📚 Edexcel Year 9 PE: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 9 Edexcel 体育：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the key vocabulary is the gateway to success in Year 9 Edexcel Physical Education. Whether you are labelling muscles, describing movement, or planning a training session, the right words turn understanding into marks. This guide groups must-know terms into memory-friendly chunks, pairing each concept with a simple trick to lock it in fast.
掌握核心术语是 Year 9 Edexcel 体育考试成功的关键。无论是标注肌肉、描述动作，还是制定训练计划，准确的词汇能将理解转化为分数。本指南将必背术语按记忆规律分组，每个概念都配有简单好记的技巧，帮你快速锁住关键词。
1. Health-Related Fitness Components and Memory Tricks | 健康相关体能成分与记忆技巧
These five components tell us how well the body copes with physical demands. You must be able to define and give examples of each. Use the first-letter story 'Can My Mum Bake Fudge?' – where C stands for Cardiovascular endurance, the first M for Muscular endurance, the second M for Muscular strength, F for Flexibility, and B for Body composition.
这五个成分反映身体应对体力需求的能力，你必须能说出定义并举例。用首字母故事 'Can My Mum Bake Fudge?' 来记：C 代表心血管耐力，第一个 M 代表肌肉耐力，第二个 M 代表肌肉力量，F 代表柔韧性，B 代表身体组成。
e swimmer: heart and lungs keep pumping while muscles work tirelessly. The memory trick is 'Cardio = carrying oxygen for a long race'.
心血管耐力是心脏和肺部长时间为工作肌肉供氧的能力。想象一位长距离游泳者：心脏和肺部持续泵送氧气，肌肉不知疲倦地工作。记忆诀窍是 'Cardio = 长距离比赛中运送氧气'。
n repeat contractions without tiring, like a rower maintaining a steady stroke rate. Think 'Endurance = endless repetitions'. Muscular strength is the maximum force a muscle can exert in one effort – imagine a weightlifter's one-rep max. Remember 'Strength = one super push'.
肌肉耐力指肌群能重复收缩而不疲劳，如划船手保持稳定的桨频。默念 'Endurance = 无尽重复'。肌肉力量则是肌肉单次收缩能产生的最大力量——想象举重运动员的一次最大重量。记住 'Strength = 一次猛推'。
e of movement possible at a joint, shown by a gymnast doing the splits. The mental link is 'Flexibility = bend further' an . Body composition describes the proportion of fat mass to lean mass in the body. The picture is a set of scales balancing muscle and fat. Link it with 'Body comp = what your body is made of'.
柔韧性是关节可达到的活动幅度，体操运动员的劈叉就是例子。心理关联是 'Flexibility = 弯曲得更远'。身体组成描述体内脂肪质量与瘦体重的比例。想象一个天平平衡肌肉与脂肪。关联为 'Body comp = 你的身体由什么组成'。
2. Skill-Related Fitness Components and Acronyms | 技能相关体能成分与首字母缩略词
These six components help you perform skills effectively. The acronym 'A Big Cat Plays Really Sporty' works: Agility, Balance, Coordination, Power, Reaction time, Speed. Each one can be linked to a specific sport for instant recall.
这六个成分帮助高效完成技能动作。用首字母缩略词 'A Big Cat Plays Really Sporty'：Agility 灵敏，Balance 平衡，Coordination 协调，Power 爆发力，Reaction time 反应时，Speed 速度。每个词都关联一个具体运动，便于快速回想。
Agility is the ability to change direction at speed while maintaining control – a netball player dodging a defender. Think 'Agile = change and go' r . Balance is keeping the centre of mass over the base of support, whether static like a handstand or dynamic like a surfer. The clue: 'Balance = stay steady'.
Agility 灵敏是快速变向同时保持控制的能力，就像无挡板篮球运动员闪避防守者。想 'Agile = 变向就冲'。Balance 平衡是将身体重心保持在支撑面内，可以是倒立那样的静态平衡，也可以是冲浪那样的动态平衡。提示：'Balance = 保持稳定'。
Coordination means using two or more body parts together smoothly – eyes and hands in cricket batting. Recall 'Coordination = parts working as one' bination of strength and speed, exploding from a long jump take-off. Remember the equation 'Power = strength x speed'.
Coordination 协调是流畅地同时使用两个或更多身体部位，如板球击球中的眼手配合。回忆 'Coordination = 多个部位合为一体'。Power 爆发力是力量与速度的结合，如跳远起跳时的爆发。记住公式 '爆发力 = 力量 × 速度'。
Reaction time is the time taken to respond to a stimulus – a sprinter leaving the blocks on the gun. The key phrase: 'React fast' ly . Speed is simply the rate at which a body part or the whole body moves over a distance, and its trick is 'Speed = quick legs'.
