📚 Year 9 Edexcel Law: Core Knowledge Review | Year 9 Edexcel 法律：核心知识点梳理
Welcome to your Year 9 Law revision guide. This article summarises the fundamental concepts you need to master, from the nature of law to the roles of legal professionals. Understanding these building blocks will set you up for success in Edexcel Law assessments.
欢迎阅读您的九年级法律复习指南。本文总结了您需要掌握的基本概念，从法律的本质到法律专业人士的角色。理解这些基础要素将为您的爱德思法律考试成功奠定基础。
1. What is Law? | 什么是法律？
Law is a system of rules that a society develops to regulate behaviour and resolve disputes. Unlike moral rules, laws are enforceable by the state through penalties such as fines or imprisonment.
法律是一个社会为规范行为和解决争端而制定的一套规则体系。与道德规则不同，法律由国家通过罚款或监禁等惩罚来强制执行。
In England and Wales, laws apply equally to all individuals and are upheld by an independent judiciary. This promotes order and protects citizens' rights.
在英格兰和威尔士，法律平等适用于所有个人，并由独立的司法机关维护。这有助于维持秩序并保护公民权利。
The rule of law means that no one is above the law – even the government must follow legal procedures. Without law, society would face chaos because there would be no formal way to resolve disputes or punish wrongdoing.
法治意味着没有人能凌驾于法律之上——即使是政府也必须遵循法律程序。没有法律，社会将陷入混乱，因为将没有正式途径解决争端或惩罚不当行为。
2. Sources of Law | 法律来源
The UK has several sources of law. The most important is statute law, which consists of Acts of Parliament such as the Theft Act 1968.
英国有多个法律来源。最重要的是成文法，由议会法案构成，例如《1968年盗窃法》。
Common law, also known as case law or judge-made law, develops through decisions in courts after following precedents from higher courts.
普通法，又称判例法或法官造法，通过法院判决并遵循上级法院的先例而发展。
Until Brexit, retained EU law was a significant source. Now only certain EU laws remain applicable under the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018.
脱欧之前，保留的欧盟法是重要来源。现在只有特定欧盟法律根据《2018年欧盟（退出）法》仍适用。
The Human Rights Act 1998 incorporated the European Convention on Human Rights into UK law, allowing citizens to enforce rights in domestic courts.
《1998年人权法案》将《欧洲人权公约》纳入英国法律，允许公民在国内法院行使这些权利。
Secondary legislation, or delegated legislation, is made by ministers under powers given by Parliament, often for detailed regulations.
次级立法或授权立法由部长根据议会赋予的权力制定，通常用于详细条例。
3. The Court System | 法院体系
The English court system is divided into criminal courts and civil courts. They deal with different types of cases and have their own hierarchy.
英格兰法院系统分为刑事法院和民事法院。它们处理不同类型的案件并有各自的等级结构。
In criminal cases, the Magistrates' Court handles less serious offences (summary offences), while the Crown Court deals with serious offences (indictable offences) and triable-either-way cases.
在刑事案件中，治安法院处理较轻的罪行（简易罪），而皇家法院处理严重罪行（可公诉罪）以及可选择审判方式的案件。
Appeals from the Magistrates' Court go to the Crown Court, and from there to the Court of Appeal (Criminal Division). The final appeal court is the Supreme Court.
治安法院的上诉案件转至皇家法院，然后再到上诉法院（刑事分庭）。最终上诉法院是最高法院。
Civil courts include the County Court for small to medium claims and the High Court for larger claims and complex matters. Family cases may be heard in the Family Court.
民事法院包括处理中小型索赔的郡法院和处理较大索赔及复杂事务的高等法院。家庭案件可在家庭法院审理。
There are also tribunals that specialise in areas like employment, immigration and welfare – these are less formal and quicker than courts.
还有专门处理就业、移民和福利等领域的裁判庭——这些比法院更非正式且更快捷。
4. Criminal Law | 刑法
Criminal law deals with conduct seen as harmful to society. The state prosecutes the accused, and if found guilty beyond reasonable doubt, the defendant may be punished by imprisonment, fines, or community orders.
刑法处理被视为对社会有害的行为。国家起诉被告，若在排除合理怀疑后被认定有罪，被告可能被判处监禁、罚款或社区令。
To establish criminal liability, two elements are usually required: actus reus (the guilty act) and mens rea (the guilty mind). For instance, theft requires dishonest appropriation of property with intent to permanently deprive.
要确立刑事责任，通常需要两个要素：犯罪行为（actus reus）和犯罪意图（mens rea）。例如，盗窃要求不诚实地占有财产并意图永久剥夺。
Some crimes are strict liability, where mens rea is not needed – only the actus reus matters, such as selling alcohol to under-18s.
有些犯罪属于严格责任，不需要犯罪意图——只需有犯罪行为，例如向18岁以下未成年人出售酒精。
The aims of sentencing include punishment, deterrence, rehabilitation, protection of the public, and reparation. Judges follow sentencing guidelines.
量刑的目的包括惩罚、威慑、改造、保护公众和补偿。法官遵循量刑指南。
5. Civil Law | 民法
Civil law deals with disputes between individuals or organisations. The claimant brings a case against the defendant, seeking a remedy such as damages (compensation) or an injunction.
民法处理个人或组织之间的纠纷。原告起诉被告，寻求损害赔偿（金钱补偿）或禁令等救济。
Key areas of civil law include contract law, tort law (such as negligence), family law, and company law. Negligence involves a duty of care, breach, causation and damage.
民法的主要领域包括合同法、侵权法（如过失）、家庭法和公司法。过失涉及注意义务、违反义务、因果关系和损害。
The standard of proof in civil cases is 'on the balance of probabilities', which is lower than the criminal standard. This means it is more likely than not that the claim is true.
