📚 Year 9 Edexcel Politics: Key Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | Edexcel Year 9 政治：核心词汇速记指南
Welcome to your essential revision toolkit for Year 9 Edexcel Politics. This guide breaks down the most important terms you will encounter in the British political system – from democracy and Parliament to rights and taxation. Mastering this vocabulary early will give you a confident start in understanding how the UK is governed, and will serve as a solid foundation for your GCSE Citizenship or Politics studies.
欢迎来到 Year 9 Edexcel 政治必备复习工具包。本指南拆解了你将在英国政治体系中遇到的最重要的术语——从民主、议会到权利和税收。尽早掌握这些词汇将使你自信地理解英国的治理方式，并为你未来的 GCSE 公民或政治学习打下坚实基础。
1. Democracy and Government | 民主与政府
Democracy is a system where the people have a say in how their country is run, either directly or through elected representatives. The UK is a representative democracy, meaning citizens vote for MPs to make decisions on their behalf.
民主是一种人民对国家管理方式有发言权的制度，可以通过直接参与或选举代表来实现。英国是一个代议制民主国家，这意味着公民投票选出议员，由议员代表他们做出决策。
Government refers to the group of people who run the country and make laws. It is formed by the political party that wins the most seats in a general election, and it is led by the Prime Minister.
政府指的是管理国家并制定法律的一群人。它由在大选中赢得最多议会席位的政党组建，并由首相领导。
The key difference between Parliament and government is that Parliament makes laws and holds the government to account, whereas the government proposes policies and runs the day-to-day administration of the country.
议会与政府的主要区别在于，议会制定法律并监督政府问责，而政府则提出政策并负责国家的日常行政管理。
2. Parliament and Its Chambers | 议会及其两院
The UK Parliament is the supreme legislative body. It is made up of three parts: the monarch, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons. Bills must pass through both Houses and receive Royal Assent to become law.
英国议会是最高立法机构。它由三部分组成：君主、上议院和下议院。法案必须经过两院通过并获得御准才能成为法律。
The House of Commons is the elected chamber, consisting of 650 Members of Parliament (MPs) who each represent a constituency. This is where most new laws and major debates take place.
下议院是民选议院，由 650 名议员组成，每位议员代表一个选区。这里是大多数新法律出台和主要辩论进行的地方。
The House of Lords is the unelected chamber, made up of life peers, bishops, and hereditary peers. It reviews and amends legislation passed by the Commons, acting as a revising chamber.
上议院是非民选议院，由终身贵族、主教和世袭贵族组成。它负责审查和修订下议院通过的法案，起到修订院的作用。
3. The Prime Minister and Cabinet | 首相与内阁
The Prime Minister is the head of the UK government. Usually the leader of the largest party in the House of Commons, the PM appoints ministers, sets government policy, and represents the country internationally.
首相是英国政府的首脑。通常由下议院第一大党的领袖担任，首相负责任命大臣、制定政府政策并在国际上代表国家。
The Cabinet is a group of senior ministers chosen by the Prime Minister to lead key government departments, such as the Treasury, Home Office, or Foreign Office. They meet regularly to decide major policy.
内阁是由首相选定的一组高级大臣，负责领导财政部、内政部或外交部等关键政府部门。他们定期召开会议决定重大政策。
Collective responsibility is a principle that all Cabinet ministers publicly support government decisions, even if they privately disagree. If a minister cannot support a policy, they are expected to resign.
集体责任是指所有内阁大臣公开支持政府决策的原则，即使私下持有不同意见。如果某位大臣无法支持某项政策，就被期望辞职。
4. Political Parties and the Opposition | 政党与反对党
A political party is an organised group of people with similar political ideas who aim to win elections and form a government. Major UK parties include the Conservative Party, Labour Party, and Liberal Democrats.
政党是由具有相似政治理念的人组成的有组织的团体，其目标是赢得选举并组建政府。英国主要政党包括保守党、工党和自由民主党。
The Official Opposition is the party with the second-largest number of MPs in the House of Commons. Its job is to challenge government policies, propose alternatives, and hold the government to account through debates and questions.
