. The main assessment objectives are knowledge with understanding, handling information and problem solving, and experimental skills.
Cambridge IGCSE 物理通常同时包含 Core 和 Extended 内容。Core 学生重点掌握基础考纲条目，Extended 学生还必须处理更难的計算、多步推理和更复杂的图像。主要评估目标包括知识理解、信息处理与问题解决、实验技能。
Paper 1 or Paper 2 is multiple choice. Paper 3 or Paper 4 is written theory. Paper 5 or Paper 6 is practical or alternative-to-practical. Command words matter: "state" needs a short answer, "describe" needs a sequence or features, "explain" needs a cause-and-effect link, and "calculate" needs working, equation and unit.
Paper 1 或 Paper 2 是选择题，Paper 3 或 Paper 4 是书面理论题，Paper 5 或 Paper 6 是实验或实验替代卷。命令词很重要："state" 要求简短答案，"describe" 要求描述过程或特征，"explain" 要求写出因果联系，"calculate" 要求写过程、公式和单位。
Use the syllabus as a checklist. Tick each statement only when you can define the term, write the equation, draw the graph and answer a past-paper question without notes. This turns vague revision into measurable progress.
把考纲当作检查表。只有当你能不看书定义术语、写出公式、画出图像并完成一道真题时，才在该条目上打勾。这样可以把模糊的复习变成可衡量的进步。
3. Mechanics: Motion and Forces | 力学：运动与力
Mechanics begins with motion. Learn the difference between speed and velocity, and between distance and displacement. Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. For uniform acceleration, these equations are essential:
力学从运动开始。要区分 speed 与 velocity、distance 与 displacement。加速度是速度变化率。匀加速运动必须掌握以下公式：
v = u + at
s = ut + ½at²
v² = u² + 2as
In distance-time graphs, the gradient is speed. In velocity-time graphs, the gradient is acceleration and the area under the graph is distance travelled. Always label axes with quantity and unit, and check whether the motion is forward, backward or changing direction.
在 distance-time 图像中，斜率表示速度；在 velocity-time 图像中，斜率表示加速度，图线下的面积表示路程。坐标轴必须标注物理量和单位，并判断物体是前进、后退还是改变方向。
Forces change motion or shape. Newton' g, where g is about 9.8 m/s² or 10 m/s² depending on the question. Friction opposes motion, air resistance increases with speed, and terminal velocity occurs when resultant force is zero.
力可以改变运动状态或形状。牛顿第二定律给出 F = ma。重力 W = mg，其中 g 约为 9.8 m/s²，部分题目取 10 m/s²。摩擦力阻碍运动，空气阻力随速度增大，当合力为零时达到终端速度。
Hooke' , the sum of clockwise moments equals the sum of anticlockwise moments. Density is ρ = m/V, pressure is p = F/A, and liquid pressure is p = hρg.
胡克定律为 F = kx，前提是不超过弹性限度。力矩等于力 × 到支点的垂直距离。平衡时，顺时针力矩之和等于逆时针力矩之和。密度 ρ = m/V，压强 p = F/A，液体压强 p = hρg。
total momentum before collision equals total momentum after collision. This is useful for collisions, explosions and recoil problems.
动量 p = mv。在封闭系统中，碰撞前总动量等于碰撞后总动量。这适用于碰撞、爆炸和反冲问题。
4. Energy, Work and Power | 能量、功与功率
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred between stores. Common stores include kinetic, gravitational potential, elastic potential, thermal, chemical and nuclear. Common transfers include mechanical work, electrical work, heating and radiation. A Sankey diagram shows useful energy and wasted energy.
能量不能被创造或消灭，只能在能量存储之间转移。常见存储包括动能、重力势能、弹性势能、热能、化学能、核能。常见转移包括机械做功、电功、加热和辐射。Sankey 图表示有用能量和浪费能量。
W = Fd
P = W/t = E/t
Eₖ = ½mv²
Eₚ = mgh
Work is done when a force moves an object through a distance in the direction of the force. Power is the rate of energy transfer. Kinetic energy depends on mass and the square of speed, so doubling speed quadruples kinetic energy. Gravitational potential energy depends on mass, gravitational field strength and height.
当力使物体沿力的方向移动一段距离时，就做了功。功率是能量转移的速率。动能取决于质量和速度的平方，因此速度加倍，动能变为四倍。重力势能取决于质量、重力场强度和高度。
Efficiency is useful output energy divided by total input energy, often written as a percentage. Friction and air resistance usually cause energy to be transferred to thermal stores. Machines cannot be 100% efficient in practice.
