📚 Year 9 AQA French: Formulae & Theorems Quick Reference Handbook | AQA 九年级法语：公式定理速查手册
This quick reference handbook distils the essential grammar 'formulae' and 'theorems' you need for Year 9 AQA French. Think of each pattern as a formula: plug in the right components and you can generate accurate French sentences. From present-tense verb endings to adjective agreement and question structures, these reusable rules will strengthen your writing and speaking across all topics.
这本速查手册提炼了 AQA 九年级法语所需的核心语法“公式”与“定理”。把每个规则视为公式：代入正确成分，就能生成准确的法语句子。从现在时动词词尾到形容词配合和疑问结构，这些可复用的规则将全面强化你的写作与口语表达。
1. Present Tense -er Verb Formula | 现在时 -er 动词变位公式
The vast majority of French verbs end in -er. To conjugate them in the present tense, remove the -er from the infinitive and add the standard endings. This formula works for parler, aimer, regarder, habiter and hundreds of others.
绝大多数法语动词以 -er 结尾。变位到现在时，只需去掉不定式的 -er，然后加上标准词尾。这一公式适用于 parler、aimer、regarder、habiter 等数百个动词。
Stem = Infinitive - er
je + stem + e | tu + stem + es | il/elle/on + stem + e
nous + stem + ons | vous + stem + ez | ils/elles + stem + ent
For the verb parler (to speak): je parle, tu parles, il/elle parle, nous parlons, vous parlez, ils/elles parlent. Remember that the -ent ending for ils/elles is silent.
以动词 parler（说话）为例：je parle, tu parles, il/elle parle, nous parlons, vous parlez, ils/elles parlent。注意 ils/elles 的 -ent 词尾不发音。
2. Present Tense -ir and -re Verb Formulae | 现在时 -ir 与 -re 动词变位公式
Regular -ir verbs (like finir) follow a different formula: remove the -ir, then add -is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent. For regular -re verbs (like vendre), remove -re and add -s, -s, -, -ons, -ez, -ent.
规则 -ir 动词（如 finir）遵循另一套公式：去掉 -ir，加上 -is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent。规则 -re 动词（如 vendre）则去掉 -re，加上 -s, -s, -（无词尾）, -ons, -ez, -ent。
h) → je finis, tu finis, il/elle finit, nous finissons, vous finissez, ils/elles finissent
(to sell) → je vends, tu vends, il/elle vend, nous vendons, vous vendez, ils/elles vendent
These two families are much smaller than -er verbs, but learning the coefficients (endings) unlocks dozens of useful verbs.
这两类动词的数量远少于 -er 动词，但掌握这些“系数”（词尾）能解锁数十个常用动词。
3. The Four High-Frequency Irregular Verbs: être, avoir, faire, aller | 四大高频不规则动词：être, avoir, faire, aller
These four verbs act like fundamental constants in French. They do not follow the regular formulae and must be memorised as they are used constantly for descriptions, possession, activities and the near future tense.
这四个动词如同法语中的基本常数，不遵守规则公式，必须牢记，因为它们广泛用于描述、所属、活动和最近将来时。
| Subject | être (to be) | avoir (to have) | faire (to do/make) | aller (to go) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| je | suis | ai | fais | vais |
| tu | es | as | fais | vas |
| il/elle/on | est | a | fait | va |
| nous | sommes | avons | faisons | allons |
| vous | êtes | avez | faites | allez |
| ils/elles | sont | ont | font | vont |
For accurate sentence building, treat these conjugated forms as fixed inputs that determine agreement and meaning in your clauses.
为确保句子准确，把这些变位形式视作固定输入值，它们决定句中的配合与意义。
4. Adjective Agreement Theorem | 形容词性数配合定理
Every French adjective must agree in gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) with the noun it describes. The default dictionary form is masculine singular; to obtain the feminine, usually add -e; for plural, add -s. This is a non-negotiable theorem of French grammar.
