📚 AQA Year 9 Physics: Quick Memorisation Guide to Key Terms | AQA 九年级物理：关键术语速记指南
Mastering the language of physics is the first step to understanding the subject. This guide organises the most important terms from the Year 9 AQA Physics course in logically grouped topics, with memory tricks and clear translations, so you can build your scientific vocabulary fast and with confidence.
掌握物理语言是理解这门学科的第一步。本指南按照逻辑主题整理了九年级 AQA 物理课程中最关键的术语，并配有记忆技巧和清晰的中文释义，帮助你快速而自信地建立科学词汇库。
1. Motion and Speed | 运动与速度
Distance: How far an object has moved in total, measured in metres (m). It is a scalar quantity, meaning it has magnitude only. Think of the odometer in a car — it records every metre of the journey.
距离：物体移动的总路程，单位是米（m）。它是标量，只有大小。就像汽车里程表会记录旅途的每一米。
Displacement: The straight-line distance from the start point to the finish point, with a direction. It is a vector. Imagine a crow flying directly from home to school — displacement ignores the winding roads.
位移：从起点到终点的直线距离，并带有方向，是矢量。想象一只乌鸦从家直接飞到学校——位移忽略了曲折的道路。
Speed: of how quickly distance is covered; speed = distance ÷ time. It is a scalar. Memory trick: 'Speed is how fast you go, no matter where.'
速率：衡量距离变化快慢的物理量；速率 = 距离 ÷ 时间。它是标量。记忆口诀：“速率只看快慢，不管方向在哪。”
Velocity: If you run around a track and return to start, your average velocity is zero because displacement is zero.
速度：带有方向的速度；速度 = 位移 ÷ 时间。它是矢量。如果你绕跑道跑一圈回到起点，平均速度为零，因为位移为零。
Acceleration: me. Measured in m/s². An object accelerates if it speeds up, slows down, or changes direction.
加速度：速度变化的快慢；加速度 = 速度变化量 ÷ 时间。单位是 m/s²。物体加速、减速或改变方向时都有加速度。
2. Forces and Newton's Laws | 力与牛顿定律
Mass: The amount of matter in an object, measured in kilograms (kg). It does not change with location. Think of mass as 'how much stuff' is there.
质量：物体所含物质的多少，单位是千克（kg），不随位置改变。记住质量就是“有多少东西”。
Weight: vitational field strength (W = m g). Unit: newton (N). On Earth, g ≈ 9.8 N/kg. Memory aid: 'Weight depends on gravity, mass does not.'
重量：作用在质量上的重力；重量 = 质量 × 重力场强度（W = m g）。单位：牛顿（N）。地球上 g ≈ 9.8 N/kg。助记：“重量看重力，质量不依赖。”
Resultant force: ces acting on an object combined. When forces are balanced, resultant = 0 N and the object's velocity stays constant.
合力：与所有作用在物体上的力效果相同的单一力。当力平衡时，合力为零，物体的速度保持不变。
Newton's First Law (Inertia): An object stays at rest or moves at a constant velocity unless a resultant force acts on it. Imagine a book on a table stays still unless you push it; a moving car coasts when you take your foot off the accelerator.
牛顿第一定律（惯性）：除非受到外力作用，物体将保持静止或匀速直线运动。想象一本书放在桌上不推就不动；松开油门后汽车能继续滑行。
Newton's Second Law: ce, the greater the acceleration for a given mass. Use the triangle: cover F to see m × a.
牛顿第二定律：合力 = 质量 × 加速度（F = m a）。质量一定时，力越大加速度越大。使用公式三角形：遮住 F 得到 m × a。
3. Energy Stores and Transfers | 能量储存与转移
Kinetic energy: Energy stored in a moving object. The greater the mass and speed, the more kinetic energy. Formula: Ek = ½ m v².
动能：运动物体储存的能量。质量越大、速度越快，动能越大。公式：Ek = ½ m v²。
Gravitational potential energy (GPE): und. GPE = m g h, where h is height. A ball on a shelf has more GPE than one on the floor.
重力势能：物体因离地高度而储存的能量。GPE = m g h，h 为高度。放在架子上的球比地板上的球重力势能更大。
Work done: on of the force (W = F d). Unit: joule (J). Lifting a 1 N weight 1 m requires 1 J of work.
做功：力使物体移动时转移的能量；做功 = 力 × 力的方向上移动的距离（W = F d）。单位：焦耳（J）。把 1 N 的物体举高 1 m 做功 1 J。
Energy conservation: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or stored. In a falling pendulum, GPE converts to kinetic energy and back again, with total energy constant.
能量守恒：能量不能被创造或消灭，只能被转移或储存。在摆动的单摆中，重力势能和动能相互转换，总能量保持不变。
4. Power and Efficiency | 功率与效率
Power: t). Unit: watt (W). 1 W = 1 J/s. A more powerful motor lifts the same weight in less time.