Reaction time 反应时是对刺激做出反应所需的时间，短跑运动员听枪声起跑。关键词：'快速反应'。Speed 速度就是身体某部分或全身移动的快慢，诀窍是 'Speed = 快腿'。
3. Skeletal System Keywords Made Easy | 骨骼系统关键词轻松记
Bone names and joint actions form a huge part of the exam. Run through the body from top to toe: cranium (skull), clavicle (collar bone), scapula (shoulder blade), humerus (upper arm), radius and ulna (forearm), pelvis (hip), femur (thigh bone), patella (kneecap), tibia (shin bone), fibula (thin bone beside tibia). Use a silly sentence: 'Crazy Cats Send Huge Rats Under People's Fences. Pink Tigers Fight.' for cranium, clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, pelvis, femur, patella, tibia, fibula.
骨骼名称和关节动作是考试的常见内容。从头到脚跑一遍：颅骨、锁骨、肩胛骨、肱骨、桡骨和尺骨、骨盆、股骨、髌骨、胫骨、腓骨。用一句夸张的话帮助记忆：'疯狂的猫把巨大的老鼠送到人们的围栏下。粉色老虎打架。' 对应英文首字母。
irections. Movement terms are crucial: flexion decreases the joint angle, extension increases it. Think 'Flex = fold'. Abduction moves a limb away from the midline – 'Ab-duction = ab-away'. Adduction adds it back towards the midline – 'Add-uction = add to the body' is . Rotation is turning around an axis, and circumduction is a cone-shaped movement combining them all.
关节类型可简化为铰链关节（膝、肘）像门铰链一样运动，球窝关节（髋、肩）可向各个方向运动。运动术语很重要：屈曲减小关节角度，伸扩展大角度。想 'Flex = 折叠'。外展（Abduction）是肢体远离身体中线——'Ab-duction = 远远离开'。内收（Adduction）是向中线靠拢——'Add-uction = 加回身体'。旋转是绕轴转动，环转则是组合动作画出一个圆锥形。
4. Muscular System and Antagonistic Pairs | 肌肉系统与拮抗肌对
Muscles work in pairs to create movement; the agonist is the prime mover that contracts, while the antagonist relaxes and lengthens. The biceps and triceps pair at the elbow: biceps contract to flex the arm (agonist), triceps relax (antagonist). During extension, the roles swap. Remember 'Agonist acts, Antagonist relaxes'.
肌肉成对工作产生运动；主动肌是收缩的主要活动肌，拮抗肌则放松并拉长。以肘关节的肱二头肌和肱三头肌为例：屈臂时肱二头肌收缩为主动肌，肱三头肌放松为拮抗肌。伸臂时角色互换。记住 '主动肌干活，拮抗肌放假'。
Major muscles to label and know: deltoids lift the arm, pectorals push forward, abdominals stabilise the trunk, quadriceps extend the knee, hamstrings flex the knee, and gastrocnemius points the toe. Create rhymes: 'Quads kick, hams pull back; pecs press, delts lift.' The quadriceps and hamstrings form another famous antagonistic pair. When kicking a ball, the quadriceps are agonists and hamstrings are antagonists. Memorise 'Front thigh straightens, back thigh bends.'
需要标注和了解的主要肌肉：三角肌抬臂，胸大肌前推，腹肌稳定躯干，股四头肌伸膝，腘绳肌屈膝，腓肠肌提踵。编个顺口溜：'股四踢，腘绳收；胸推，三角抬。' 股四头肌和腘绳肌是另一对著名的拮抗肌。踢球时，股四头肌是主动肌，腘绳肌是拮抗肌。记住 '大腿前面伸直，大腿后面弯曲'。
5. Cardiovascular and Respiratory Terminology | 心血管与呼吸术语
me of blood pumped per minute, and the equation is Q = HR × SV. Picture a bicycle pump: one pump pushes out a certain amount (SV), and the faster you pump, the more blood you shift (Q). That image cements the formula.
心率（HR）是每分钟心跳次数。每搏输出量（SV）是左心室每次搏动射出的血量。心输出量（Q）是每分钟泵出的血量，公式为 Q = HR × SV。想象一个打气筒：每压一次出一定量的气（SV），压得越快，每分钟输出的气就越多（Q）。这个画面能帮牢记住公式。
rate × tidal volume). Vasodilation is the widening of blood vessels to increase blood flow – 'dilation = wider diameter'. Vasoconstriction is the narrowing of blood vessels. Link 'dilation = big D for wide' and 'constriction = squeeze tight'.