官方反对党是下议院中拥有第二多议员席位的政党。其职责是质疑政府政策、提出替代方案，并通过辩论和质询让政府承担责任。
A manifesto is a document published by a party before an election, setting out its promises and policies. Voters use it to understand what the party would do if it gained power.
宣言是政党在选举前发布的一份文件，阐述其承诺和政策。选民借此了解该党如果获得权力将会做什么。
5. Elections and Voting | 选举与投票
A general election is held to choose MPs for every constituency in the UK. Under the 'first past the post' system, the candidate with the most votes in a constituency wins a seat, regardless of whether they have an overall majority.
大选是为了选出英国每个选区的议员而举行的。在“简单多数制”下，选区中得票最多的候选人赢得席位，无论其是否拥有绝对多数。
Constituency is the geographical area an MP represents. Each constituency has roughly 70,000 to 80,000 voters, and boundaries are reviewed regularly to keep populations fair.
选区是议员所代表的地理区域。每个选区大约有 7 万到 8 万名选民，界线会定期审查以保持人口公平。
To be eligible to vote in a UK general election, you must be aged 18 or over, a British, Irish, or qualifying Commonwealth citizen, and registered on the electoral roll.
要在英国大选中投票，你必须年满 18 岁，是英国、爱尔兰或符合条件的英联邦公民，并在选民名册上登记。
6. The Monarchy and Constitution | 君主与宪法
The UK is a constitutional monarchy. This means the monarch is the head of state, but their powers are limited by law and they act on the advice of the government. The current monarch is King Charles III.
英国是君主立宪制国家。这意味着君主是国家元首，但其权力受法律限制，并依据政府的建议行事。现任君主是查尔斯三世国王。
The UK does not have a single written constitution. Instead, its constitution comes from statutes, common law, conventions, and authoritative works. This is sometimes called an 'uncodified' constitution.
英国没有一部单一的成文宪法。相反，它的宪法来源于成文法、普通法、惯例和权威著作。这有时被称为“非法典化”宪法。
Royal Assent is the final stage of a bill becoming an Act of Parliament. By convention, the monarch always grants Assent when advised by ministers; it has not been refused since 1708.
御准是法案成为议会法令的最后阶段。根据惯例，君主总是根据大臣的建议给予御准；自 1708 年以来从未被拒绝过。
7. The Rule of Law | 法治
The rule of law means that everyone in society, including the government and those in power, must follow the same set of laws. It guarantees fairness, protects rights, and prevents arbitrary rule.
法治意味着社会中的每一个人，包括政府和当权者，都必须遵守同一套法律。它保障公平，保护权利，并防止专断统治。
An important historical document linked to the rule of law is Magna Carta, sealed in 1215, which established the principle that the king was not above the law.
与法治相关的一份重要历史文件是 1215 年封印的《大宪章》，它确立了国王并非凌驾于法律之上的原则。
Judicial independence ensures that judges can make decisions free from pressure by the government or Parliament. This separation of powers is vital to upholding the rule of law.
司法独立确保法官能够在不受政府或议会压力的情况下做出裁决。这种权力分置对于维护法治至关重要。
8. Rights and Responsibilities | 权利与责任
Rights are legal, social, or ethical principles of freedom, such as the right to free speech, the right to a fair trial, and the right to vote. These are often protected by the Human Rights Act 1998 in the UK.
权利是自由的法律、社会或伦理原则，例如言论自由权、获得公平审判的权利和投票权。在英国，这些权利通常受到 1998 年《人权法案》的保护。
Responsibilities are duties citizens have to their community and the state. They include obeying the law, paying taxes, serving on a jury when called, and respecting the rights of others.
责任是公民对其社区和国家应尽的义务。它们包括遵守法律、纳税、在被征召时担任陪审员，以及尊重他人的权利。
Balancing rights and responsibilities is essential in a democracy. For example, the right to protest must be exercised peacefully and without harming others or their property.