民事案件的证明标准是"盖然性权衡"，低于刑事标准。这意味着该主张更可能为真。
Remedies can be monetary (damages) or non-monetary (specific performance, injunctions). The court aims to put the claimant in the position they would have been in had the wrong not occurred.
救济可以是金钱的（损害赔偿）或非金钱的（特定履行、禁令）。法院旨在将原告置于如果没有发生过错本应处于的地位。
6. Key Legal Principles | 主要法律原则
A fundamental principle is the rule of law, meaning society is governed by laws, not by arbitrary decisions. Everyone is subject to the law and entitled to its protection.
一项基本原则是法治，意味着社会由法律而非武断决定所统治。每个人都受法律约束并有权获得法律保护。
The presumption of innocence in criminal trials requires the prosecution to prove guilt, not the defendant to prove innocence. This is protected by Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights (right to a fair trial).
刑事审判中的无罪推定要求控方证明有罪，而非被告证明自己无辜。这受《欧洲人权公约》第6条（公平审判权）保护。
Parliamentary sovereignty means Parliament can make or repeal any law and cannot be overturned by any other body. However, the Human Rights Act and EU membership have modified this in practice.
议会主权意味着议会可以制定或废除任何法律，且不能被其他机构推翻。但《人权法案》和欧盟成员资格在实践中已对此有所修正。
The separation of powers divides the state into legislative (Parliament), executive (Government) and judicial (courts) branches to prevent abuse of power.
三权分立将国家权力分为立法（议会）、行政（政府）和司法（法院）三部分，以防止权力滥用。
7. Legal Professionals | 法律专业人士
Solicitors provide legal advice, draft documents, and may represent clients in lower courts. They first meet clients and prepare cases.
事务律师提供法律咨询、起草文件，并可在下级法院代表当事人。他们首先与客户会面并准备案件。
Barristers specialise in advocacy in higher courts and give expert legal opinions. They are typically instructed by solicitors.
出庭律师专门在高级法院进行辩护，并提供专家法律意见。他们通常由事务律师委托。
Judges preside over trials, interpret the law, sum up evidence for juries, and pass sentences or rulings. They must be impartial and independent.
法官主持审判、解释法律、为陪审团总结证据并作出判决或裁定。他们必须保持公正和独立。
In Crown Court trials, a jury of 12 ordinary citizens decides on the facts and delivers a verdict (guilty or not guilty). The judge decides the law and sentence.
在皇家法院审判中，由12名普通公民组成的陪审团裁定事实并作出裁断（有罪或无罪）。法官决定法律和量刑。
Lay magistrates are volunteer members of the community who hear minor criminal cases in the Magistrates' Court, assisted by a legal adviser.
非专业治安法官是社区志愿者，在治安法院审理轻微刑事案件，由法律顾问协助。
8. Law and Morality | 法律与道德
Morality refers to society's values about right and wrong, often rooted in culture or religion. Law may reflect morality but they are not the same. For example, adultery may be seen as immoral but is not a crime in the UK.
道德指社会关于对错的价值观，通常根植于文化或宗教。法律可能反映道德，但它们并不相同。例如，通奸可能被视为不道德，但在英国并非犯罪。
Some laws change as moral attitudes evolve, such as the decriminalisation of homosexuality and the introduction of same-sex marriage.
随着道德观念的变化，一些法律也发生变化，例如同性恋去罪化和同性婚姻的引入。
However, some acts are both immoral and illegal, like murder. The law enforces a minimum standard of behaviour expected in society.
然而，有些行为既是不道德的也是非法的，例如谋杀。法律强制执行社会所期望的最低行为标准。
9. Law-making: Parliament and Precedent | 立法：议会与先例
Parliament creates new laws through a process: a Bill is introduced, debated in the House of Commons and House of Lords, and if agreed, receives Royal Assent to become an Act.
议会通过一个程序制定新法律：法案提出，在下议院和上议院辩论，如获同意，经御准后成为法令。
Green Papers and White Papers often precede legislation, allowing consultation and government proposals. Public Bills affect the whole country, while Private Bills affect only specific groups.
绿皮书和白皮书通常先于立法，允许咨询和政府提案。公法法案影响全国，而私法法案仅影响特定群体。
Judges make law through the doctrine of precedent, or stare decisis. When a higher court makes a ruling on a point of law, lower courts must follow it if the facts are similar.
法官通过先例原则或称遵循先例来造法。当上级法院对某一法律要点作出裁决时，下级法院在类似事实下必须遵循。
The Supreme Court is the highest court, and its decisions bind all other courts. The Court of Appeal is bound by its own previous decisions unless one of the exceptions applies.
最高法院是最高级别的法院，其判决对所有其他法院具有约束力。上诉法院受其自身先前判决的约束，除非适用例外情况。
10. Enforcement and Dispute Resolution | 执法与争议解决
The police enforce criminal law by investigating crime, gathering evidence, and charging suspects. The Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) then decides whether to prosecute and brings the case to court.
警方通过调查犯罪、收集证据和起诉嫌疑人来执行刑法。皇家检察署随后决定是否起诉并将案件提交法院。
For civil disputes, individuals can use negotiation, mediation or arbitration as alternatives to going to court. These are often quicker and less expensive.
对于民事纠纷，个人可以使用谈判、调解或仲裁作为诉讼的替代方式。这些方式通常更快捷且更便宜。
Online dispute resolution is increasingly used for consumer complaints and small claims. Courts also encourage parties to attempt ADR before trial.
在线争议解决方式越来越多地用于消费者投诉和小额索赔。法院也会鼓励当事人在审判前尝试替代性争议解决方式。
Published by TutorHao | Law Revision Series | aleveler.com
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