效率等于有用输出能量除以总输入能量，通常写成百分比。摩擦和空气阻力通常使能量转移到热存储。实际机械不可能 100% 高效。
Energy resources are classified as renewable or non-renewable. Renewable examples include solar, wind, hydroelectric, wave, tidal, geothermal and biomass. Non-renewable examples include coal, oil, natural gas and nuclear fuel. Compare reliability, cost, environmental impact and power output.
能源分为可再生能源和不可再生能源。可再生能源包括太阳能、风能、水能、波浪能、潮汐能、地热能和生物质能。不可再生能源包括煤、石油、天然气和核燃料。比较时要考虑可靠性、成本、环境影响和输出功率。
5. Thermal Physics | 热学
The kinetic particle model explains the states of matter. In solids, particles vibrate about fixed positions. In liquids, particles move randomly but remain close. In gases, particles move quickly and are far apart. Brownian motion provides evidence for random particle movement.
微粒动理论解释物质的三态。固体中微粒在固定位置振动；液体中微粒随机运动但距离较近；气体中微粒快速运动且距离很远。布朗运动为微粒的随机运动提供了证据。
Temperature is related to the average kinetic energy of particles. Thermal energy transfer occurs from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature. Conduction happens mainly in solids, convection happens in fluids, and radiation can travel through a vacuum.
温度与微粒的平均动能有关。热能从高温区域传递到低温区域。传导主要发生在固体中，对流发生在流体中，辐射可以在真空中传播。
Q = mcΔT
Q = mL
Specific heat capacity is the energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 °C. Specific latent heat is the energy needed to change the state of 1 kg of a substance without changing its temperature. During melting or boiling, temperature stays constant while energy is used to break bonds.
比热容是把 1 kg 物质温度升高 1 °C 所需能量。比潜热是使 1 kg 物质发生状态变化而温度不变所需能量。熔化或沸腾时，温度保持不变，能量用于破坏微粒间的键。
efore pressure if volume is fixed. Reducing volume increases collision frequency and pressure. The relationship can be summarised as pV/T = constant for a fixed mass of gas.
对于气体，压强由微粒撞击容器壁产生。温度升高会增加微粒平均速度，若体积不变则压强增大。体积减小会增加碰撞频率和压强。对一定质量气体，可总结为 pV/T = 常数。
6. Waves, Light and Sound | 波、光与声
Waves transfer energy without transferring matter. Transverse waves have vibrations perpendicular to the direction of travel, such as light and water waves. Longitudinal waves have vibrations parallel to the direction of travel, such as sound. Amplitude, wavelength, frequency and period are key terms.
波传递能量而不传递物质。横波的振动方向与传播方向垂直，如光和波；纵波的振动方向与传播方向平行，如声波。振幅、波长、频率和周期是核心术语。
v = fλ
f = 1/T
Wave speed equals frequency times wavelength. Frequency is measured in hertz, Hz. Period is the time for one complete wave. When waves pass from one medium to another, frequency stays constant, but speed and wavelength can change.
波速等于频率乘以波长。频率单位是赫兹 Hz。周期是完成一次全波的时间。波从一种介质进入另一种介质时，频率不变，但波速和波长可能改变。
equals angle of reflection. Refraction occurs because wave speed changes. For light, Snell' n. Total internal reflection occurs when light travels from a denser to a less dense medium and the angle of incidence exceeds the critical angle.
反射遵守反射定律：入射角等于反射角。折射是因为波速改变。对光，斯涅尔定律可写为 n = sin i / sin r。临界角满足 sin C = 1/n。当光从光密介质射向光疏介质，且入射角大于临界角时，发生全反射。
Sound is produced by vibrating sources and needs a medium. Echoes are reflected sound. Ultrasound has frequency above 20 kHz and is used in medical imaging, cleaning and distance measurement. The electromagnetic spectrum includes radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-ray and gamma radiation. Learn the order, uses and dangers.
声音由振动源产生，需要介质传播。回声是反射的声波。超声波频率高于 20 kHz，用于医学成像、清洗和测距。电磁波谱包括无线电波、微波、红外线、可见光、紫外线、X 射线和伽马射线。要记住顺序、用途和危害。
7. Electricity and Circuits | 电学与电路
ve. Charge is calculated using Q = It. Current is measured with an ammeter in series, and potential difference is measured with a voltmeter in parallel.
