📚 Year 9 Edexcel Chemistry: Bridging Guide to IGCSE | Year 9 Edexcel 化学：升学衔接指南
Year 9 marks a critical turning point in your chemistry journey. You are leaving behind the broader, theme‑based Key Stage 3 curriculum and preparing for the depth and rigour of Edexcel IGCSE Chemistry. This guide bridges the gap by revisiting the most important KS3 foundations and showing how they evolve into IGCSE concepts, skills and exam expectations. Whether you are nervous about the transition or simply want to start IGCSE with confidence, this resource will give you a clear map of what lies ahead and how to prepare effectively.
九年级是你化学学习旅程的关键转折点。你即将告别内容更宽泛、以主题为导向的初中科学课程，迎接深度和严谨度都更高的 Edexcel IGCSE 化学。本指南通过重温最重要的 KS3 基础，展示它们如何演进为 IGCSE 的概念、技能和考试要求，帮助你实现顺利过渡。无论你对升入 IGCSE 感到紧张，还是只想更有信心地起步，这份资料都将为你提供清晰的路线图，告诉你未来要学什么以及如何高效准备。
1. The Big Shift: From KS3 to IGCSE | 重大转变：从初中科学到 IGCSE 化学
The move from Year 9 science to IGCSE Chemistry feels like stepping from a wide, shallow stream into a deeper, faster‑flowing river. In KS3, you studied topics such as particles, chemical reactions and the periodic table within a general ‘science’ framework. In IGCSE, each of these becomes a dedicated thread that runs throughout the entire specification. You will be expected not only to recall facts but also to link ideas across topics, interpret unfamiliar data and apply mathematical skills to chemical problems.
从九年级科学到 IGCSE 化学的转变，仿佛从一条宽阔、水浅的小溪踏入更深、流速更快的河流。在 KS3 阶段，你在“科学”这门综合课中学习了粒子、化学反应和元素周期表等主题。到了 IGCSE，每一个主题都会发展成一条贯穿整个课程的主线。你不仅要记住事实，还要在不同主题之间建立联系、解读陌生数据，并将数学技能应用于化学问题。
One of the biggest differences is the language of assessment. IGCSE exam questions use command words such as “explain”, “describe”, “evaluate” and “calculate” with precise expectations. For example, “explain” requires scientific reasoning, often using particle theory or energy changes, while “describe” asks for an accurate report of what happens during an experiment. Understanding these command words early gives you a considerable advantage.
最大区别之一是评估用语。IGCSE 试题中会出现“解释”、“描述”、“评价”、“计算”等指令词，各有明确的要求。例如，“解释”要求用科学原理（通常涉及粒子理论或能量变化）进行推理，而“描述”则要求准确报告实验中发生的现象。尽早理解这些指令词，会让你在考试中占据明显优势。
2. States of Matter and the Particle Model: The Story Gets Quantitative | 物质状态与粒子模型：走向定量化
In Year 9, you already know that solids, liquids and gases are made of particles with different arrangements and movements. IGCSE takes this picture further by introducing the kinetic particle theory in much greater detail. You will learn to explain melting, boiling, freezing and condensation in terms of energy transfer and changes in particle motion. You will also work with heating and cooling curves, identifying plateaus where temperature stays constant while the substance changes state, because energy is being used to overcome attractive forces rather than to raise temperature.
在九年级，你已经知道固体、液体和气体由排列方式和运动方式不同的粒子构成。IGCSE 则更深入地引入粒子动理论。你将学习用能量转移和粒子运动变化来解释熔化、沸腾、凝固和凝结。你还会接触加热和冷却曲线，能够识别温度保持恒定的平台期——此时物质发生状态变化，因为能量被用于克服粒子间的吸引力，而非提高温度。
Diffusion is another concept that becomes more rigorous. You will recall demonstrations with ammonia and hydrogen chloride in a glass tube to show that gases diffuse. In IGCSE, you link the rate of diffusion to the relative molecular mass of the gas: lighter molecules diffuse faster than heavier ones at the same temperature. This is a direct consequence of the kinetic particle model and also plants the idea that some properties depend on the mass of molecules, which is central to later quantitative chemistry.
扩散是另一个变得更为严谨的概念。你会记得用氨和氯化氢在玻璃管中演示气体扩散的实验。在 IGCSE 中，你将扩散速率与气体的相对分子质量联系起来：相同温度下，较轻的分子比重分子扩散得更快。这是粒子动理论的直接结果，同时也埋下了一个伏笔：某些性质依赖于分子质量，而这正是后续定量化学的核心思想。
- IGCSE Elaboration: You will need to state that the rate of diffusion is inversely proportional to the square root of the molar mass (Graham’s law) — this is often tested with data analysis.
