📚 Year 8 Cambridge PE: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 8 Cambridge 体育：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the key vocabulary in Physical Education is like learning the rules of a new game – once you know the words, everything makes more sense. This guide is designed to help Year 8 Cambridge students memorise the essential PE terms quickly, using simple explanations, clear Chinese translations, and clever memory tricks. By linking each English term to its Chinese equivalent and a memorable image or acronym, you will be able to recall bones, muscles, fitness components, and training principles with confidence during lessons and assessments.
体育课的关键词汇就像学习一项新运动的规则——一旦你掌握了这些词语，一切都会变得更加清晰。本指南旨在帮助 Year 8 剑桥学生快速记忆核心体育术语，通过简洁的解释、清晰的中文翻译和巧妙的记忆技巧，将每个英文术语与其中文对应以及生动的图像或首字母缩写联系起来。你将能够在课堂和测试中自信地回忆骨骼、肌肉、体适能成分和训练原则。
1. Skeletal System Key Terms | 骨骼系统核心术语
The human skeleton serves five crucial functions: support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell production. An easy mnemonic is 'Some People Move More Slowly' (Support, Protection, Movement, Mineral storage, blood cell production).
人体骨骼有五大关键功能：支撑、保护、运动、矿物质储存和血细胞生成。一个简单的记忆口诀是 'Some People Move More Slowly'（支撑、保护、运动、矿物质储存、血细胞生成）。
The axial skeleton includes the cranium, vertebrae, sternum, and ribs, forming the central core. The appendicular skeleton consists of the clavicles, scapulae, arms, pelvis, and legs, responsible for mobility.
中轴骨包括颅骨、椎骨、胸骨和肋骨，构成身体的中央核心。附肢骨由锁骨、肩胛骨、手臂、骨盆和腿组成，负责身体的活动。
Key bone names to spell and locate: cranium (skull), clavicle (collarbone), scapula (shoulder blade), humerus (upper arm), radius (thumb-side forearm), ulna (pinky-side forearm), pelvis (hip), femur (thigh, longest bone), patella (kneecap), tibia (shin, weight-bearing), fibula (thin outer shin bone).
需要拼写和定位的关键骨骼名称：cranium（颅骨）、clavicle（锁骨）、scapula（肩胛骨）、humerus（肱骨）、radius（桡骨，拇指侧）、ulna（尺骨，小指侧）、pelvis（骨盆）、femur（股骨，最长的骨）、patella（髌骨）、tibia（胫骨，承重）、fibula（腓骨，外侧细骨）。
Think of the pelvis as a 'bowl' that protects internal organs. The femur is 'funny' huge, and the patella 'pats' the knee joint. Ribs cage the heart and lungs like a protective birdcage.
把骨盆想象成一个保护内脏的“碗”；股骨大得“有趣”，髌骨像在膝盖上轻轻“拍”一下；肋骨像鸟笼一样保护着心脏和肺。
| English Term | 中文 | Memory Cue |
|---|---|---|
| Cranium | 颅骨 | Sounds like 'cranial' – think crown. |
| Scapula | 肩胛骨 | 'Scap' like 'scapular' wings – bird wings. |
| Femur | 股骨 | 'Femur' rhymes with 'flea-more' – longest bone, lots of fleas. |
2. Muscular System & Movement | 肌肉系统与运动
Muscles work by contracting and pulling on bones; they never push. Every skeletal muscle is attached to bones via tendons. Voluntary muscles are those we consciously control, such as biceps, quadriceps, and abdominals.
肌肉通过收缩并牵拉骨骼来工作；它们从不“推”。每块骨骼肌都通过肌腱附着在骨骼上。随意肌是我们可以有意识控制的肌肉，例如肱二头肌、股四头肌和腹肌。
Upper body prime movers: deltoids lift the arm away from the body (abduction), pectorals draw the arm forward and across the chest, latissimus dorsi ('lats') pull the arm down and back, biceps flex the elbow, and triceps extend the elbow.
上身主要运动肌群：三角肌使手臂外展，胸肌将手臂向前向内收，背阔肌将手臂向下向后拉，肱二头肌屈肘，肱三头肌伸肘。
Lower body muscles: quadriceps (front thigh) extend the knee; hamstrings (back thigh) flex the knee and extend the hip; gastrocnemius (calf) points the toe (plantarflexion); gluteals (buttock) extend and rotate the hip.