每个法语形容词都必须在性（阳/阴）和数（单/复）上与其修饰的名词一致。词典默认形式为阳性单数；构成阴性通常添加 -e；复数添加 -s。这是法语语法中不容违背的定理。
- Masculine singular: un livre intéressant (an interesting book)
- Feminine singular: une histoire intéressante (an interesting story) — add -e
- Masculine plural: des livres intéressants (interesting books) — add -s
- Feminine plural: des histoires intéressantes (interesting stories) — add -es
sportive) and must be learned individually, but the agreement mechanism remains the same.
部分形容词的阴性形式不规则（如 beau → belle, sportif → sportive），需单独记忆，但配合机制不变。
5. The Negation Formula: ne ... pas | 否定式公式：ne ... pas
To make a sentence negative, wrap the conjugated verb with ne (or n' before a vowel) and pas. This two-part negative structure is a fundamental formula in French and works in nearly all tenses.
要将句子变为否定，用 ne（元音前用 n'）和 pas 包围变位动词。这种两部分否定结构是法语中的基本公式，几乎适用于所有时态。
Subject + ne + conjugated verb + pas + rest of sentence
Je ne regarde pas la télé. (I do not watch TV.)
Il n'aime pas le foot. (He does not like football.)
In the near future or with two verbs, the negation encloses the conjugated verb (the helper): Je ne vais pas manger. (I am not going to eat.)
在最近将来时或含有两个动词的句中，否定式包围变位动词（助动词）：Je ne vais pas manger.（我不打算吃。）
6. Question Formulae: Three Ways to Ask | 疑问句公式：三种提问方式
French offers three main question-building formulae. Mastering all three allows you to adjust register and formality.
法语提供三种主要的疑问句构成公式。掌握全部三种能让你根据语域和正式程度灵活提问。
Formula 1 – Intonation: Keep the statement word order and raise your voice at the end. Tu aimes le chocolat ?
公式一 – 语调：保留陈述语序，句末提高语调。Tu aimes le chocolat ?
Formula 2 – Est-ce que: Place Est-ce que before the statement. Est-ce que tu aimes le chocolat ?
公式二 – Est-ce que：在陈述句前加上 Est-ce que。Est-ce que tu aimes le chocolat ?
Formula 3 – Inversion: Invert the subject pronoun and verb, linked by a hyphen. Aimes-tu le chocolat ? (Add -t- between vowels: A-t-il un chien ?)
公式三 – 倒装：倒置主语代词与动词，用连字符连接。Aimes-tu le chocolat ?（元音间加 -t-：A-t-il un chien ?）
7. Near Future Formula: aller + Infinitive | 最近将来时公式：aller + 动词不定式
To talk about what is going to happen, conjugate aller in the present tense and follow it immediately with an infinitive. This high-utility formula is perfect for Year 9 topics like plans and predictions.
要表达即将发生的事情，用 aller 的现在时变位，紧接着跟一个动词不定式。这一高频公式非常适合九年级涉及计划与预测的主题。
Conjugated aller + infinitive
Je vais regarder un film. (I am going to watch a film.)
Nous allons visiter Paris. (We are going to visit Paris.)
Ils vont faire du sport. (They are going to do sport.)
Negate it by wrapping the conjugated aller: Je ne vais pas sortir. (I am not going to go out.)
否定式包围变位的 aller：Je ne vais pas sortir.（我不打算外出。）
8. Partitive Article Formula: du, de la, de l', des | 部分冠词公式：du, de la, de l', des
When talking about an unspecified quantity of something (especially food and drink), French requires a partitive article. The formula is: de + definite article, contracting where necessary.
当谈论未指明的数量（尤其是食物和饮料）时，法语需要使用部分冠词。其公式为：de + 定冠词，并按需缩合。
| Gender/Number | Partitive Article | Example |
|---|---|---|
| masculine singular | du (de + le) | du pain (some bread) |
| feminine singular | de la | de la confiture (some jam) |
| before vowel/h | de l' | de l'eau (some water) |
| plural | des (de + les) | des légumes (some vegetables) |
After a negative, the partitive usually changes to de or d': Je ne mange pas de viande. (I don't eat any meat.)
