📚 Year 8 CAIE Sociology: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Revision Guide | Year 8 CAIE 社会学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering sociology means first mastering its language. This guide breaks down the most important Year 8 CAIE Sociology terms into simple, memorable explanations. Each section pairs a key concept with examples, memory tricks, and clear definitions. Use it to build your sociological vocabulary step by step.
掌握社会学首先要掌握它的语言。这份指南将 Year 8 CAIE 社会学最重要的术语分解为简单易记的解释。每个部分都将关键概念与例子、记忆技巧和清晰的定义配对。用它来逐步建立你的社会学术语库。
1. Society and Socialisation | 社会与社会化
Society refers to a group of people who share a common territory and culture. It is the web of relationships we are born into. Socialisation is the lifelong process through which we learn the norms, values, and behaviours expected in our society. Without socialisation, we would not know how to act or relate to others.
社会指共享一片领土和一种文化的人群，是我们出生即置身的关系网络。社会化是我们学习社会所期望的规范、价值观和行为的终身过程。没有社会化，我们就不会知道如何行动或与他人交往。
Quick memory tip: Think of society as the stage, and socialisation as rehearsing your role. Primary socialisation happens in the family; secondary socialisation happens in school, peer groups, and media.
速记提示：把社会想象成舞台，社会化就是排练你的角色。初级社会化发生在家庭；次级社会化发生在学校、同伴群体和媒体中。
2. Culture and Values | 文化与价值观
Culture is the whole way of life of a society: its language, beliefs, customs, and material objects. Values are deeply held beliefs about what is right, good, and desirable. They guide our choices and judgements. For example, respect for elders is a value highly prized in many Asian cultures.
文化是一个社会的整个生活方式：它的语言、信仰、习俗和物质产品。价值观是关于什么是正确、美好和值得追求的根本信念。它们指引我们的选择和判断。例如，尊重长者是许多亚洲文化中高度重视的价值观。
Quick memory tip: Culture is everything you would show a visitor from another planet. Values are the unwritten rules that make you feel proud or guilty.
速记提示：文化是你向外星访客展示的一切。价值观是让你感到自豪或内疚的不成文规则。
3. Norms and Customs | 规范与习俗
Norms are the specific rules that govern behaviour in particular situations. They tell us what we should or should not do. Customs are traditional, long-established norms that are passed down through generations. Shaking hands when greeting someone is a custom in many Western societies; in Japan, bowing is the norm.
规范是指导特定情境下行为的具体规则。它们告诉我们什么该做、什么不该做。习俗是代代相传的、历史悠久的传统规范。在许多西方社会，与人打招呼时握手是一种习俗；在日本，鞠躬是规范。
Quick memory tip: Norms are the ‘dos and don’ts’ of daily life. Customs are those norms that have stood the test of time.
速记提示：规范是日常生活的“该做与不该做”。习俗是那些经受住时间考验的规范。
4. Roles and Status | 角色与地位
A status is a social position a person holds. A role is the expected behaviour attached to that status. You can hold multiple statuses at once – daughter, student, friend. Each comes with a different set of role expectations. Ascribed status is given at birth (e.g., princess); achieved status is gained through effort (e.g., doctor).
地位是一个人占据的社会位置。角色是伴随该地位而来的预期行为。你可以同时拥有多重地位——女儿、学生、朋友。每一种都有一套不同的角色期望。先赋地位是出生时就被赋予的（如公主）；自致地位是通过努力获得的（如医生）。
Quick memory tip: Status is the label on your door; role is what you do once you walk into the room.
速记提示：地位是你门上的标签；角色是你走进房间后做的事。
5. Social Institutions | 社会制度
Social institutions are established structures and mechanisms of social order that govern the behaviour of a set of individuals within a given community. The five major institutions studied at Year 8 are: family, education, religion, government, and economy. They all help to socialise individuals and maintain social stability.
社会制度是规范特定社群内个体行为的既定结构和秩序机制。Year 8 学习的五大制度是：家庭、教育、宗教、政府和经济。它们都有助于个人社会化并维持社会稳定。
Quick memory tip: Think of institutions as the pillars that hold up the roof of society. If one weakens, the whole structure can shift.
速记提示：把制度想象成支撑社会屋顶的柱子。如果一根变弱，整个结构都可能偏移。
6. Family and Kinship | 家庭与亲属关系
Family is a group of people related by blood, marriage, or adoption who live together and share economic resources. Kinship refers to the network of relationships by blood (consanguinity) or marriage (affinity). Nuclear family includes parents and their children; extended family includes grandparents, uncles, aunts, and cousins.
家庭是由血缘、婚姻或收养关系联系在一起、共同生活并共享经济资源的一群人。亲属关系指通过血缘（血亲）或婚姻（姻亲）连接的关系网络。核心家庭包括父母和他们的孩子；扩展家庭包括祖父母、叔叔、婶婶和堂兄弟姐妹。
Quick memory tip: Kinship is the map of your relatives; family is the group you usually eat dinner with.
