📚 Year 9 AQA Computer Science: Key Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Guide | AQA 计算机：核心词汇术语速记指南
This quick-reference guide covers essential vocabulary and terminology every Year 9 AQA Computer Science student needs to know. Each term is defined in simple English, supported by a memorable mnemonic or analogy, then mirrored in Chinese. Use these bite-sized explanations to build confidence and fluency in technical language.
本速记指南涵盖了每位九年级 AQA 计算机科学学生必须掌握的核心词汇与术语。每个术语都用简单的英语定义，并配有助记符或类比，同时提供中文对应。通过这些精悍的解释来建立自信并流利使用技术语言。
1. Computer Systems Basics | 计算机系统基础
A computer system is built from physical parts and digital instructions. Understanding the distinction between 'hardware' and 'software' is the very first step — think of a games console: the plastic box and controllers are hardware, while the game code that runs on it is software.
计算机系统由物理部件和数字指令构成。理解“硬件”和“软件”的区别是第一步——想象一台游戏主机：塑料外壳和手柄是硬件，而在上面运行的游戏代码则是软件。
Hardware – the physical components of a computer system that you can touch, such as the keyboard, monitor, motherboard and mouse. Memory aid: 'Hard' things are solid, so hardware is the solid part.
硬件 – 你可以触摸到的计算机系统物理组件，如键盘、显示器、主板和鼠标。速记窍门：“硬”的东西是固体的，所以硬件就是那些有形部件。
Software – the programs, applications and operating systems that give instructions to the hardware. They are intangible sequences of code. Think of software as a recipe — you can't touch the recipe, but it tells the cook what to do.
软件 – 向硬件发出指令的程序、应用程序和操作系统。它们是无形的一系列代码。把软件想象成菜谱——你摸不到菜谱，但它告诉厨师该做什么。
Input device – er, e.g. a keyboard, mouse, microphone or touchscreen. Mnemonic: Input = Information going in.
输入设备 – 任何将数据送入计算机的硬件，例如键盘、鼠标、麦克风或触摸屏。助记：输入 = 信息“入”口。
Output device – the user, such as a monitor, printer or speakers. Mnemonic: Output = Outcome to the user.
输出设备 – 将计算机处理后的数据呈现给用户的硬件，如显示器、打印机或扬声器。助记：输出 = 结果“出”来给用户。
Peripheral – an external device connected to the computer, like a webcam or external hard drive, usually via USB. Think of peripherals as extra limbs you attach when needed.
外设 – 连接在计算机上的外部设备，例如网络摄像头或外置硬盘，通常通过USB连接。可以把外设想象成需要时才装上的额外手脚。
2. Central Processing Unit (CPU) | 中央处理器
The CPU is often called the brain of the computer. Its performance depends on several measurable factors, and understanding the fetch-decode-execute cycle reveals exactly how instructions are carried out.
CPU常被称为计算机的大脑。它的性能取决于几个可测量的因素，而理解“取指-译码-执行”循环可以揭示指令究竟是如何被执行的。
CPU (Central Processing Unit) – the main chip that processes all instructions. It fetches, decodes and executes commands. Analogy: a chef reading a recipe, interpreting each step and cooking the dish.
CPU（中央处理器） – 处理所有指令的主芯片。它负责取指令、译码并执行。类比：一位厨师阅读菜谱、理解每一步并烹饪菜肴。
Clock speed – cles the CPU can perform per second. Higher clock speed = faster chef chopping vegetables.
时钟速度 – 以赫兹(Hz)计，通常为吉赫(GHz)；表示CPU每秒能完成多少个取指-译码-执行周期。时钟速度越高 = 厨师切菜越快。
Core – a processing unit within the CPU. A single-core CPU handles one task at a time, while a multi-core CPU (dual-core, quad-core) can process several tasks simultaneously, like having multiple chefs in the kitchen.
核心 – CPU内部的一个处理单元。单核CPU一次处理一个任务，而多核CPU（双核、四核）可以同时处理多项任务，就像厨房里有多个厨师。
Cache – tiny but extremely fast memory inside the CPU that stores frequently used data and instructions, reducing the time needed to fetch them from RAM. Think of it as the spice rack right next to the chef, within arm's reach.
缓存 – CPU内部容量极小但速度极快的内存，用于存放常用数据和指令，减少从RAM中取数据的时间。可以把缓存看作厨师伸手可及的调料架。
Fetch-decode-execute cycle – the process the CPU repeats billions of times: Fetch an instruction from memory, Decode it to understand the command, then Execute the instruction. Remember the abbreviation FDE.