电流是电荷流动的速率。常规电流方向从正极到负极，电子流动方向从负极到正极。电荷量用 Q = It 计算。电流用串联的电流表测量，电压用并联的电压表测量。
V = IR
P = VI = I²R = V²/R
E = Pt
Ohm's law states that current is directly proportional to potential difference for a metallic conductor at constant temperature. Resistors in series add directly. For resistors in parallel, the reciprocal rule applies. Thermistors decrease resistance as temperature rises. LDRs decrease resistance as light intensity increases. Diodes allow current in one direction only.
欧姆定律指出，在恒定温度下，金属导体中的电流与电压成正比。串联电阻直接相加。并联电阻使用倒数关系。热敏电阻温度升高时电阻减小。LDR 光照增强时电阻减小。二极管只允许电流单向通过。
Electrical power is the rate of energy transfer. Energy transferred is power times time. Mains electricity is alternating current, while cells and batteries give direct current. Safety features include fuses, circuit breakers, earthing and insulation. A fuse melts and breaks the circuit if current is too large.
电功率是能量转移的速率。转移能量等于功率乘以时间。市电是交流电，电池提供直流电。安全装置包括保险丝、断路器、接地和绝缘。电流过大时，保险丝熔化并断开电路。
Static electricity involves charge separation. Like charges repel, opposite charges attract. Electric fields exist around charged objects. Sparks occur when charge flows through air. Common examples include lightning, fuel tankers and photocopiers.
静电涉及电荷分离。同种电荷相斥，异种电荷相吸。带电体周围存在电场。当电荷穿过空气时会产生火花。常见例子包括闪电、油罐车和复印机。
8. Magnetism and Electromagnetism | 磁学与电磁学
Magnets have north and south poles. Like poles repel, unlike poles attract. Magnetic field lines go from north to south outside a magnet. Induced magnetism occurs when a magnetic material becomes magnetised in a magnetic field. Soft iron is easily magnetised and demagnetised, while steel retains magnetism.
磁体有北极和南极。同极相斥，异极相吸。磁体外部磁感线从北极到南极。磁性材料在磁场中被磁化称为感应磁化。软铁容易被磁化和退磁，钢则能保留磁性。
ccurs when a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field. The force is given by F = BIL when the conductor is perpendicular to the field. Fleming's left-hand rule gives the direction of force.
电磁铁是通电线圈。其强度随电流、匝数增加而增大，插入软铁芯也会增强。载流导体放在磁场中会受到力，这就是电动机效应。当导体与磁场垂直时，力为 F = BIL。弗莱明左手定则给出受力方向。
Electromagnetic induction occurs when a conductor moves in a magnetic field or when magnetic field changes. This generates an induced electromotive force. A generator converts kinetic energy into electrical energy. A transformer changes alternating potential difference. For an ideal transformer:
电磁感应发生在导体在磁场中运动或磁场变化时，会产生感应电动势。发电机把动能转化为电能。变压器改变交流电压。理想变压器满足：
Vₚ/Vₛ = Nₚ/Nₛ
s is reduced by high-voltage transmission because P = I²R. The National Grid uses transformers to improve efficiency.
升压变压器升高电压、减小电流。降压变压器降低电压、增大电流。高压输电可以减少电缆功率损耗，因为 P = I²R。国家电网使用变压器提高效率。
9. Atomic Physics and Radioactivity | 原子物理与放射性
Atoms contain protons, neutrons and electrons. Protons and neutrons form the nucleus. Protons have positive charge, electrons have negative charge, and neutrons are neutral. Atomic number is the number of protons. Mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons. Isotopes have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
原子包含质子、中子和电子。质子和中子组成原子核。质子带正电，电子带负电，中子不带电。原子序数是质子数。质量数是质子数与中子数之和。同位素质子数相同但中子数不同。
Radioactive decay is random and spontaneous. Background radiation comes from rocks, cosmic rays, radon gas and medical equipment. Alpha particles are helium nuclei, beta particles are fast electrons, and gamma radiation is electromagnetic. Alpha is most ionising but least penetrating. Gamma is least ionising but most penetrating.
放射性衰变是随机且自发的。背景辐射来自岩石、宇宙射线、氡气和医疗设备。α 粒子是氦核，β 粒子是高速电子，γ 辐射是电磁波。α 电离性最强但穿透力最弱。γ 电离性最弱但穿透力最强。
| Radiation | Nature | Penetration | Ionising Power |
|---|---|---|---|
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