📚 Year 9 OCR Biology: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Recall Guide | Year 9 OCR 生物：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the precise vocabulary of biology is the key to unlocking top marks in your OCR Year 9 assessments. This guide breaks down essential terms into bite-sized, bilingual explanations that make memorisation faster and more effective. By pairing every English definition with its Chinese counterpart, you can build a dual-language conceptual map that supports both classroom confidence and exam readiness.
掌握精确的生物学术语是解锁 OCR 九年级评估高分的关键。本指南将核心词汇拆解为简短的中英配对解释，使记忆更快、更有效。通过将每个英文定义与中文对应释义相结合，你可以建立双语概念图谱，同时提升课堂自信和考试准备。
1. Cell Structure and Organelles | 细胞结构与细胞器
The nucleus is the control centre of the cell, storing genetic material in the form of DNA. It regulates all cellular activities including growth and reproduction.
细胞核是细胞的指挥中心，以 DNA 的形式储存遗传物质。它调控包括生长和繁殖在内的所有细胞活动。
Cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance where most chemical reactions take place. It contains enzymes and is the site where organelles are suspended.
细胞质是一种果冻状物质，大多数化学反应在这里进行。它含有酶，也是细胞器悬浮的地方。
The cell membrane is a selectively permeable barrier that controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell.
细胞膜是一种选择透过性屏障，控制物质进出细胞的运动。
Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, where aerobic respiration occurs to release energy in the form of ATP.
线粒体是细胞的能量工厂，有氧呼吸在这里发生，以 ATP 的形式释放能量。
Ribosomes are tiny structures that synthesise proteins by linking amino acids together in the order specified by mRNA.
核糖体是微小的结构，通过按照 mRNA 指定的顺序连接氨基酸来合成蛋白质。
Chloroplasts, found in plant cells, contain chlorophyll and are the sites of photosynthesis. They convert light energy into chemical energy.
叶绿体存在于植物细胞中，含有叶绿素，是光合作用的场所。它们将光能转化为化学能。
The permanent vacuole in plant cells is filled with cell sap; it helps maintain turgor pressure and stores nutrients and waste products.
植物细胞中的永久液泡充满细胞液；它有助于维持膨胀压，并储存营养物质和废物。
The cell wall, made of cellulose in plants, provides structural support and protection. It is fully permeable to water and dissolved substances.
植物由纤维素构成的细胞壁提供结构支撑和保护。它对水和溶解物质是完全通透的。
2. Microscopy and Magnification | 显微镜与放大倍数
f an object. It is calculated using the formula: magnification = image size ÷ actual size.
放大倍数是使物体外观变大的过程。计算公式为：放大倍数 = 图像尺寸 ÷ 实际尺寸。
Resolution is the ability to distinguish two separate points as distinct. A light microscope has a lower resolution than an electron microscope.
分辨率是区分两个独立点为不同点的能力。光学显微镜的分辨率低于电子显微镜。
×1500. They can observe living cells but cannot show fine internal details of organelles.
光学显微镜利用可见光和透镜将标本放大至约 1500 倍。它们可以观察活细胞，但不能显示细胞器的精细内部细节。
(up to ×2 000 000) and resolution, revealing ultrastructures like ribosomes and membranes.
电子显微镜利用电子束实现更高的放大倍数（高达 2,000,000 倍）和分辨率，揭示核糖体和膜等超微结构。
To prepare a wet mount slide, place a thin specimen in a drop of water on a glass slide, then add a coverslip at a 45° angle to avoid air bubbles.
制作湿装片时，将薄标本放在载玻片上的一滴水中，然后以 45° 角盖上盖玻片，避免产生气泡。
Staining with iodine solution makes plant cell nuclei and starch grains visible; methylene blue stains animal cell nuclei and mitochondria faintly.
用碘液染色可使植物细胞核和淀粉粒可见；亚甲蓝可使动物细胞核和线粒体轻微着色。
3. Biochemical Molecules | 生物化学分子
Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. They provide quick energy and structural support. Glucose is a simple sugar; starch is a polysaccharide used by plants for energy storage.
碳水化合物由碳、氢和氧组成。它们提供快速能量和结构支撑。葡萄糖是一种单糖；淀粉是植物用来储存能量的多糖。
Proteins are long chains of amino acids folded into specific shapes. They are needed for growth, repair and the formation of enzymes and hormones.
蛋白质是由氨基酸折叠成特定形状的长链。它们用于生长、修复以及酶和激素的形成。
Lipids (fats and oils) are made of fatty acids and glycerol. They store long-term energy, insulate organs and form cell membranes.