在民主国家，平衡权利与责任至关重要。例如，抗议权必须以和平方式行使，不得伤害他人或破坏其财产。
9. Taxation and Public Spending | 税收与公共支出
Taxation is the money individuals and businesses pay to the government. The main taxes in the UK include income tax, Value Added Tax (VAT), and corporation tax. This revenue funds public services.
税收是个人和企业向政府缴纳的金钱。英国的主要税种包括所得税、增值税（VAT）和公司税。这些财政收入为公共服务提供资金。
Public spending refers to how the government allocates tax revenue to areas such as the National Health Service (NHS), education, defence, and welfare benefits. An annual Budget sets out these plans.
公共支出指政府如何将税收收入分配到国家医疗服务体系（NHS）、教育、国防和福利等领域的。年度预算阐明了这些计划。
Fiscal responsibility means the government should manage the economy prudently, avoiding excessive borrowing, so that future generations are not burdened with unsustainable debt.
财政责任意味着政府应审慎管理经济，避免过度借贷，以免后代背上不可持续的债务负担。
10. Pressure Groups and Lobbying | 压力团体与游说
A pressure group is an organisation that tries to influence government policy without seeking election itself. Examples include Greenpeace and the National Union of Students. They use petitions, demonstrations, and media campaigns.
压力团体是试图影响政府政策但不寻求自身当选的组织。例子包括绿色和平组织和全国学生联合会。他们使用请愿、示威游行和媒体宣传活动。
Lobbying is the activity of trying to persuade MPs, peers, or government ministers to support a particular cause. It is a legal part of the political process but must be carried out transparently.
游说是指试图说服议员、贵族或政府大臣支持某一特定事业的活动。它是政治过程中的合法部分，但必须透明进行。
Insider groups are pressure groups that have close access to government officials and are often consulted during policy-making. Outsider groups rely on public campaigns because they lack this direct access.
内部集团是指能够密切接触政府官员并在政策制定过程中经常被征询意见的压力团体。外部集团因缺乏这种直接接触而依赖公众宣传活动。
11. Referendums and Direct Democracy | 公投与直接民主
A referendum is a direct vote in which the entire electorate is asked to decide on a single political question. Examples in the UK include the 2016 EU referendum and the 2014 Scottish independence referendum.
公投是一种直接投票，全体选民被要求就单一政治问题做出决定。英国的公投例子包括 2016 年脱欧公投和 2014 年苏格兰独立公投。
Unlike a general election, a referendum is an example of direct democracy because voters make the decision themselves, rather than leaving it to elected MPs. However, referendums are not legally binding unless Parliament says so.
与大选不同，公投是直接民主的一个例子，因为选民亲自做出决定，而不是留给选举产生的议员。不过，除非议会明确规定，公投并不具有法律约束力。
Critics of referendums argue that they can oversimplify complex issues into 'yes/no' answers and may lead to decisions that ignore minority interests or expert advice.
批评公投的人认为，公投可能将复杂问题过度简化为“是/否”答案，并可能导致忽视少数群体利益或专家意见的决定。
12. Devolution and Local Government | 权力下放与地方政府
Devolution is the transfer of certain powers from the central UK Parliament to regional bodies, such as the Scottish Parliament, the Welsh Senedd, and the Northern Ireland Assembly. These bodies can make laws on devolved matters like health and education.
权力下放是指将英国中央议会的某些权力移交给地区机构，如苏格兰议会、威尔士议会和北爱尔兰议会。这些机构可以就卫生和教育等权力下放事项制定法律。
Local government refers to councils at county, district, or parish level. They are responsible for local services such as rubbish collection, libraries, social care, and planning permission. Councillors are elected locally.
地方政府是指郡、区或教区一级的议会。它们负责垃圾收集、图书馆、社会关怀和规划许可等地方服务。地方议员由当地选举产生。
The principle of subsidiarity says that decisions should be taken as closely as possible to the people they affect. Devolution and strong local government put this principle into practice.
辅助性原则指出，决策应尽可能贴近受其影响的人。权力下放和强有力的地方政府将这一原则付诸实践。
Published by TutorHao | Politics Revision Series | aleveler.com
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