📚 Year 9 Edexcel Philosophy: Quick Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | Year 9 Edexcel 哲学：词汇术语速记指南
Learning philosophy in Year 9 can feel like stepping into a new world of abstract words. This guide breaks down the must-know terms for Edexcel Philosophy, offering simple definitions and clever memory tricks. The quicker you lock in this vocabulary, the easier it becomes to follow arguments and structure your own essays with confidence.
在Year 9学习哲学，仿佛进入了一个充满抽象词汇的新世界。本指南将Edexcel哲学考试必备术语一一拆解，提供简明定义和巧妙的记忆技巧。越快把这些词汇印入脑海，你就越能轻松跟上论证、自信地组织自己的短文。
1. What is Philosophy? | 什么是哲学？
Philosophy – Literally 'love of wisdom' (from Greek philo 'love' and sophia 'wisdom'). It is the rational investigation of fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. Mnemonic: Think of a philosopher as a 'lover of wisdom' who never stops asking 'why'.
哲学——字面意思是'爱智慧'（源于希腊语philo '爱'和sophia '智慧'）。它是对存在、知识、价值、理性、心灵和语言等根本问题的理性探究。速记：把哲学家看作一个永远在问'为什么'的'爱智者'。
Wisdom – Deep understanding, sound judgement, and the ability to apply knowledge in life. Mnemonic: Split it as 'wise-dom' – imagine a kingdom ruled by a wise person who always makes good decisions.
智慧——深刻的理解、健全的判断力以及将知识运用于生活的能力。速记：拆分为'wise-dom'，想象一个由智者统治的王国，智者总能做出好的决定。
Argument – A structured set of statements where some (premises) aim to support another (conclusion). It is not a quarrel but a reasoned case. Mnemonic: Picture a court trial – evidence (premises) presented to prove a claim (conclusion).
论证——一组结构化的陈述，其中一些陈述（前提）旨在支持另一陈述（结论）。它不是争吵，而是理性的证明过程。速记：想象一场法庭审判——出示证据（前提）来证明一个主张（结论）。
Metaphysics – The branch of philosophy concerned with the nature of reality, being, time, space, and what exists beyond the physical world. Mnemonic: 'Meta' means beyond, so metaphysics is the study beyond physics.
形而上学——哲学的分支，关注现实的本质、存在、时间、空间以及超越物质世界的存在。速记：'Meta'意味着超越，所以形而上学就是超越物理学的研究。
2. Epistemology: How Do We Know? | 认识论：我们如何知道？
Knowledge – Traditionally defined as justified true belief (JTB). To know something, you need truth, belief, and evidence. Mnemonic: Remember the initials JTB – think of a 'Just True Belief' ticket.
知识——传统上被定义为得到辩护的真信念（JTB）。要认识某事，你需要真、信念和证据。速记：记住首字母JTB——想象一张'Just True Belief'入场券。
Belief – An acceptance that a statement is true or that something exists, even without absolute proof. Mnemonic: Break it as 'be-lief' – the 'lief' sounds like 'leaf', and a leaf might make you believe in nature's design.
信念——即使没有绝对证明，也接受某个陈述为真或某事物存在。速记：拆成'be-lief'，'lief'听起来像'leaf'（叶子），一片叶子可能让你相信自然的设计。
Justification – The reasons, evidence, or grounds that support a belief. Mnemonic: Read it as 'just-if-ication' – you can only claim knowledge 'just if' you have a proper justification.
辩护——支持某个信念的理由、证据或根据。速记：读作'just-if-ication'——只有当你有适当辩护时，你才能声称拥有知识。
Empiricism – The view that all knowledge ultimately comes from sensory experience (seeing, hearing, touching). Mnemonic: Think of an 'empirical' scientist who relies on experiments and observations.
经验主义——认为所有知识最终来自感觉经验（看、听、触）的观点。速记：想象一位依赖实验和观察的'经验'科学家。
Rationalism – The view that reason and logical thinking are the primary sources of knowledge, not just experience. Mnemonic: 'Rational' minds use reason alone, like a mathematician solving proofs.
理性主义——认为理性和逻辑思维是知识的主要来源，而不仅仅是经验。速记：'理性'的心灵仅用推理，就像数学家解证明题。
Scepticism – The philosophical position that questions whether we can ever have certain knowledge. Mnemonic: A 'sceptic' is like a detective who doubts everything until the evidence is undeniable.