取指-译码-执行周期 – CPU重复数十亿次的过程：从内存取指令，译码以理解命令，然后执行该指令。记住缩写FDE。
3. Primary Memory | 主存储器
Primary memory is directly accessed by the CPU. The two main types, RAM and ROM, serve very different purposes, and when RAM is exhausted, virtual memory kicks in.
主存储器由CPU直接访问。两种主要类型RAM和ROM的用途截然不同，当RAM耗尽时虚拟内存便会启动。
RAM (Random Access Memory) – volatile memory that temporarily holds the operating system, applications and data currently in use. As soon as you switch off the power, its contents are lost. Analogy: a whiteboard you can scribble on and wipe clean instantly.
RAM（随机存取存储器） – 易失性存储器，临时保存当前正在使用的操作系统、应用程序和数据。一旦断电，其中的内容就会丢失。类比：可以随时涂写并立刻擦干净的白板。
ROM (Read-Only Memory) – non-volatile memory that stores the boot instructions (BIOS) needed to start the computer. You cannot change its contents easily. Think of ROM as printed instructions glued inside the computer forever.
ROM（只读存储器） – 非易失性存储器，储存启动计算机所需的引导指令（BIOS）。你不能轻易修改其内容。把ROM想象成永久贴在计算机内部的印刷说明书。
Virtual memory – when RAM is full, the operating system uses a portion of the hard disk or SSD as extra, temporary memory. It is much slower than real RAM. Analogy: using a cupboard in another room when your desk is too cluttered.
虚拟内存 – 当RAM已满时，操作系统将硬盘或SSD的一部分作为额外的临时内存使用。比真实RAM慢得多。类比：当你的桌面堆满东西时，用另一个房间的柜子来暂存。
Volatile – a type of memory that loses its data when the power is turned off. RAM is volatile, while ROM is non-volatile. Remember: 'volatile' like a volatile liquid that evaporates quickly.
易失性 – 断电后数据会丢失的一种存储器特性。RAM是易失性的，而ROM是非易失性的。记忆：“易失”如同容易挥发的液体，很快消失。
4. Secondary Storage | 辅助存储
Secondary storage retains data permanently (or long-term) and is not directly accessible by the CPU. Today we compare magnetic, solid-state and optical media for speed, durability and capacity.
辅助存储能永久（或长期）保存数据，且不被CPU直接访问。如今我们比较磁介质、固态介质和光介质在速度、耐久性和容量上的差异。
Secondary storage – non-volatile storage that keeps the operating system, software and user files when the computer is off. Examples: hard disk drive, SSD, CD, USB flash drive. Think of it as a library where books are kept when not in use.
辅助存储 – 非易失性存储，在计算机关闭时仍保留操作系统、软件和用户文件。例如：硬盘、固态硬盘、光盘、U盘。把它想象成图书馆，不看的书就存放其中。
Hard Disk Drive (HDD) – easily damaged by movement. Mnemonic: HDD = Heavy Disk that Drags because of moving parts.
硬盘驱动器 (HDD) – 采用旋转盘片和移动读写臂的磁存储。容量高但速度较慢且容易因震动损坏。助记：HDD可联想为“会转的沉重盘子”。
Solid State Drive (SSD) – uses flash memory with no moving parts, making it much faster, lighter and more durable than HDD. Analogy: a massive bank of tiny light switches that stay on or off without any motion.
固态硬盘 (SSD) – 使用闪存，无活动部件，因此比HDD快得多、更轻、更耐用。类比：一个巨大的微小开关组，无需任何运动就能保持开或关的状态。
Optical disc – storage medium read by a laser, such as CD, DVD or Blu-ray. Data is stored as pits and lands on a reflective surface. Think of a shiny mirror with tiny dots that a laser can count.
光盘 – 通过激光读取的存储介质，如CD、DVD或蓝光。数据以坑和平面形式储存在反射面上。想象一面布满小点的亮闪闪的镜子，激光能数出这些小点。
5. Data Representation & Units | 数据表示与单位
All data inside a computer is represented using binary numbers (0s and 1s). Knowing how bits build into larger units and how we use hexadecimal for shorthand is essential for reading memory addresses.