呼吸术语包括呼吸频率（每分钟呼吸次数）、潮气量（每次呼吸吸入或呼出的气量）和每分通气量（呼吸频率 × 潮气量）。血管舒张（vasodilation）指血管扩张以增加血流量——'dilation = 直径变大'。血管收缩（vasoconstriction）是血管变窄。对应联想：'舒张像字母 D 的开口一样宽大，收缩像被紧紧握住'。
6. Principles of Training and FITT | 训练原则与FITT
The principles of training are often recalled with the mnemonic SPORT: Specificity, Progression, Overload, Reversibility, Tedium. Specificity means training must match the sport or goal – a marathon runner does not lift heavy weights all day. Progression means gradually increasing demand. Overload means working harder than normal to improve fitness. Reversibility reminds us 'use it or lose it'. Tedium warns against boredom: change your programme or you will quit.
训练原则常被简记为 SPORT：Specificity 针对性，Progression 循序渐进，Overload 超负荷，Reversibility 可逆性，Tedium 枯燥性。针对性指训练必须与运动项目或目标匹配——马拉松选手不会整天举重。循序渐进指逐步增加负荷。超负荷指要付出比平时更大的努力才能提升体能。可逆性提醒我们 '不用则退'。枯燥性则警告避免重复乏味：变换计划否则容易放弃。
The FITT principle helps you apply overload: Frequency (how often), Intensity (how hard), Time (how long), Type (what kind of exercise). A memory chant: 'Fit In Time Today'. Rate intensity for cardio using the talk test: if you can sing, it is too easy; if you cannot talk, it is too hard.
FITT 原则帮你应用超负荷：Frequency 频率（多久练一次）、Intensity 强度（多辛苦）、Time 时间（练多久）、Type 类型（何种运动）。用 'Fit In Time Today' 这句顺口溜来记。用谈话测试判断心肺强度：如果能唱歌，强度太低；如果说不出话，强度太高。
7. Types of Training and Methods | 训练类型与方法
rest, like a 30-minute jog, improving cardiovascular endurance. Fartlek training, meaning 'speed play' in Swedish, mixes fast and slow running – uit training moves through stations targeting different muscles or fitness components. Remember 'Fartlek = fun changes of pace'.
持续训练是不间断的稳定运动，比如 30 分钟慢跑，改善心血管耐力。法特莱克训练在瑞典语中意为 '速度游戏'，混合快跑与慢跑——想象在公园里玩追人游戏。间歇训练交替高强度练习与恢复期；习惯用训练与休息比安排，如 1:2。循环训练按站点轮换，针对不同肌肉或体能成分。记住 'Fartlek = 趣味变速'。
Weight training uses resistance to build muscular strength and endurance, with terms like 'reps' (repetitions) and 'sets'. Plyometric training develops power through explosive jumps and bounds – think box jumps. The catchphrase 'Plyo = power jumps' helps. Always match the training type to the fitness goal and remember the specificity principle.
重量训练用抗阻来增强肌肉力量和耐力，术语有 'reps'（重复次数）和 'sets'（组数）。增强式训练（plyometrics）通过爆发性的跳跃和弹跳发展爆发力——例如跳箱。口号 'Plyo = 爆发跳跃' 很有用。务必让训练类型与体能目标相匹配，牢记针对性原则。
8. Long-Term Effects of Exercise and Key Adaptations | 运动的长期效果与关键适应
Regular training causes body systems to adapt. Hypertrophy is an increase in muscle size – 'hyper = bigger'. Bradycardia is a lowered resting heart rate, a sign of an efficient heart; think 'brady = slow' illarisation is the growth of extra capillaries around muscles, improving oxygen delivery.
规律训练会引起身体系统的适应。肌肉肥大（hypertrophy）指肌肉尺寸增加——'hyper = 更大'。心动过缓（bradycardia）是静息心率降低，心脏高效的表现；想 'brady = 缓慢'。每搏输出量增加意味着心脏每跳泵出更多血液，因此休息时不需要跳那么快。毛细血管增生（capillarisation）是肌肉周围长出更多毛细血管，改善氧气供应。
Increased vital capacity is a greater amount of air the lungs can hold, while stronger respiratory muscles make breathing more efficient. The skeleton adapts too: increased bone density reduces the risk of fractures. Link these as 'heart grows stronger, lungs grow bigger, bones grow denser'.
肺活量增加使肺部能容纳更多气体，同时更强的呼吸肌让呼吸更高效。骨骼同样适应：骨密度增加降低骨折风险。将这些归纳为 '心脏更强，肺脏更大，骨骼更密'。
9. Injury Prevention and RICE | 损伤预防与RICE原则
A proper warm-up raises heart rate gradually, mobilises joints, and activates muscles to prevent injury. The cool-down allows the body to return to resting state and removes waste products. Key phases often include pulse raiser, stretching, and sport-specific drills. Think 'Warm up, don't tear up'.