功率：做功或能量转移的快慢；功率 = 做功 ÷ 时间（P = W / t）。单位：瓦特（W）。1 W = 1 J/s。功率更大的电机在更短时间内举起同样的重物。
Efficiency: you get out compared with the total input. Efficiency = useful output ÷ total input × 100%. No machine is 100% efficient; some energy always spreads out as heat to the surroundings.
效率：衡量有用能量或功占总输入的比例。效率 = 有用输出 ÷ 总输入 × 100%。没有机器能达到 100% 效率，总有一部分能量以热的形式散失到周围。
5. Electricity: The Basics | 电学基础
Electric current: urrent = charge ÷ time (I = Q / t). In a metal wire, current is a drift of free electrons.
电流：电荷的定向流动。用电流表测量，单位为安培（A）。电流 = 电荷量 ÷ 时间（I = Q / t）。在金属导线中，电流是自由电子的定向漂移。
Potential difference (voltage): arge to move charge between two points; V = W / Q. Unit: volt (V). Think of voltage as the 'push' that drives charges around a circuit.
电压（电位差）：将单位电荷从一点移动到另一点所做的功；V = W / Q。单位：伏特（V）。可以把电压想象成驱动电荷在电路中移动的“推力”。
Resistance: = V / I). Unit: ohm (Ω). A higher resistance means a smaller current for the same voltage.
电阻：元件对电流阻碍作用的大小；电阻 = 电压 ÷ 电流（R = V / I）。单位：欧姆（Ω）。电阻越大，相同电压下的电流越小。
Ohm's Law: At constant temperature, the current through a resistor is directly proportional to the potential difference across it. This gives a straight-line graph through the origin.
欧姆定律：在温度不变的情况下，通过电阻器的电流与它两端的电压成正比。该关系的 I-V 图是一条过原点的直线。
6. Circuit Components and Diagrams | 电路元件与电路图
Series circuit: a single loop. The current is the same everywhere. If one bulb breaks, all go out. Memory: 'series = single path'.
串联电路：元件首尾相连形成单一回路。各处电流相等。如果一只灯泡损坏，所有灯泡都熄灭。记忆：“串联等于单一路径”。
Parallel circuit: : Components connected on separate branches. The potential difference across each branch is the same. If one bulb breaks, others still work. Memory: 'parallel = multiple paths'.
并联电路：元件连接在不同的支路上。每个支路两端电压相等。如果一只灯泡损坏，其他灯泡仍正常发光。记忆：“并联等于多条路径”。
Common circuit symbols: Cell, battery, lamp, switch (open/closed), fixed resistor, variable resistor, diode, light-emitting diode (LED), ammeter, voltmeter, fuse, thermistor, light-dependent resistor (LDR). A diode only allows current in one direction. An LDR's resistance drops in bright light; a thermistor's resistance drops as temperature rises.
常见电路符号：电池、电池组、灯泡、开关（断开/闭合）、固定电阻、可变电阻、二极管、发光二极管（LED）、电流表、电压表、保险丝、热敏电阻、光敏电阻（LDR）。二极管只允许一个方向的电流通过。LDR 在强光下电阻减小，热敏电阻随温度升高电阻减小。
7. Waves: Types and Properties | 波的类型与性质
Transverse wave: ion of energy transfer. Examples: light, water ripples, all electromagnetic waves. Memory: 'transverse = up and down, wave moves sideways'.
横波：振动方向与能量传播方向垂直。例如：光、水波、所有的电磁波。记忆：“横波：上下振动，波向前跑”。
Longitudinal wave: he : The oscillations are parallel to the direction of energy transfer. Examples: sound waves, P‑waves. They consist of compressions and rarefactions. 'Longitudinal = push-pull along the line'.
纵波：振动方向与能量传播方向平行。例如：声波、P 波。纵波由疏部和密部组成。“纵波：沿直线推拉”。
Amplitude: The maximum displacement of a wave from its rest position. It relates to the loudness of a sound or brightness of light. Symbol: A.
振幅：波偏离平衡位置的最大位移。对于声音，它关系响度；对于光，它关系亮度。符号：A。
Wavelength: The distance between two successive identical points on a wave, e.g., crest to crest. Symbol: λ (lambda). Unit: metre (m).
波长：波上两个相邻相同点之间的距离，例如波峰到波峰。符号：λ（拉姆达）。单位：米（m）。
Frequency: hertz (Hz). Frequency = 1 / period (f = 1 / T). High frequency means high pitch for sound.
频率：每秒通过某点的完整波的个数。单位：赫兹（Hz）。频率 = 1 / 周期（f = 1 / T）。对声音而言，频率高则音调高。
Wave speed: ncy × wavelength (v = f λ). The equation works for both transverse and longitudinal waves.
