📚 Year 9 Edexcel Biology: A Rapid Memorisation Guide to Vocabulary and Terminology | Year 9 Edexcel 生物：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering key vocabulary is the foundation for excelling in Year 9 Edexcel Biology. This guide pairs essential terms with clear bilingual explanations, helping you memorise definitions quickly and understand how they connect across topics. Use the explanations and vocabulary tables to test yourself regularly.
掌握关键词汇是 Year 9 Edexcel 生物学科取得优异成绩的基础。本指南将核心术语与清晰的双语解释配对，帮助你快速记忆定义，理解它们在不同主题间的联系。请反复运用解释和词汇表进行自测。
1. Cell Structure and Organelles | 细胞结构与细胞器
An organelle is a specialised structure inside a cell that performs a specific function. Animal and plant cells share common organelles like the nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria and ribosomes, but plant cells have extra features that support their lifestyle.
细胞器是细胞内部执行特定功能的特殊结构。动物细胞和植物细胞共有的细胞器包括细胞核、细胞质、细胞膜、线粒体和核糖体，但植物细胞还拥有适应其生存方式的额外结构。
The nucleus contains DNA and directs all activities of the cell. Cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance where metabolic reactions take place. The cell membrane is selectively permeable — it controls which substances enter and leave the cell.
细胞核含有DNA，并指挥细胞的一切活动。细胞质是一种果冻状的物质，代谢反应在其中进行。细胞膜具有选择透过性，控制哪些物质能够进出细胞。
Mitochondria are the sites of aerobic respiration, where energy is released. Ribosomes are tiny structures that synthesise proteins using amino acids.
线粒体是有氧呼吸发生的场所，释放能量。核糖体是利用氨基酸合成蛋白质的微小结构。
Only in plant cells: a cellulose cell wall provides rigidity; a large permanent vacuole stores cell sap and maintains turgor; chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and absorb light for photosynthesis.
仅为植物细胞特有：纤维素细胞壁提供硬度；大液泡储存细胞液并维持膨压；叶绿体含有叶绿素，吸收光能进行光合作用。
| English term | 中文术语 |
|---|---|
| Organelle | 细胞器 |
| Nucleus | 细胞核 |
| Cytoplasm | 细胞质 |
| Cell membrane | 细胞膜 |
| Mitochondria | 线粒体 |
| Ribosomes | 核糖体 |
| Cell wall | 细胞壁 |
| Vacuole (permanent) | （大）液泡 |
| Chloroplast | 叶绿体 |
| Chlorophyll | 叶绿素 |
2. Specialised Cells and Adaptations | 特殊分化的细胞及其适应
Specialised cells have particular features that allow them to carry out their function efficiently. Adaptations in structure directly relate to the job the cell does.
特殊分化的细胞具有特定特征，使其能够高效执行功能。结构上的适应与其承担的任务直接相关。
Sperm cells have a streamlined head with a haploid nucleus and a flagellum (tail) for swimming. They are packed with mitochondria in the mid-piece to release energy for movement.
精子细胞具有流线型的头部（内含单倍体核）和一条鞭毛（尾巴）用以游动。中段聚集了大量线粒体，为运动提供能量。
Red blood cells are biconcave discs that lack a nucleus, maximising space for the protein haemoglobin, which binds and transports oxygen.
红细胞呈双凹圆盘状，无细胞核，腾出最大空间容纳血红蛋白，后者负责结合和运输氧气。
Root hair cells have a long, thin extension that greatly increases the surface area for absorbing water and dissolved minerals from the soil.
根毛细胞具有细长的突起，极大地增加了从土壤吸收水分和溶解矿物质的表面积。
Palisade mesophyll cells are column-shaped and tightly packed with numerous chloroplasts, allowing maximum light absorption for photosynthesis.
栅栏薄壁细胞呈柱状，紧密排列且含有大量叶绿体，以便最大程度地吸收光能进行光合作用。
| English term | 中文术语 |
|---|---|
| Specialised cell | 特化细胞 |
| Adaptation |
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