计算机内部所有数据都用二进制数（0和1）表示。理解位如何构成更大的单位，以及我们如何用十六进制作为简写，对于读取内存地址至关重要。
Binary – a base-2 number system using only the digits 0 and 1. All computer instructions and data are ultimately binary. Relate it to a light switch being either off (0) or on (1).
二进制 – 仅使用数字0和1的基2计数系统。所有计算机指令和数据最终都是二进制的。将其与电灯开关联系起来：关（0）或开（1）。
Bit – the smallest unit of data in a computer, a single binary digit (0 or 1). Short for 'binary digit'.
位（比特） – 计算机中最小的数据单位，一个单独的二进制数字（0或1）。是'binary digit'的缩写。
Nibble – a group of 4 bits, e.g. 1010. It can represent a single hexadecimal digit.
半字节 – 一组4位，例如1010。它可以表示一个单独的十六进制数字。
Byte – a group of 8 bits. One byte typically stores a single character. Memory: 8 bits in a byte, like 8 slices in a (byte-sized) pizza.
字节 – 一组8位。一个字节通常存储一个字符。记忆：一个字节8位，就像一口大小的披萨分8片。
Kilobyte (KB), Megabyte (MB), Gigabyte (GB), Terabyte (TB) – B. (In computing, exact values are often powers of 2, but at this level you can use the metric approximation.)
千字节(KB)、兆字节(MB)、吉字节(GB)、太字节(TB) – 字节的倍数：1 KB≈1000字节，1 MB≈1000 KB，1 GB≈1000 MB，1 TB≈1000 GB。（在计算领域精确值常为2的幂次，但此阶段可用近似千进。）
Denary (Decimal) – the base-10 number system we use every day, with digits 0-9. Binary-to-denary conversion is a key skill.
十进制 – 我们日常使用的基10计数系统，数字为0-9。二进制与十进制的转换是一项关键技能。
Hexadecimal (Hex) – more human-friendly shorthand for binary, e.g. 1111 1111 in binary is FF in hex. Remember: 'Hex' sounds like six, and 6+10=16 digits.
十六进制 – 基16计数系统，使用数字0-9和字母A-F。它被用作二进制更人性化的简写，例如二进制1111 1111就是十六进制FF。记忆：'Hex'听起来像six，6+10=16个数字。
6. Binary Logic | 二元逻辑
Computers use logic gates to make decisions. Each gate follows simple Boolean rules, and truth tables map every possible input combination to its output.
计算机使用逻辑门进行决策。每个门都遵循简单的布尔规则，真值表则将每种可能的输入组合映射到其输出。
Logic gate – a tiny electronic circuit that takes one or more binary inputs and produces a single binary output. Analogy: a series of security checkpoints that only let a signal through under specific conditions.
逻辑门 – 一种微小的电子电路，接收一个或多个二进制输入并产生一个二进制输出。类比：一系列安全检查点，仅在特定条件下放行信号。
AND gate – outputs 1 only if both inputs are 1. Think of a double-locked box needing two keys: both must be present (1 AND 1) to open.
与门 (AND gate) – 仅当两个输入都为1时才输出1。想象一个需要两把钥匙才能打开的箱子：两把必须同时存在（1 AND 1）才能开启。
OR gate – outputs 1 if at least one input is 1. Analogy: a hallway lit if either switch A OR switch B is pressed.
或门 (OR gate) – 如果至少有一个输入为1就输出1。类比：走廊的灯只要开关A或开关B被按下就会亮。
NOT gate – takes a single input and inverts it; input 1 gives output 0, input 0 gives output 1. It is the simplest inverter. Think of it as a contrary person who always does the opposite of what you say.
非门 (NOT gate) – 接受单个输入并将其反转；输入1输出0，输入0输出1。它是最简单的反相器。想象一个总是跟你对着干的唱反调的人。
Truth table – a table that lists all possible input combinations for a logic gate (or circuit) and the resulting output. It provides a clear map of the circuit's behaviour.
真值表 – 列出逻辑门（或电路）所有可能输入组合及其对应输出的表格。它清晰地描绘了电路的行为模式。
7. Networks & Topologies | 网络与拓扑结构
A network connects devices to share resources and data. Local and wide area networks differ in scale, while topologies describe how devices are physically or logically arranged.
网络将设备连接起来以共享资源和数据。局域网和广域网在规模上有所不同，而拓扑结构则描述了设备的物理或逻辑布局方式。
Network – two or more computers connected together to exchange data and share resources, such as files or printers. Analogy: a postal system where each house is a device.