波速：波传播能量的速度；波速 = 频率 × 波长（v = f λ）。该公式对横波和纵波都适用。
8. The Electromagnetic Spectrum | 电磁波谱
Order of the spectrum (longest to shortest wavelength): Radio, Microwave, Infrared, Visible light, Ultraviolet, X-ray, Gamma. Memory: 'Rabbits Mate In Very Unusual Xciting Gardens' or make your own.
谱序（波长从长到短）：无线电波、微波、红外线、可见光、紫外线、X 射线、伽马射线。记忆口诀：红红（无）外可见紫 X 伽。
Uses: Radio – communication; Microwave – cooking, satellite signals; Infrared – remote controls, thermal imaging; Visible – seeing; Ultraviolet – detecting forged bank notes; X-ray – medical imaging; Gamma – sterilising medical equipment, cancer treatment.
用途：无线电波 – 通信；微波 – 烹饪、卫星信号；红外线 – 遥控器、热成像；可见光 – 视觉；紫外线 – 检测伪钞；X 射线 – 医学影像；伽马射线 – 消毒医疗器械、癌症治疗。
Dangers: Infrared – skin burns; Ultraviolet – skin cancer, eye damage; X-ray and Gamma – ionising radiation, can damage cells and DNA, causing cancer.
危害：红外线 – 皮肤灼伤；紫外线 – 皮肤癌、眼部损伤；X 射线和伽马射线 – 电离辐射，可损伤细胞和 DNA，引发癌症。
Common property: at : All EM waves travel at the same speed in a vacuum: 3 × 10⁸ m/s. They are transverse and do not need a medium.
共同特性：所有电磁波在真空中传播速度相同：3 × 10⁸ m/s。它们都是横波，不需要介质。
9. Atomic Structure | 原子结构
Nucleus: The tiny, dense central part of an atom, containing protons and neutrons. Almost all the mass of the atom is here. Electrons orbit the nucleus in shells.
原子核：原子中心极小且致密的部分，包含质子和中子。原子的几乎全部质量集中于此。电子在核外分层排布。
Proton: : Positively charged particle in the nucleus; relative mass = 1, charge = +1. The number of protons (atomic number) defines the element.
质子：原子核中带正电的粒子；相对质量 = 1，电荷 = +1。质子数（原子序数）决定了元素种类。
Neutron: ss = 1, charge = 0. Neutrons help hold the nucleus together and contribute to mass number.
中子：原子核中不带电的粒子；相对质量 = 1，电荷 = 0。中子帮助稳定原子核并影响质量数。
Electron: : Negatively charged particle that moves around the nucleus in energy levels (shells). Relative mass ≈ 1/1840, charge = –1. Atoms are neutral because proton number = electron number.
电子：带负电的粒子，在核外分层运动。相对质量约为 1/1840，电荷 = –1。原子整体呈电中性，因为质子数等于电子数。
Atomic number and mass number: ns. In nuclide notation, e.g., ¹⁴C, 14 is the mass number, 6 (from carbon) is the atomic number.
原子序数和质量数：原子序数 = 质子数。质量数 = 质子数 + 中子数。在核素符号中，如 ¹⁴C，14 是质量数，6（碳的）是原子序数。
10. Magnetism and Electromagnetism | 磁学与电磁学
Magnetic poles: Every magnet has a north-seeking pole (N) and a south-seeking pole (S). Like poles repel, unlike poles attract. A freely suspended magnet aligns with Earth's magnetic field.
磁极：每块磁铁都有指向北方的 N 极和指向南方的 S 极。同名磁极相互排斥，异名磁极相互吸引。自由悬挂的磁针会与地球磁场方向一致。
Magnetic field: The region around a magnet where a magnetic force is felt. Field lines go from north to south outside the magnet. Closer lines indicate a stronger field.
磁场：磁体周围可感受到磁力的区域。外部磁感线从 N 极指向 S 极。线越密，磁场越强。
Electromagnet: A coil of wire (solenoid) that becomes magnetic when current flows. The magnetic field strength increases with more turns, larger current, or an iron core. Used in cranes, doorbells, relays.
电磁铁：通过电流时带有磁性的线圈（螺线管）。增加匝数、增大电流或加入铁芯可增强磁场。用于起重机、门铃、继电器等。
Fleming's left-hand rule (motor effect): For a current-carrying wire in a magnetic field, the thumb points in the direction of force (motion), first finger in field direction (N to S), second finger in current direction (+ to –). Helps predict rotation in motors.
弗莱明左手定则（电动机效应）：通电导线在磁场中受力时，拇指指向力（运动）方向，食指指向磁场方向（N 到 S），中指指向电流方向（正到负）。用于预测电动机的转动方向。
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