脂质（脂肪和油）由脂肪酸和甘油组成。它们储存长期能量，隔离器官并形成细胞膜。
Benedict's test for reducing sugars: heat the sample with blue Benedict's solution; a brick-red precipitate indicates the presence of glucose or maltose.
还原糖的本尼迪克特测试：将样品与蓝色的本尼迪克特溶液一起加热；砖红色沉淀表示存在葡萄糖或麦芽糖。
Iodine test for starch: add a few drops of orange-brown iodine solution; a blue-black colour confirms starch.
淀粉的碘测试：加入几滴橙棕色碘液；蓝黑色表明有淀粉。
Biuret test for proteins: add sodium hydroxide and then copper sulfate solution; a purple colour indicates peptide bonds present in proteins.
蛋白质的双缩脲测试：加入氢氧化钠，然后加入硫酸铜溶液；紫色表明存在蛋白质中的肽键。
The emulsion test for lipids: shake the sample with ethanol and pour into water; a cloudy white emulsion confirms lipids are present.
脂质乳化测试：将样品与乙醇摇晃后倒入水中；浑浊的白色乳状液表明存在脂质。
4. Enzymes as Biological Catalysts | 酶作为生物催化剂
An enzyme is a protein that speeds up a metabolic reaction without being used up. The substance it acts on is called the substrate.
酶是一种蛋白质，可以加速代谢反应而自身不被消耗。它所作用的物质称为底物。
The active site is a specific region on the enzyme where the substrate binds. The lock-and-key model describes how the substrate fits precisely into the active site.
活性位点是酶上底物结合的特定区域。锁钥模型描述了底物如何精确地嵌入活性位点。
Denaturation occurs when high temperature or extreme pH alters the shape of the active site permanently, preventing the substrate from binding.
当高温或极端 pH 永久改变活性位点的形状时，就会发生变性，从而阻止底物结合。
Each enzyme has an optimum temperature and pH at which it works fastest. For most human enzymes, the optimum temperature is around 37 °C.
每种酶都有其作用最快的最适温度和最适 pH。对于大多数人体酶，最适温度约为 37 °C。
Amylase breaks starch down into maltose and is found in saliva and the small intestine. Protease digests proteins into amino acids. Lipase splits lipids into fatty acids and glycerol.
淀粉酶将淀粉分解为麦芽糖，存在于唾液和小肠中。蛋白酶将蛋白质消化为氨基酸。脂肪酶将脂质分解为脂肪酸和甘油。
At low temperatures, enzyme molecules move slowly and collisions with substrates are rare; the reaction rate decreases but the enzyme is not denatured.
在低温下，酶分子运动缓慢，与底物的碰撞很少；反应速率降低，但酶不会变性。
5. Digestion and Absorption | 消化与吸收
Digestion is the breakdown of large, insoluble food molecules into smaller, soluble ones that can be absorbed into the bloodstream. It involves both physical and chemical processes.
消化是将大的、不溶性食物分子分解为较小的、可溶性分子，使其能够被吸收到血液中的过程。它涉及物理和化学过程。
In the mouth, teeth mechanically break down food and saliva containing amylase starts starch digestion into sugars.
在口腔中，牙齿机械地磨碎食物，含有淀粉酶的唾液开始将淀粉消化为糖。
The stomach produces hydrochloric acid to kill bacteria and provides an acidic pH for protease enzymes that begin protein digestion.
胃产生盐酸来杀死细菌，并为开始蛋白质消化的蛋白酶提供酸性 pH。
The small intestine is where most chemical digestion is completed. The pancreas releases enzymes into the duodenum, and bile from the liver emulsifies fats.
小肠是完成大部分化学消化的地方。胰腺向十二指肠释放酶，来自肝脏的胆汁乳化脂肪。
Villi are tiny finger-like projections lining the small intestine. They increase the surface area for absorption and have a good blood supply and a thin wall (one cell thick) to speed up diffusion.
绒毛是衬在小肠内壁的微小指状突起。它们增加了吸收的表面积，并有良好的血液供应和薄壁（一个细胞厚）以加速扩散。
Water and mineral ions are mainly absorbed in the large intestine. The remaining undigested material forms faeces, which are egested through the anus.
水和矿物离子主要在大肠被吸收。剩余未消化的物质形成粪便，通过肛门排出。
6. Photosynthesis | 光合作用
Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.
光合作用是绿色植物和一些其他生物利用光能将二氧化碳和水转化为葡萄糖和氧气的过程。
tion: carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen, in the presence of light and chlorophyll.