在否定式后，部分冠词通常变为 de 或 d'：Je ne mange pas de viande.（我不吃肉。）
9. Possessive Adjective Agreement Law | 所有格形容词配合法则
Possessive adjectives (my, your, his/her etc.) agree with the noun they describe, not the possessor. This is a crucial theorem: the form of 'my' depends on whether the owned item is masculine, feminine or plural.
所有格形容词（我的、你的、他/她的等）要与它们所修饰的名词配合，而非与所有者配合。这是一条关键法则：“我的”的形式取决于所有物是阳性、阴性还是复数。
| English | masculine sing. | feminine sing. | plural (both genders) |
|---|---|---|---|
| my | mon* | ma | mes |
| your (tu) | ton* | ta | tes |
| his/her/its | son* | sa | ses |
*Before a feminine noun beginning with a vowel or silent h, use mon/ton/son to ease pronunciation: mon amie (my friend, feminine).
*在以元音或哑音 h 开头的阴性名词前，使用 mon/ton/son 以便发音：mon amie（我的女性朋友）。
10. Comparative Formula: plus/moins/aussi + adjective + que | 比较级公式：plus/moins/aussi + 形容词 + que
Comparing two things follows a strict formula. Use plus (more), moins (less) or aussi (as) before the adjective, then que (than/as) to introduce the second element. The adjective must still agree with the subject.
比较两件事物遵循严格公式。在形容词前使用 plus（更）、moins（不如）或 aussi（同样），然后用 que（比/如同）引出第二个比较对象。形容词仍需与主语配合。
Subject + verb + plus/moins/aussi + adjective + que + noun/pronoun
Ma sœur est plus grande que moi. (My sister is taller than me.)
Ce film est moins intéressant que le livre. (This film is less interesting than the book.)
Il est aussi intelligent que son frère. (He is as intelligent as his brother.)
The irregular comparative of bon (good) is meilleur (better), but it still follows the pattern: meilleur que.
bon（好）的不规则比较级是 meilleur（更好），但依然遵循同一模式：meilleur que。
11. Imperative Mood Formula | 命令式构成公式
The imperative is used to give commands or instructions and exists only for tu, nous and vous. The formula is: take the present-tense conjugation and drop the subject pronoun. For -er verbs, the final -s of the tu form is dropped.
命令式用于发出指令或指示，仅存在于 tu、nous 和 vous 人称。公式为：取现在时变位，去掉主语代词。-er 动词的 tu 形式要去掉末尾的 -s。
Parler → Parle ! (Speak!) — tu form, -s removed
Finir → Finis ! (Finish!) — tu form
Aller → Va ! (Go!) — irregular
For nous and vous, just drop the pronoun: Parlons ! (Let's speak!), Parlez ! (Speak! formal/plural). Negative imperatives follow the ne...pas wrap around the verb: Ne parle pas ! (Don't speak!).
nous 和 vous 只需去掉代词：Parlons !（我们说！）、Parlez !（您说！/你们说！）。否定命令式将 ne...pas 包围动词：Ne parle pas !（别说！）。
12. Direct Object Pronoun Placement Formula | 直接宾语代词前置公式
In French, direct object pronouns (me, te, le, la, nous, vous, les) are placed immediately before the conjugated verb. This is a strict word-order rule that transforms sentences like 'I see the cat' into 'I it see'.
法语中，直接宾语代词（me, te, le, la, nous, vous, les）必须紧贴在变位动词之前。这是一条严格的语序规则，将“我看见猫”转化为“我它看见”。
Subject + direct object pronoun + conjugated verb
Je regarde le film → Je le regarde. (I watch it.)
Tu aimes la pizza → Tu l'aimes. (You like it.)
Nous invitons les amis → Nous les invitons. (We invite them.)
In negative sentences, ne...pas surrounds the pronoun+verb block: Je ne le regarde pas. (I do not watch it.)
否定句中，ne...pas 包围代词+动词整体：Je ne le regarde pas。（我不看它。）
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