- IGCSE 拓展：你需要掌握扩散速率与摩尔质量的平方根成反比（格雷姆定律）——这一内容常以数据分析题形式出现。
3. Elements, Compounds and the Periodic Table: Patterns That Predict | 元素、化合物与周期表：规律可以预测
In KS3 you learned that elements are made of one type of atom, compounds contain two or more elements chemically bonded, and mixtures are easily separated. IGCSE builds on this by reinforcing the distinction between atoms, molecules and ions. You will classify substances not just by their composition but also by the type of bonding they exhibit — ionic, covalent or metallic — and this classification begins to shape your understanding of properties such as melting point, electrical conductivity and solubility.
KS3 阶段你学到元素由同一种原子组成，化合物由两种或以上元素通过化学键结合而成，而混合物可以较容易地分离。IGCSE 在此基础之上强化了原子、分子和离子的区别。你不仅要根据组成来分类，还要根据化学键类型——离子键、共价键或金属键——来分类，而这种分类会逐渐塑造你对熔点、导电性和溶解性等性质的理解。
The periodic table evolves from a simple chart of symbols into a powerful predictive tool. In Year 9 you might have noted that elements in the same group have similar properties. IGCSE makes you use the periodic table to deduce the charge on simple ions, to predict formulas of compounds and to explain trends in reactivity. For example, you will learn why Group 1 elements become more reactive down the group while Group 7 elements become less reactive. Electronic structure is the key that unlocks these trends.
元素周期表从一张简单的符号图表演变为强大的预测工具。九年级时你可能注意到同一主族的元素具有相似的性质。IGCSE 则要求你利用周期表推断简单离子的电荷，预测化合物的化学式，以及解释反应性的变化规律。例如，你需要学习为什么第一主族元素从上到下反应性递增，而第七主族元素从上到下反应性递减。电子结构是解释这些趋势的关键。
| Property | Group 1 (Alkali metals) | Group 7 (Halogens) |
| Reactivity trend down the group | Increases | Decreases |
| Reason | Outer electron is more easily lost as atomic radius increases and shielding increases. | Outer electrons are less easily gained because the atomic radius increases and shielding increases, reducing the attraction for an extra electron. |
| Typical reaction | Vigorous reaction with water forming metal hydroxide and hydrogen. | Displacement reactions: a more reactive halogen will displace a less reactive one from its salt. |
IGCSE students must also be able to write word and symbol equations for many reactions, so becoming fluent in chemical formulae is an essential Year 9 goal. Start by learning the formulas of common compounds such as water (H₂O), carbon dioxide (CO₂), sodium chloride (NaCl) and sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄).
IGCSE 学生还必须能够书写许多反应的文字方程式和符号方程式，因此熟练书写化学式是九年级的重要目标。你可以从熟记水（H₂O）、二氧化碳（CO₂）、氯化钠（NaCl）和硫酸（H₂SO₄）等常见化合物的化学式开始。
4. Chemical Reactions: From Simple Observation to Energetics and Equations | 化学反应：从简单观察到能量变化与方程式
In Year 9 you will have observed reactions that fizz, change colour or produce a precipitate. IGCSE asks you to interpret these changes at the particle level and to classify reactions into types: combustion, thermal decomposition, oxidation, reduction, neutralisation, and displacement. You will also learn to recognise exothermic and endothermic reactions through temperature changes in the lab, linking them to bond breaking (endothermic) and bond making (exothermic).
九年级时你观察过冒泡、颜色改变或生成沉淀的反应。IGCSE 则要求你从粒子层面解释这些变化，并将反应分类为燃烧、热分解、氧化、还原、中和以及置换反应。你还将通过实验室中的温度变化来识别放热反应和吸热反应，并将它们与键断裂（吸热）和键形成（放热）联系起来。
Energy profile diagrams become a regular feature. You draw them to show the relative energies of reactants and products, marking the activation energy and the overall energy change (ΔH). This is a topic that often challenges students because it requires combining the particle picture with quantitative energy data. However, if you can sketch and label these diagrams confidently in Year 9, you will find IGCSE energetics much more manageable.