速记提示：亲属关系是你亲戚的地图；家庭是你通常一起吃晚餐的群体。
7. Education and Social Mobility | 教育与社会流动
Education is the formal process of learning in which knowledge, skills, and values are transmitted from one generation to the next. It is a key agent of secondary socialisation. Social mobility is the movement of individuals or groups up or down the social hierarchy. Education is often seen as a ladder for upward social mobility.
教育是知识、技能和价值观从一代传递到下一代的正式学习过程。它是次级社会化的关键媒介。社会流动是个人或群体在社会等级中的上升或下降。教育常被视为向上社会流动的阶梯。
Quick memory tip: If society were a game, education would be the level-up system. Social mobility measures how many levels you can climb.
速记提示：如果社会是一场游戏，教育就是升级系统。社会流动衡量你能爬升多少级。
8. Power and Authority | 权力与权威
Power is the ability to make others do what you want, even against their will. Authority is power that people accept as rightful and legitimate. For example, a police officer has authority because society agrees they have the right to enforce laws. A bully might have power through fear, but not authority.
权力是让别人按你的意愿行事的能力，即使违背他们的意志。权威是人们承认其为正当、合法的权力。例如，警察拥有权威，因为社会同意他们有执法的权利。欺凌者可能通过恐惧拥有权力，但没有权威。
Quick memory tip: Power is the engine; authority is the licence to drive the car.
速记提示：权力是引擎；权威是驾驶汽车的执照。
9. Social Stratification | 社会分层
Social stratification is the way society is divided into layers (strata) based on factors like wealth, income, occupation, education, and social status. It is a system of inequality. Common stratification systems include class system (open, based on achievement) and caste system (closed, based on birth).
社会分层是根据财富、收入、职业、教育和社会地位等因素将社会划分为不同层级的方式。它是一种不平等系统。常见的分层体系包括阶级体系（开放的，基于成就）和种姓体系（封闭的，基于出身）。
Quick memory tip: Visualise a layered cake. The top layer has more icing (resources) than the bottom. Social stratification explains who gets the biggest slice.
速记提示：想象一个分层蛋糕。顶层比底层有更多的糖霜（资源）。社会分层解释了谁能得到最大的一块。
10. Gender and Socialisation | 性别与社会化
Gender refers to the social and cultural differences between males and females, not biological differences (which is sex). Gender socialisation is the process of learning the masculine and feminine roles expected by society. Toys, clothes, and media messages all reinforce what is considered ‘appropriate’ for boys and girls.
性别指男女之间的社会文化差异，而非生物差异（那是指生理性别）。性别社会化是学习社会期望的男性角色和女性角色的过程。玩具、服饰和媒体信息都强化了男孩女孩“应该怎样”的观念。
Quick memory tip: Sex is what you are born with; gender is what society teaches you to become.
速记提示：生理性别是你与生俱来的；社会性别是社会教你成为的样子。
11. Deviance and Social Control | 越轨与社会控制
Deviance is any behaviour that violates social norms. Not all deviance is criminal – wearing pyjamas to a shop is deviant but usually not illegal. Social control refers to the methods used to encourage conformity and discourage deviance, including formal controls (laws, police) and informal controls (disapproval, gossip).
越轨是任何违反社会规范的行为。并非所有越轨行为都违法——穿着睡衣去商店是越轨，但通常不犯法。社会控制指用来鼓励从众、阻止越轨的方法，包括正式控制（法律、警察）和非正式控制（不赞同、闲话）。
Quick memory tip: Deviance is breaking the invisible rule book of society. Social control is the invisible hand that gently (or firmly) pushes you back in line.
速记提示：越轨是打破了社会无形的规则手册。社会控制是那只无形之手，温柔地（或强硬地）把你推回队列。
12. Media and Representation | 媒体与表征
Media are channels of communication that reach large audiences, such as television, social media, newspapers, and film. Representation is how media portray particular groups, events, or ideas. These portrayals can shape public opinion and reinforce or challenge stereotypes. For example, the underrepresentation of women in leadership roles on screen can influence ambitions in real life.
媒体是接触广大受众的传播渠道，如电视、社交媒体、报纸和电影。表征是媒体如何描绘特定群体、事件或思想。这些描绘可以塑造公众舆论，强化或挑战刻板印象。例如，屏幕上女性领导角色的不足可能影响现实生活中的职业抱负。
Quick memory tip: The media is a lens, not a mirror – it selectively shows and distorts reality. Representation asks, ‘Who is seen and how?’
速记提示：媒体是一面透镜，而不是镜子——它选择性地展示和扭曲现实。表征追问的是，“谁被看见了，以怎样的方式？”
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