怀疑论——质疑我们是否能拥有确定知识的哲学立场。速记：一个'怀疑论者'就像侦探，在证据无可辩驳之前怀疑一切。
3. Ethics: Right and Wrong | 伦理学：对与错
Ethics – The branch of philosophy that studies moral principles and what constitutes right and wrong behaviour. Mnemonic: The Greek root 'ethos' means character – ethics is about building a good character.
伦理学——哲学分支，研究道德原则以及什么构成对与错的行为。速记：希腊词根'ethos'意思是品格——伦理学关乎塑造良好品格。
Morality – The set of principles or rules concerning right and wrong that guide how people should act. Mnemonic: Think of your inner 'moral compass' pointing towards what is right.
道德——关于对与错的一套原则或规则，指引人们应如何行动。速记：想象你内心的'道德指南针'，总指向正确的方向。
Consequentialism – An ethical theory that judges the rightness or wrongness of an action by its outcomes or consequences. Mnemonic: Only the 'consequences' matter – the end can justify the means.
后果论——一种伦理理论，根据行为的结果或后果来判断其是否正确。速记：只有'后果'才重要——目的可以为手段辩护。
Utilitarianism – A form of consequentialism that holds the best action is the one that maximises overall happiness (the greatest good for the greatest number). Mnemonic: 'Utility' means usefulness – choose the action with maximum happiness utility.
功利主义——一种后果论，主张最佳行动是最大化整体幸福（最大多数人的最大幸福）。速记：'Utility'（效用）意味着有用——选择带来最大幸福效用的行动。
Deontology – Duty-based ethics; an act is right or wrong in itself, regardless of consequences. Mnemonic: 'Deon' is Greek for duty – always follow your moral duty.
义务论——基于义务的伦理学；一个行为本身正确与否，无关后果。速记：'Deon'在希腊语中意为义务——永远遵循你的道德义务。
Categorical Imperative – Immanuel Kant's absolute moral rule: act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law. Mnemonic: 'Categorical' means unconditional and 'imperative' means command – an absolute must-do.
定言命令——伊曼努尔·康德的绝对道德法则：只按照你同时愿意其成为普遍法则的准则去行动。速记：'Categorical'（定言的）意味着无条件的，'Imperative'（命令）意味着必须执行的命令。
4. Philosophy of Religion: Does God Exist? | 宗教哲学：上帝是否存在？
Theism – Belief in the existence of a God or gods, especially a creator who is involved in the world. Mnemonic: 'Theos' means God – theism simply adds the belief.
有神论——相信一个或多个神存在，尤其是一位参与世界的造物主。速记：'Theos'就是神——有神论就是加上这个信仰。
Atheism – The absence of belief in any deities; the rejection of theism. Mnemonic: 'A-' means without – atheism is without God.
无神论——不相信任何神明；对有神论的拒绝。速记：'A-'表示没有——无神论即没有神。
Agnosticism – The view that the existence of God is unknown and probably unknowable; suspending judgement. Mnemonic: 'Gnosis' is knowledge – an agnostic says we lack knowledge about God.
不可知论——认为上帝的存在是未知的且很可能不可知的观点；悬置判断。速记：'Gnosis'是知识——不可知论者说我们缺乏关于上帝的知识。
Design Argument (Teleological Argument) – The argument that the complexity and order in the universe show evidence of a designer (God). Mnemonic: 'Teleological' comes from 'telos' (purpose) – the universe looks like it has a purpose, just like a watch implies a watchmaker.
设计论证（目的论论证）——认为宇宙的复杂性和秩序显示出存在一位设计者（上帝）的证据。速记：'Teleological'源自'telos'（目的）——宇宙看似有目的，正如手表暗示着制表师。
First Cause Argument (Cosmological Argument) – The argument that every event has a cause, leading back to a first uncaused cause, which is God. Mnemonic: 'Cosmos' means universe – follow the chain of causes back to the very beginning.
第一因论证（宇宙论论证）——认为每个事件都有原因，由此追溯到一个无因的第一因，那就是上帝。速记：'Cosmos'意味着宇宙——沿着因果链追溯到最初。
Problem of Evil – The challenge to belief in an all-powerful, all-loving God, given the existence of suffering and evil in the world. Mnemonic: If God is all-good and all-powerful, why is there evil? This is the 'problem' that shakes faith.
恶的问题——鉴于世上存在苦难和邪恶，对全能全善的上帝信仰构成的挑战。速记：如果上帝全善全能，为何存在邪恶？这就是动摇信仰的'问题'。
5. Logic and Argumentation |
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