能量曲线图将成为常见内容。你需要画出它们，显示反应物和产物的相对能量，并标注活化能和总能量变化（ΔH）。这个主题常常让学生感到困难，因为它要求将粒子图像与定量的能量数据结合起来。但如果你能在九年级就自信地画图并标注，IGCSE 的能量变化部分对你来说会容易得多。
ΔH = Energy of products − Energy of reactants
- For exothermic reactions, ΔH is negative; for endothermic reactions, ΔH is positive.
- 放热反应的 ΔH 为负值；吸热反应的 ΔH 为正值。
5. Acids, Bases and Salts: A Core Framework | 酸、碱和盐：核心知识框架
The chemistry of acids and alkalis is one of the most heavily examined areas in IGCSE. In Year 9 you likely used indicators such as litmus and universal indicator to measure pH. IGCSE deepens this by introducing the concept of neutralisation as proton transfer: an acid is a proton (H⁺) donor, and a base is a proton acceptor. Knowing this Brønsted–Lowry definition from the start helps you understand reactions that go beyond simple hydroxides.
酸和碱的化学是 IGCSE 中考查最密集的领域之一。九年级时你可能用石蕊和通用指示剂测量了 pH 值。IGCSE 则进一步引入中和反应的本质是质子转移：酸是质子（H⁺）供体，碱是质子受体。从一开始就掌握这个布朗斯特–劳里定义，有助于你理解超出简单氢氧化物的反应。
You will learn to predict the products of reactions between acids and metals, metal oxides, metal hydroxides and metal carbonates. Each type follows a general pattern, and being able to write balanced symbol equations for these reactions is a must. For example, the reaction between hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate always produces calcium chloride, water and carbon dioxide. Understanding this pattern rather than memorising equations for every possible combination is a far more efficient approach.
你需要学会预测酸与金属、金属氧化物、金属氢氧化物以及金属碳酸盐反应的产物。各类反应都遵循一个通用规律，能够书写这些反应的配平符号方程式是必不可少的技能。例如，盐酸与碳酸钙反应总是生成氯化钙、水和二氧化碳。理解这种规律比死记每一种可能组合的方程式高效得多。
The practical side also matters. IGCSE expects you to plan an experiment to prepare a pure, dry sample of a soluble salt. Typically this involves reacting an acid with an insoluble base or carbonate, removing excess solid by filtration, and crystallising the salt by evaporating the water. This is an excellent Year 9 practical investigation to practise before the IGCSE course begins.
实验操作同样重要。IGCSE 期望你能设计实验制备纯净、干燥的可溶性盐样品。典型的方法是用酸与不溶性碱或碳酸盐反应，通过过滤除去过量固体，再蒸发水分结晶出盐。这是在 IGCSE 课程开始前很值得实践的九年级探究实验。
6. Quantitative Chemistry: The Mole Steps In | 定量化学：摩尔概念登场
terms of grams, litres or numbers of particles. In IGCSE, the mole becomes the central counting unit for chemical amounts. One mole of any substance contains the Avogadro number of particles — 6.02 × 10²³ — and has a mass equal to its relative formula mass in grams.
从 KS3 到 IGCSE 最显著的概念跃升可能就是引入了摩尔。直到九年级，你可能还习惯于用克、升或粒子个数来考量化学物质。在 IGCSE 中，摩尔成为化学计量的核心单位。1 摩尔任何物质都含有阿伏伽德罗常数个粒子——6.02 × 10²³——其质量等于以克为单位的相对式量。
Amount (mol) = Mass (g) ÷ Molar mass (g/mol)
From this simple relationship flows a whole range of calculations: finding empirical and molecular formulas, calculating reacting masses, determining volumes of gases (using the rule that 1 mole of any gas occupies 24 dm³ at room temperature and pressure, r.t.p.), and working out concentrations of solutions. Year 9 is the ideal time to begin practising these calculations with simple numbers so that the arithmetic feels comfortable before the chemistry gets more complicated.
从这个简单关系衍生出一系列计算：确定经验式和分子式、计算反应质量、计算气体体积（运用常温常压下 1 摩尔任何气体占据 24 dm³ 的规律）以及计算溶液浓度。九年级是开始用简单数字练习这些计算的理想时期，这样在化学内容变得更加复杂之前，算术对你来说已经得心应手。
You will also meet the concept of limiting reactants and percentage yield. These ideas emphasise that chemical reactions do not always go perfectly and that quantities matter in real industrial processes. Working through numerical examples will sharpen your problem-solving skills and prepare you for the multi-step calculations that appear in IGCSE papers.