网络 – 两台或多台计算机连接在一起以交换数据和共享资源（如文件或打印机）。类比：一个邮政系统，每栋房子代表一台设备。
LAN (Local Area Network) – a network covering a small geographic area, such as a school, office or home. Typically owned by a single organisation and offers high data-transfer rates. Think of the school campus: all computers connected within the same site.
局域网 (LAN) – 覆盖小范围地理区域的网络，如学校、办公室或家庭。通常由单个组织拥有并具有较高的数据传输速率。想象校园：所有计算机都在同一片区域内相连。
WAN (Wide Area Network) – a network that spans a large geographical area, such as a city, country or the globe. The internet is the largest WAN. It connects multiple LANs using telephone lines, fibre optics or satellites.
广域网 (WAN) – 跨越广袤地理区域的网络，如城市、国家或全球。互联网就是最大的广域网。它通过电话线、光纤或卫星将多个LAN连接起来。
Client-server – a network model where central servers provide resources and services, and client devices request them. Example: a library server holds the database and student laptops (clients) search the catalogue.
客户端-服务器 – 一种网络模型，中央服务器提供资源和服务，客户端设备则发出请求。例如：图书馆服务器储存数据库，学生笔记本电脑（客户端）去检索目录。
Peer-to-peer (P2P) – a network model where all devices have equal status and can share resources directly without a central server. Each device acts as both client and server. Mnemonic: Peers share equally, like classmates swapping notes.
对等网络 (P2P) – 一种网络模型，所有设备地位平等，无需中央服务器即可直接共享资源。每个设备既是客户端也是服务器。助记：同伴之间平等分享，就像同学互换笔记。
8. Network Hardware & Protocols | 网络硬件与协议
Specialised hardware directs traffic on a network, and protocols are the agreed rules for communication. Knowing an IP address from a MAC address helps you trace the journey of data packets.
专用硬件引导网络中的流量，而协议是通信的约定规则。分清IP地址和MAC地址有助于追踪数据包的旅程。
Router – a device that forwards data packets between different networks, directing traffic so data reaches its destination. It acts like a postal sorting office that reads addresses and chooses the best route.
路由器 – 在不同网络之间转发数据包的设备，它引导流量以使数据到达目的地。作用类似邮政分拣处，读取地址并选择最佳路线。
Switch – a device that connects many devices within the same LAN and intelligently forwards data only to the specific recipient, rather than broadcasting to all. Think of a smart rail junction that directs carriages exactly where they need to go.
交换机 – 在同一局域网内连接许多设备并智能地将数据仅转发给特定接收方，而不是广播给所有设备。想象一个智能铁路枢纽，将车厢精确调度到所需位置。
IP address – a logical address (e.g. 192.168.1.1) assigned to a device on a network, allowing it to be located on the internet or a local network. Can be dynamic or static. Analogy: your house postal address; the router knows where to deliver the mail.
IP地址 – 分配给网络设备的逻辑地址（例如192.168.1.1），使其能在互联网或本地网络中被定位。可以是动态或静态的。类比：你的家庭邮寄地址；路由器知道该把信件送到哪里。
MAC address – a unique, factory-assigned physical address (e.g. 00:1A:2B:3C:4D:5E) burnt into the network interface card. It never changes and identifies the hardware itself. Think of it as a permanent identity card number for the device.
MAC地址 – 出厂时分配给网络接口卡的唯一的物理地址（例如00:1A:2B:3C:4D:5E）。它永不改变，用于标识硬件本身。可将它视为设备的永久身份证号。
Protocol – ures reliable delivery; HTTP/HTTPS transfers web pages; FTP transfers files. Use a phrase: 'Please Do Not Throw Sausage Pizza Away' to remember layers, but simply recall HTTP=HyperText Transfer Protocol.
协议 – 一组管理数据如何传输和接收的规则。常见协议：TCP/IP（传输控制协议/互联网协议）确保可靠交付；HTTP/HTTPS传输网页；FTP传输文件。记住HTTP代表超文本传输协议即可。
9. The Internet & Web | 因特网与万维网
The Internet and the World Wide Web are not the same thing. One is the global network infrastructure, and the other is a service running on top of it using URLs and DNS to locate content.
因特网和万维网并不是同一回事。前者是全球网络基础设施，后者是运行在其上的一种服务，使用URL和DNS来定位内容。
Internet – a global network of interconnected computers and networks that uses the TCP/IP protocol
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