文字方程式：二氧化碳 + 水 → 葡萄糖 + 氧气，需要光和叶绿素存在。
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
The balanced symbol equation shows that six molecules of carbon dioxide and six of water yield one glucose and six oxygen molecules. Remember to balance atoms on both sides.
平衡的符号方程式显示六个二氧化碳分子和六个水分子产生一个葡萄糖和六个氧气分子。记得平衡两边的原子。
Limiting factors for the rate of photosynthesis include light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration and temperature. The factor in shortest supply limits the rate even if others are abundant.
光合作用速率的限制因素包括光强度、二氧化碳浓度和温度。即使其他因素充裕，供应最短缺的因素也会限制速率。
Glucose produced is used for respiration to release energy, converted into starch for storage, used to make cellulose for cell walls, or combined with nitrates to form amino acids and proteins.
产生的葡萄糖用于呼吸作用释放能量，转化为淀粉储存，用于制造细胞壁的纤维素，或与硝酸盐结合形成氨基酸和蛋白质。
Testing a leaf for starch: boil the leaf in water, then in ethanol to remove chlorophyll, rinse and add iodine solution. A blue-black colour shows that photosynthesis has occurred.
测试叶片淀粉：将叶片在水中煮沸，然后在乙醇中煮沸以脱去叶绿素，冲洗后加入碘液。蓝黑色表明发生了光合作用。
7. Respiration | 呼吸作用
Respiration is an exothermic chemical reaction that releases energy from glucose in all living cells. It is not the same as breathing; it occurs continuously.
呼吸作用是一种放热化学反应，在所有活细胞中从葡萄糖释放能量。它与呼吸（换气）不同；它持续发生。
Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to completely break down glucose, yielding a large amount of energy, along with carbon dioxide and water.
有氧呼吸利用氧气完全分解葡萄糖，产生大量能量，同时生成二氧化碳和水。
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O (+ energy)
In mitochondria, this reaction releases about 36–38 ATP molecules per glucose, making it highly efficient.
在线粒体中，该反应每个葡萄糖释放约 36-38 个 ATP 分子，效率很高。
Anaerobic respiration occurs when oxygen is limited. In animal muscles, glucose is converted into lactic acid, releasing only a small amount of energy.
无氧呼吸在氧气有限时发生。在动物肌肉中，葡萄糖转化为乳酸，仅释放少量能量。
Anaerobic respiration in yeast (fermentation) produces ethanol and carbon dioxide. This process is used in baking and brewing.
酵母的无氧呼吸（发酵）产生乙醇和二氧化碳。该过程用于烘焙和酿造。
Glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide (+ energy)
Oxygen debt is the extra oxygen required after exercise to oxidise accumulated lactic acid back into glucose or carbon dioxide and water in the liver.
氧债是运动后额外需要的氧气，用于在肝脏中将积累的乳酸氧化回葡萄糖或二氧化碳和水。
8. Ecosystems and Feeding Relationships | 生态系统与取食关系
A habitat is the place where an organism lives. A population is all the organisms of one species in a habitat. A community is all the populations of different species living together in an area.
栖息地是生物生活的地方。种群是栖息地中同一物种的所有个体。群落是生活在一个区域内不同物种的所有种群。
An ecosystem is the interaction of a community of living organisms with the non-living (abiotic) parts of their environment, such as water, sunlight and soil.
生态系统是生物群落与非生物（非生命）环境部分（如水、阳光和土壤）的相互作用。
Producers (e.g., green plants, algae) make their own food by photosynthesis. They are the starting point of most food chains.
生产者（如绿色植物、藻类）通过光合作用制造自己的食物。它们是大多数食物链的起点。
Primary consumers are herbivores that eat producers. Secondary consumers are carnivores that eat herbivores. Tertiary consumers eat secondary consumers.
初级消费者是吃生产者的食草动物。次级消费者是吃食草动物的食肉动物。三级消费者吃次级消费者。
Decomposers (bacteria and fungi) break down dead organisms and waste, recycling nutrients back into the soil for producers to use.
分解者（细菌和真菌）分解死去的生物和废物，将营养物质回收至土壤中供生产者使用。
anism to another. Arrows represent the direction of energy transfer: grass → rabbit → fox.
食物链显示能量从一个生物到另一个生物的流动。箭头代表能量传递方向：草 → 兔 → 狐狸。
Bioaccumulation occurs when toxic substances (e.g., pesticides) build up in organisms and become more concentrated along the food chain, harming top predators the most.
当有毒物质（如农药）在生物体内积累并沿食物链浓度增大时，就会发生生物累积，对顶级捕食者危害最大。
9. Inheritance and Variation | 遗传与变异
DNA is a molecule that contains the genetic instructions for an organism's development and functioning. Its structure is a double helix made of two strands held together by complementary bases.