你还会遇到限制性反应物和产率百分数等概念。这些想法强调化学反应并不总是完美进行，实际工业过程中定量数据非常关键。通过数值实例练习，可以提升你解决问题的能力，为 IGCSE 试卷中的多步骤计算做好准备。
7. Electrolysis: Where Electricity Meets Chemistry | 电解：当电流遇见化学
Electrolysis often feels like a brand‑new topic in IGCSE, but its roots are in the simple idea of splitting compounds using electricity — something you may have glimpsed in Year 9 when testing for hydrogen and oxygen from the electrolysis of water. IGCSE formalises this with clear definitions: electrolysis is the decomposition of an ionic compound, when molten or in aqueous solution, by the passage of an electric current. You must learn to predict products at the anode (positive electrode) and cathode (negative electrode) for a range of compounds.
电解在 IGCSE 中常常让人觉得是全新的课题，但它的根基其实就在用电分解化合物的简单想法上——你可能在九年级电解水制取氢气和氧气的测试中初窥门径。IGCSE 用明确的定义将其规范化：电解是一种离子化合物在熔融态或水溶液中通过电流而分解的过程。你必须学会预测一系列化合物在阳极（正极）和阴极（负极）的产物。
Key principles include: cations move to the cathode and gain electrons (reduction); anions move to the anode and lose electrons (oxidation). In aqueous solutions, the presence of water molecules makes the picture more interesting because either the ions from the compound or the water itself may be discharged. A useful tool is the electrochemical series, which tells you the relative ease of discharge of different ions. For example, in concentrated sodium chloride solution, chlorine gas is produced at the anode rather than oxygen because chloride ions are discharged more readily than hydroxide ions from water.
核心原则包括：阳离子移向阴极并获得电子（还原）；阴离子移向阳极并失去电子（氧化）。在水溶液中，水分子的存在使情况变得更加复杂，因为来自化合物的离子或水本身都可能放电。一个有用的工具是电化学系列，它告诉你不同离子放电的相对难易程度。例如，在浓氯化钠溶液中，阳极生成氯气而非氧气，因为氯离子比水中的氢氧根离子更容易放电。
- ons to show the electron transfer at each electrode, e.g. at the cathode: Cu²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Cu.
- IGCSE 常要求书写半方程式以表示每个电极上的电子转移，例如阴极反应：Cu²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Cu。
8. Bonding and Structure: Explaining Properties | 键合与结构：解释物质性质
At KS3 you might have described substances as metallic, ionic or covalent based on a few simple characteristics. IGCSE builds a detailed model where the type of bonding and the giant or molecular nature of the structure determine physical properties. You will study ionic bonding as the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions in a giant lattice, explaining why ionic compounds are brittle and conduct electricity only when molten or dissolved.
KS3 阶段你可能根据少量简单特征将物质描述为金属的、离子的或共价的。IGCSE 构建了一个详细的模型，其中化学键类型以及结构的巨型或分子性决定物理性质。你将学习离子键是巨型晶格中相反电荷离子间的静电吸引，并以此解释为什么离子化合物很脆且只有在熔融或溶于水时才能导电。
Covalent bonding is introduced in two contexts: simple molecular substances like water and carbon dioxide, which have low melting and boiling points because the intermolecular forces are weak, and giant covalent structures such as diamond, graphite and silicon dioxide, which have very high melting points due to strong covalent bonds throughout. Graphite’s ability to conduct electricity and its use as a lubricant are explained by its layered structure with delocalised electrons. This interplay between structure and property is a recurring theme in IGCSE exams.
共价键在两种背景下被引入：像水和二氧化碳这样的简单分子物质，由于分子间作用力弱而具有低熔点和低沸点；以及像金刚石、石墨和二氧化硅这样的巨型共价结构，由于整体充满强共价键而具有极高的熔点。石墨的导电性及其作为润滑剂的用途则通过其层状结构和离域电子来解释。结构与性质之间的这种关联是 IGCSE 考试中反复出现的主题。
Metallic bonding is modelled as a lattice of positive ions surrounded by a sea of delocalised electrons. This simple model elegantly explains why metals are malleable, ductile and good conductors of heat and electricity. Drawing and labelling these structural diagrams and linking them to properties is a skill that Year 9 students can begin to master by constructing models and practising written explanations.
