📚 Formula and Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | 公式定理速查手册
This handbook brings together the essential formulas and theorems you will meet in Year 9 OCR Science. Use it as a quick recap before tests, or keep it beside you while tackling revision questions. Each entry presents the relationship in a clear equation followed by a short explanation of what it means and how to use it.
这本手册汇集了九年级 OCR 科学中你将遇到的关键公式与定理。你可以在测验前用它快速回顾,也可以在刷复习题时放在手边查阅。每个条目都以清晰的方程呈现数量关系,并附有简短解释,告诉你公式的含义和使用方法。
1. Speed | 速度
Speed describes how fast an object is moving, without worrying about direction. The average speed can be found by dividing the total distance travelled by the total time taken.
速度描述物体运动的快慢,不涉及方向。平均速度可以用总路程除以总时间得到。
v = s / t
where v is speed (m/s), s is distance (m), and t is time (s).
式中 v 是速度(米/秒),s 是距离(米),t 是时间(秒)。
2. Acceleration | 加速度
Acceleration tells us how quickly the velocity of an object changes. If the final speed is greater than the initial speed, acceleration is positive; if it slows down, acceleration is negative (deceleration).
加速度表示物体速度变化的快慢。如果末速度大于初速度,加速度为正;如果物体减速,加速度为负(减速度)。
a = (v - u) / t
where a is acceleration (m/s²), v is final velocity (m/s), u is initial velocity (m/s), and t is time (s).
式中 a 是加速度(米/秒²),v 是末速度(米/秒),u 是初速度(米/秒),t 是时间(秒)。
3. Newton's Second Law | 牛顿第二定律
The acceleration of an object depends on the net force acting on it and the object’s mass. A bigger force gives a bigger acceleration, while a larger mass makes it harder to accelerate.
物体的加速度取决于作用在它上面的合力以及物体的质量。力越大加速度越大,质量越大则越难加速。
F = m × a
F is the resultant force (N), m is mass (kg), a is acceleration (m/s²).
F 是合力(牛顿),m 是质量(千克),a 是加速度(米/秒²)。
4. Work Done | 做功
Work is done when a force moves an object. The amount of work done equals the energy transferred. If the force and movement are in the same direction, work is simply force times distance.
力使物体移动时就做了功。做功的多少等于转移的能量。当力与移动方向相同时,功等于力乘以距离。
W = F × d
W is work done (J), F is force (N), d is distance moved in the direction of the force (m).
W 是功(焦耳),F 是力(牛顿),d 是沿力的方向移动的距离(米)。
5. Power | 功率
Power measures how fast work is done or energy is transferred. A powerful machine does the same amount of work in less time.
功率衡量做功或能量转移的快慢。功率大的机器用更少的时间完成同样的功。
P = W / t
P is power (W), W is work done (J), t is time (s).
P 是功率(瓦特),W 是功(焦耳),t 是时间(秒)。
6. Gravitational Potential Energy | 重力势能
d it depends on mass, height and the gravitational field strength (on Earth, g ≈ 10 N/kg).
任何被举高而克服重力的物体都会储存能量。这种储存的能量叫作重力势能,它取决于质量、高度和重力场强度(在地球上 g ≈ 10 N/kg)。
Eₚ = m × g × h
Eₚ is gravitational potential energy (J), m is mass (kg), g is gravitational field strength (N/kg), h is height (m).
Eₚ 是重力势能(焦耳),m 是质量(千克),g 是重力场强度(牛/千克),h 是高度(米)。
7. Kinetic Energy | 动能
Every moving object possesses kinetic energy. The faster it moves and the more mass it has, the greater its kinetic energy. Notice the speed is squared, so doubling the speed quadruples the energy.
任何运动的物体都具有动能。速度越快、质量越大,动能就越大。注意速度是平方项,因此速度加倍会使动能变为原来的四倍。
Eₖ = ½ × m × v²
Eₖ is kinetic energy (J), m is mass (kg), v is speed (m/s).
Eₖ 是动能(焦耳),m 是质量(千克),v 是速度(米/秒)。
8. Density | 密度
Density tells us how much mass is packed into a certain volume. A dense material feels heavy for its size. You can calculate density if you know the mass and volume of an object.
密度表示单位体积内所含质量的多少。密度大的材料在相同体积下感觉更重。只要知道物体的质量和体积,就可以计算密度。
ρ = m / V
ρ (rho) is density (kg/m³ or g/cm³), m is mass (kg or g), V is volume (m³ or cm³).
ρ(希腊字母 rho)是密度(千克/米³ 或 克/厘米³),m 是质量(千克或克),V 是体积(米³ 或 厘米³)。
9. Pressure | 压强
Pressure measures how concentrated a force is. A sharp knife exerts high pressure because the force acts over a tiny area. The same force over a large area gives low pressure.
压强衡量力的集中程度。锋利的刀能产生很大的压强,因为力作用在极小的面积上。相同的力作用在较大面积上则压强较小。
p = F / A
p is pressure (Pa or N/m²), F is force (N), A is area (m²).
p 是压强(帕斯卡,或牛/米²),F 是力(牛顿),A 是面积(米²)。
10. Ohm's Law | 欧姆定律
Ohm's Law links voltage, current and resistance for many circuits. For a fixed resistor, the current is directly proportional to the voltage, provided temperature stays constant.
欧姆定律将许多电路中的电压、电流和电阻联系起来。对于定值电阻,在温度不变的条件下,电流与电压成正比。
V = I × R
V is potential difference (V), I is current (A), R is resistance (Ω).
V 是电压(伏特),I 是电流(安培),R 是电阻(欧姆)。
11. Moments | 力矩
A moment is the turning effect of a force. It depends on two things: the size of the force and the perpendicular distance from the pivot to the line of action of the force. Objects balance when the total clockwise moments equal the total anticlockwise moments.
力矩是力的转动效果。它取决于两个因素:力的大小和支点到力作用线的垂直距离。当时针方向的力矩之和等于逆时针方向的力矩之和时,物体会达到平衡。
M = F × d
M is moment (Nm), F is force (N), d is perpendicular distance from pivot (m).
M 是力矩(牛·米),F 是力(牛顿),d 是支点到力作用线的垂直距离(米)。
12. Key Word Equations in Biology | 生物关键文字方程
In biology, we often use word equations to summarise important processes. These are not mathematical formulas, but they follow a pattern of reactants and products that must be memorised.
在生物学中,我们经常使用文字方程来概括重要的过程。这些不是数学公式,但它们反映了反应物与生成物之间的关系,需要记忆。
Photosynthesis: gen (in the presence of light and chlorophyll). This reaction stores light energy as chemical energy.
光合作用:二氧化碳 + 水 → 葡萄糖 + 氧气(需要光和叶绿素)。这个反应将光能转化为化学能储存起来。
Aerobic respiration: carbon dioxide + water (+ energy released). This process releases energy for cells to use.
有氧呼吸:葡萄糖 + 氧气 → 二氧化碳 + 水(+ 释放能量)。该过程释放能量供细胞使用。
Published by TutorHao | Science Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022(同微信)

或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图