DNA 是包含生物体发育和功能遗传指令的分子。其结构是由两条链通过互补碱基结合在一起的双螺旋。
A gene is a segment of DNA that codes for a particular protein. Each gene is located at a specific position on a chromosome.
基因是编码特定蛋白质的一段 DNA。每个基因位于染色体上的特定位置。
Chromosomes are thread-like structures made of DNA found in the nucleus. Human body cells contain 46 chromosomes (23 pairs).
染色体是由细胞核中的 DNA 组成的线状结构。人体细胞含有 46 条染色体（23 对）。
An allele is a different version of the same gene. For example, the gene for eye colour might have a brown allele and a blue allele.
等位基因是同一基因的不同形式。例如，眼睛颜色的基因可能有棕色等位基因和蓝色等位基因。
A dominant allele (represented by a capital letter, e.g., B) will always be expressed if present. A recessive allele (lowercase, e.g., b) is only expressed when two copies are present.
显性等位基因（用大写字母表示，如 B）只要存在就会表达。隐性等位基因（小写，如 b）只有在存在两个拷贝时才会表达。
Genotype is the combination of alleles an organism inherits for a trait (e.g., BB, Bb or bb). Phenotype is the observable characteristic resulting from the genotype (e.g., brown eyes).
基因型是生物体为某一性状遗传的等位基因组合（如 BB、Bb 或 bb）。表型是由基因型产生的可观察特征（如棕色眼睛）。
Homozygous means having two identical alleles for a gene (e.g., BB or bb). Heterozygous means having two different alleles (e.g., Bb).
纯合子指一个基因有两个相同的等位基因（如 BB 或 bb）。杂合子指有两个不同的等位基因（如 Bb）。
Variation within a species can be genetic (caused by differences in DNA) or environmental (caused by lifestyle and surroundings), or often a combination of both.
物种内的变异可以是遗传的（由 DNA 差异引起）或环境的（由生活方式和环境引起），通常是两者的结合。
10. Transport and Exchange Systems | 运输与交换系统
In plants, xylem vessels are dead, hollow tubes strengthened with lignin that transport water and dissolved mineral ions upwards from the roots to the leaves.
在植物中，木质部导管是死去的、由木质素强化的中空管子，将水和溶解的矿物离子从根部向上运输到叶子。
Phloem tissue consists of living cells arranged in tubes. It transports dissolved sugars (mainly sucrose) and amino acids both upwards and downwards to where they are needed — this is called translocation.
韧皮部组织由排列成管状的活细胞组成。它将溶解的糖（主要是蔗糖）和氨基酸双向运输到需要的地方，这叫做运输作用。
Transpiration is the loss of water vapour from the aerial parts of a plant, mainly through stomata on the lower leaf surface. It creates a transpiration pull that drives water movement up the xylem.
蒸腾作用是指水蒸气从植物地上部分散失，主要通过叶子下表皮的气孔。它产生的蒸腾拉力驱动水沿木质部向上移动。
The circulatory system in humans consists of the heart, blood and blood vessels. It transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones and waste products around the body.
人体循环系统由心脏、血液和血管组成。它将氧气、营养物质、激素和废物运送到全身。
Arteries carry blood away from the heart under high pressure; they have thick, elastic walls. Veins return blood to the heart at lower pressure and have valves to prevent backflow.
动脉在高压下将血液从心脏运出；它们有厚而有弹性的管壁。静脉在较低压力下将血液送回心脏，并具有防止回流的瓣膜。
Capillaries are tiny, thin-walled vessels (one cell thick) that connect arteries to veins. They allow exchange of substances via diffusion at the tissues and in the lungs.
毛细血管是微小、薄壁（一个细胞厚）的血管，连接动脉和静脉。它们允许物质通过扩散在组织和肺部进行交换。
Gas exchange in the lungs happens in alveoli — air sacs surrounded by capillaries. Oxygen diffuses into the blood, and carbon dioxide diffuses out, aided by the large surface area and moist, thin lining.
肺气交换在肺泡中进行——肺泡是被毛细血管包围的气囊。氧气扩散入血液，二氧化碳扩散出，借助大表面积和湿润的薄壁加速。
Stomata are pores found mainly on the underside of leaves. Guard cells control their opening and closing to balance gas exchange for photosynthesis with water loss through transpiration.
气孔是主要位于叶子下表面的小孔。保卫细胞控制它们的打开和关闭，以平衡光合作用所需的气体交换与蒸腾作用的水分流失。
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