合理的热身能平缓提升心率，活动关节并激活肌肉，防止损伤。放松活动让身体恢复静息状态并清除代谢废物。关键阶段通常包含：提升脉搏、拉伸和专项练习。想 '热身好了，就不会撕裂'。
For acute injuries, the RICE protocol is vital: Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation. Rest prevents further damage, Ice reduces swelling and pain, Compression limits swelling, and Elevation helps fluids drain away. A vivid image is 'Rest on an Ice pillow with a Compression bandage, Leg up high'. Never apply heat to an acute injury.
急性损伤时，RICE 处理法至关重要：Rest 休息，Ice 冰敷，Compression 加压，Elevation 抬高。休息防止进一步损伤，冰敷减轻肿胀和疼痛，加压限制肿胀，抬高促进组织液回流。生动画面是 '枕着冰袋休息，腿上缠着绷带，抬高受伤部位'。急性损伤千万不要热敷。
10. Data, Testing and Graph Vocabulary | 数据、测试与图表词汇
h test measures flexibility; the Handgrip Dynamometer measures strength; the Illinois Agility Test measures agility; the 30-metre Sprint measures speed; and the Vertical Jump measures power. Remember them by matching 'bleep = beep and run', 'sit and reach = stretch box', 'dynamo = grip power'.
体适能测试的官方名称需要掌握：多阶体能测试（哔哔声测试）测量心血管耐力；坐位体前屈测量柔韧性；握力计测量力量；伊利诺斯灵敏测试测量灵敏性；30 米冲刺测量速度；垂直纵跳测量爆发力。用口诀对应：'哔哔就是边跑边听响'，'坐位体前屈是摸箱子'，'握力计握出力量'。
re (e.g. heart rate). Control variables stay the same. In graphs, look for trends like plateau or decrease. Words like 'validity' (does the test measure what it claims?) and 'reliability' (can results be repeated consistently?) often appear. Think 'Valid = true; Reliable = repeatable'.
当结果呈现时，要识别变量：自变量是你改变的（如时间），因变量是你测量的（如心率），控制变量保持不变。图表中注意平台期或下降等趋势。'效度'（测试是否测到了要测的内容？）和 '信度'（结果能一致重复吗？）等词常出现。记 'Valid = 测的是真的；Reliable = 可以重复'。
11. Quick-Fire Category Sorting Game | 快速分类记忆游戏
Build a mental filing cabinet by grouping terms into categories. Flash cards with 'Component, Definition, Example, Test' can turn recall into a reflex. For instance, cardiovascular endurance: definition is 'ability to continuously exercise the whole body for long periods', example 'marathon', test 'bleep test'. Doing this for every fitness component bridges vocabulary to application.
在大脑中建立分类档案柜，将术语按类别分组。用 '成分、定义、例子、测试' 抽认卡能把回忆变成条件反射。例如心血管耐力：定义是 '长时间持续运动全身的能力'，例子 '马拉松'，测试 '哔哔声测试'。每个体能成分都这样过一遍，就能把词汇与应用连接起来。
Create silly associations for pronunciation: 'deltoid' sounds like 'delt toy', a triangle toy you lift; 'trapezius' sounds like 'trapeze' to remind you of the upper back. The more playful the link, the stickier the memory. Quiz a partner and make them define terms within three seconds.
编造好玩的发音联想：'deltoid' 像 '三角玩具'，一块你抬起来的三角形玩具；'trapezius' 像 'trapeze 高空秋千', 提醒你它是上背肌肉。联想越有趣，记忆越牢固。找个搭档互相考问，要求三秒内说出定义。
12. Round-Up and Memory Toolkit | 总结与记忆工具箱
Use acronyms, rhymes, mental images, and paired English and Chinese flashcards for every term. Write key terms on sticky notes and place them where you will see them daily. Before the exam, take a blank sheet and draw a mind map, recalling every category: health components, skill components, bones, muscles, training principles, tests, and injury words. The act of retrieval strengthens memory more than re-reading.
善用首字母缩略词、顺口溜、心理图像和中英配对的抽认卡来记忆每一个术语。把关键词写在便利贴上，贴在每天能看到的地方。考前拿一张白纸画思维导图，回忆每个类别：健康成分、技能成分、骨骼、肌肉、训练原则、测试和损伤词汇。主动提取比反复阅读更能强化记忆。
Consistent, short bursts of vocabulary revision will give you the confidence to use these terms accurately in extended writing and data analysis questions. You now own the language of Edexcel PE.
坚持短时高频复习词汇，你就能在长篇作答和数据分析题中自信地准确使用这些术语。现在你已经掌握了 Edexcel 体育的语言。
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