📚 Glossary Quick Memorization Guide for Year 9 AQA Chemistry | Year 9 AQA 化学：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your ultimate quick-fire glossary for Year 9 AQA Chemistry. This guide breaks down the most common terms into bite-sized chunks, pairing every definition with a simple memory hook. Read through to lock in the vocabulary you need for tests, experiments and building GCSE readiness.
欢迎来到 Year 9 AQA 化学终极词汇速记指南。本指南将最常见术语拆解为小块，逐一配对定义与简单记忆法。通读一遍，牢牢掌握考试、实验及衔接 GCSE 所需的核心词汇。
1. Atomic Structure & Subatomic Particles | 原子结构与亚原子粒子
The atom is the smallest particle of an element that can take part in a chemical reaction. It consists of a tiny central nucleus containing protons and neutrons, with electrons whizzing around it in energy levels (shells).
原子是能够参与化学反应的元素的最小粒子。它由一个位于中心的极小的原子核（含质子和中子）以及在其周围分层运动的电子构成。
Proton: A subatomic particle with a relative charge of +1 and a relative mass of 1, found in the nucleus. Memory tip: 'Pro' sounds like 'positive'.
质子：相对电荷+1、相对质量1的亚原子粒子，存在于原子核内。记忆口诀：'Pro' 联想 '正'。
neutral particle (charge 0) with mass 1, also inside the nucleus. The name gives it away: 'neutr' = neutral.
中子：电中性粒子（电荷0），质量1，同样位于核内。词根 'neutr' 即中性。
Electron: A negatively charged particle with negligible mass (roughly 1/1836) that occupies shells around the nucleus. The arrangement follows the 2,8,8 pattern for the first 20 elements.
电子：带负电荷、质量可忽略（约1/1836）的粒子，占据核外电子层。前20号元素的排布遵循2,8,8规律。
. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different neutrons (e.g., carbon-12 and carbon-14).
原子序数(Z)=质子数。质量数(A)=质子数+中子数。同位素是质子数相同但中子数不同的同种原子（例如碳-12和碳-14）。
2. Elements, Compounds & Mixtures | 元素、化合物与混合物
An element is a pure substance made of only one type of atom. It cannot be broken down by chemical means. About 118 elements exist, each with a unique symbol.
元素是仅由一种原子组成的纯净物，无法通过化学方法分解。约118种元素，每种都有独特符号。
en two or more different elements are chemically bonded in fixed proportions. The compound' or example, sodium (reactive metal) + chlorine (toxic gas) → sodium chloride (table salt).
化合物由两种或以上不同元素以固定比例化学键合而成。化合物的性质完全不同于其组成元素。例如，钠（活泼金属）+ 氯气（有毒气体）→ 氯化钠（食盐）。
A mixture contains two or more substances physically intermingled but not chemically joined. Air is a mixture of gases like nitrogen, oxygen and argon. Mixtures can be separated by physical techniques such as filtration, distillation or chromatography.
混合物包含两种或以上物质，只是物理混合，没有化学键合。空气是氮气、氧气、氩气等的混合物。混合物可通过过滤、蒸馏、色谱等物理方法分离。
3. The Periodic Table: Groups and Periods | 周期表：族与周期
The modern periodic table arranges elements in order of increasing atomic number. Horizontal rows are called periods; vertical columns are called groups. Elements in the same group have the same number of electrons in their outer shell, giving them similar chemical properties.
现代周期表按原子序数递增排列元素。横行称为周期，纵列称为族。同族元素最外层电子数相同，化学性质相似。
Group 1 – the alkali metals (Li, Na, K, etc.): soft, very reactive metals that must be stored under oil. They react vigorously with water to produce a metal hydroxide and hydrogen gas. Mnemonic: 'Alkali metals float and fizz.'
第1族——碱金属（锂、钠、钾等）：质软、极活泼，必须保存在油中。与水剧烈反应生成金属氢氧化物和氢气。口诀：碱金属浮水冒泡。
Group 7 – the halogens (F, Cl, Br, I): non-metal diatomic molecules. Reactivity decreases down the group because the outer electrons become further from the nucleus. Chlorine bleaches damp litmus paper.
第7族——卤素（氟、氯、溴、碘）：非金属双原子分子。反应性沿族向下减弱，因外层电子离核更远。氯气能漂白湿润的石蕊试纸。
Group 0 – the noble gases (He, Ne, Ar): very unreactive monatomic gases with a full outer shell. They are used in lighting and inert atmospheres. 'Noble gases glow.'
第0族——稀有气体（氦、氖、氩）：
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