金属键被模拟为阳离子晶格被离域电子的海洋所包围。这个简单模型优雅地解释了金属为什么具有延展性、可锻性以及良好的导热导电性。画出并标注这些结构图，再将其与性质联系起来，是九年级学生可以通过制作模型和练习书面解释来逐步掌握的一项技能。
9. Organic Chemistry: A Gentle First Look | 有机化学：温和的初次接触
Organic chemistry might seem completely new in IGCSE, but Year 9 studies already contain seeds of this topic. When you learn about hydrocarbons as fuels and about carbon dioxide’s role in the atmosphere, you are already on the doorstep of organic chemistry. IGCSE starts with the simplest families: alkanes, alkenes and alcohols. You will learn to name and draw the first four alkanes (methane, ethane, propane and butane) and understand the concept of a homologous series — a family of compounds with the same general formula and a gradation in physical properties.
有机化学在 IGCSE 中或许显得完全陌生，但九年级的学习中已经埋下了这个主题的种子。当你学习烃类作为燃料以及二氧化碳在大气中的作用时，你其实已经站在了有机化学的门口。IGCSE 从最简单的几类有机物开始：烷烃、烯烃和醇。你需要学习前四种烷烃（甲烷、乙烷、丙烷和丁烷）的命名和绘制，并理解同系物的概念——同一家族的化合物具有相同的通式和逐步变化的物理性质。
between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons becomes central. Alkanes have only single C– rated, which makes them more reactive. A simple test with bromine water (orange to colourless) is used to distinguish them. This test is one of the most commonly assessed practical applications in IGCSE organic chemistry.
饱和烃和不饱和烃之间的区别成为核心内容。烷烃只有单键（C–C），是饱和的；烯烃含有碳碳双键（C=C），是不饱和的，这使得它们反应性更强。用溴水检验（由橙色变为无色）可以区分两者。这一检验是 IGCSE 有机化学中最常考查的实际应用之一。
Year 9 students can begin familiarising themselves with displayed formulas and the idea of isomerism, where compounds with the same molecular formula can have different structural arrangements. Building molecular models with a kit is a highly recommended practical activity before the IGCSE course, as it makes the 3D nature of molecules tangible.
九年级学生可以先熟悉结构式以及同分异构体的概念——分子式相同而结构排列不同的化合物。强烈建议在 IGCSE 课程开始前使用分子模型套件进行动手活动，因为它能让分子的三维特性变得触手可及。
10. Practical Skills and Scientific Enquiry: Beyond the Demonstrations | 实验技能与科学探究：不止于演示
IGCSE Chemistry places heavy emphasis on practical skills, not just as lab techniques but as a way of thinking. You will be assessed on your ability to plan investigations, select appropriate apparatus, carry out procedures safely, record observations, process data and draw evidence‑based conclusions. In Year 9, you should begin to develop the habit of thinking about variables — independent, dependent and control — whenever you conduct an experiment.
IGCSE 化学高度重视实验技能，不仅将其视为实验室技术，更作为一种思维方式来评估。你需要展示策划探究、选择合适仪器、安全操作、记录观察、处理数据以及得出基于证据的结论的能力。在九年级，你应该养成无论做什么实验都思考变量——自变量、因变量和控制变量——的习惯。
Key practical techniques that will be reinforced throughout IGCSE include: measuring mass, volume and time accurately; using a thermometer and pH meter; performing filtration, crystallisation and simple distillation; testing for gases (hydrogen pops, oxygen relights a glowing splint, carbon dioxide turns limewater milky, chlorine bleaches damp litmus paper); and carrying out titrations (initially as a demonstration, but later as a student activity). Many of these can be introduced safely in Year 9 so that they become second nature.
贯穿 IGCSE 始终会不断强化的基本实验技术包括：准确测量质量、体积和时间；使用温度计和 pH 计；进行过滤、结晶和简单蒸馏；气体检验（氢气发出爆鸣声、氧气使带火星的木条复燃、二氧化碳使石灰水变浑浊、氯气使湿润的石蕊试纸褪色）；以及进行滴定（起初作为演示，后续成为学生活动）。其中许多技术都可以在九年级安全地引入，使之成为你的第二天性。
Building detailed investigation write‑ups under headings such as Aim, Hypothesis, Method, Results, Analysis and Evaluation will give you a huge advantage. Even if your current school does not require a full lab report every time, practising with one or two experiments per term will embed the scientific vocabulary and structured approach that IGCSE examiners want to see.
按照目标、假设、方法、结果、分析和评价等标题撰写详细的探究报告，将为你带来巨大优势。即便你目前的学校并不要求每次都写完整的实验报告，每学期练习一至两次也能让你内化科学词汇和结构化的思维方式，而这正是 IGCSE 考官希望看到的。
11. Preparing Your Mindset and Study Habits | 调整心态与学习习惯
Success in IGCSE Chemistry is not just about knowing facts; it is about how you learn and revise. The volume of content increases, so you need to move from passive reading to active recall strategies. Techniques such as creating flashcards for chemical formulas and definitions, self‑quizzing with past paper questions, and teaching a concept to a friend or family member are scientifically proven to strengthen long‑term memory. Start these habits in Year 9, and they will feel natural by the time you sit your first IGCSE assessments.
IGCSE 化学的成功不仅仅在于掌握知识点，更在于你可学习和复习的方式。内容量急剧增加，因此你需要从被动阅读转向主动回忆的策略。制作化学式和定义的小卡片、用往年真题自测、把概念讲给朋友或家人听——这些方法已被科学证明能增强长期记忆。从九年级开始培养这些习惯，等到你参加第一次 IGCSE 评估时就会感到驾轻就熟。
Regular practice with the periodic table is essential. Download a copy of the Edexcel IGCSE periodic table and use it during homework. Learn to locate elements quickly, recognise groups and periods, and use the provided data such as relative atomic masses for calculations. The earlier you become fluent with this resource, the more mental energy you free up for higher‑level thinking during exams.
定期使用元素周期表进行练习至关重要。下载一份 Edexcel IGCSE 周期表并在写作业时使用。学会快速定位元素，辨认主族和周期，并利用提供的相对原子质量数据进行计算。越早熟练运用这份资源，考试时你就能腾出越多的脑力去进行高层次的思维。
Finally, cultivate curiosity. The best chemistry students are those who ask “why” and “what if”. When you see a rusted nail, wonder about the redox reaction. When you bake a cake, think about the chemical role of baking powder. Turning everyday observations into mini chemical enquiries will make the subject alive and relevant, and that intrinsic motivation will carry you through the demanding IGCSE course with far less effort than rote memorisation alone.
最后，培养好奇心。最出色的化学学生是那些会问“为什么”和“如果……会怎样”的人。看到生锈的铁钉，就思考其中的氧化还原反应；烘焙蛋糕时，想想泡打粉的化学作用。把日常观察变成微小的化学探究，会让这门学科变得生动而有意义，而这种内在动力将让你在学习繁重的 IGCSE 课程时比死记硬背省力得多。
12. Your Roadmap to the First IGCSE Topic | 通往 IGCSE 起点的路线图
If you want a concrete checklist before starting IGCSE Chemistry, here is a summary of the knowledge and skills that will put you on the front foot. Work through these points gradually over Year 9, and you will feel fully prepared when the IGCSE course begins.
如果你想在开始 IGCSE 化学之前有一份具体的待办清单，以下的总结将帮你抢占先机。在九年级逐步完成这些要点，当 IGCSE 课程开始时，你会感到胸有成竹。
- Be able to write the symbols of the first 20 elements and know basic compound formulas.
- 会写前 20 号元素的符号，掌握基本化合物的化学式。
- Explain states of matter and changes of state using the particle kinetic model.
- 能够用粒子动理论解释物质状态和状态变化。
- Read and interpret heating/cooling curves and identify melting and boiling points.
- 阅读和解释加热与冷却曲线，确定熔点和沸点。
- Understand the difference between atoms, molecules and ions, and between elements, compounds and mixtures.
- 理解原子、分子和离子的区别，以及元素、化合物和混合物的区别。
- Use the periodic table to find group and period, and explain trends in Group 1 and Group 7.
- 利用周期表确定元素所属的主族和周期，解释第一主族和第七主族的规律。
- Write word equations and simple balanced symbol equations for common reactions.
- 书写常见反应的文字方程式和简单的配平符号方程式。
- Know the pH scale and the general products of acid–metal, acid–base and acid–carbonate reactions.
- 知晓 pH 标度以及酸与金属、碱、碳酸盐反应的一般产物。
- Understand exothermic and endothermic reactions and draw energy level diagrams.
- 理解放热与吸热反应，并能绘制能级图。
- Perform simple mole calculations (mass–mole conversions).
- 能进行简单的摩尔计算（质量与摩尔数的换算）。
- Describe the basics of electrolysis for molten compounds and simple aqueous solutions.
- 描述熔融态化合物和简单水溶液电解的基本原理。
- Explain properties of ionic, covalent and metallic substances by their bonding and structure.
- 用化学键和结构解释离子、共价和金属物质的性质。
- Name and draw the first four alkanes and distinguish between saturated and unsaturated using bromine water.
- 命名并画出前四种烷烃，用溴水区分饱和与不饱和化合物。
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