下肢肌肉：股四头肌（大腿前侧）伸膝；腘绳肌（大腿后侧）屈膝并伸髋；腓肠肌（小腿）使足尖向下（跖屈）；臀肌（臀部）伸髋和旋转髋部。
Remember antagonistic pairs: biceps and triceps work opposite each other; quadriceps and hamstrings are the knee's opposing team. When one contracts (agonist), the other relaxes (antagonist).
记住拮抗肌对：肱二头肌和肱三头肌互为拮抗；股四头肌和腘绳肌是膝关节的对立组合。一块收缩（主动肌）时，另一块放松（拮抗肌）。
3. Joints and Actions | 关节与动作
A joint is where two or more bones meet. Synovial joints are freely movable and are the main focus in PE. The three types you need are hinge, ball-and-socket, and pivot joints.
关节是两块或更多骨骼相接的地方。滑膜关节是可自由活动的关节，是体育课的重点。你需要掌握的三种类型是：铰链关节、球窝关节和枢轴关节。
Hinge joint: like a door hinge, only allows flexion and extension. Examples: knee, elbow, ankle. Ball-and-socket joint: the rounded head of one bone fits into a cup-like socket, allowing flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and circumduction. Examples: shoulder and hip.
铰链关节：像门铰链，只允许屈曲和伸展。例子：膝、肘、踝。球窝关节：一块骨头的球状头嵌入另一块骨头的杯状窝，可做屈、伸、外展、内收、旋转和环转运动。例子：肩和髋。
Pivot joint: allows rotation around a single axis, e.g., the joint between atlas and axis vertebrae in the neck, enabling head rotation. Also the radioulnar joint allows the palm to turn up and down.
枢轴关节：允许绕单轴旋转，如颈部寰椎和枢椎之间的关节，可实现头部转动。桡尺关节使手掌能上下翻转。
Movement terms: flexion (decreasing angle), extension (increasing angle), abduction (moving away from midline), adduction (moving towards midline), rotation (turning around axis), circumduction (cone-shaped movement). Link: Abduction is to 'abduct', taking the limb away.
动作术语：屈曲（角度减小）、伸展（角度增大）、外展（远离身体中线）、内收（靠近身体中线）、旋转（绕轴转动）、环转（锥形运动）。联想：Abduction 像“绑架”带走肢体离开身体。
4. Health-Related Fitness Components | 健康相关体适能
Health-related fitness affects how well the body systems work together. The five components are cardiovascular endurance, muscular endurance, muscular strength, flexibility, and body composition. Use the mnemonic 'C My Strength, Flexibility, Body' (Cardiovascular endurance, Muscular endurance, Muscular Strength, Flexibility, Body composition).
健康相关体适能影响身体系统协同工作的效率。五个成分是：心血管耐力、肌肉耐力、肌肉力量、柔韧性和身体成分。口诀：'C My Strength, Flexibility, Body'。
Cardiovascular endurance: ability of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen to working muscles over a long time, tested by the Multi-Stage Fitness Test (bleep test) or 12-minute Cooper run.
心血管耐力：心脏和肺部长时间为运动肌肉供氧的能力，可通过多阶段体能测试（折返跑测试）或库珀12分钟跑测定。
Muscular endurance: ability of muscles to repeat contractions without fatigue, e.g., doing many sit-ups. Muscular strength: maximum force a muscle can exert in a single effort, tested by handgrip dynamometer or 1 rep max.
肌肉耐力：肌肉重复收缩而不疲劳的能力，如做许多仰卧起坐。肌肉力量：肌肉单次收缩能产生的最大力量，用手握力计或最大一次重复测试。
Flexibility: range of movement at a joint, measured by the sit-and-reach test. Body composition: ratio of fat mass to lean mass in the body, often estimated by skinfold calipers or BMI.
柔韧性：关节的活动范围，用坐位体前屈测试评估。身体成分：脂肪质量与瘦体重的比例，通常用皮脂钳或BMI估算。
5. Skill-Related Fitness Components | 技能相关体适能
Skill-related fitness helps you perform well in sports and games. The six components are agility, balance, coordination, power, reaction time, and speed. Remember 'A Big Cat Preys Regularly on Snakes' (Agility, Balance, Coordination, Power, Reaction time, Speed).
技能相关体适能帮助你在运动和比赛中表现出色。六种成分是：灵敏性、平衡、协调性、爆发力、反应时间和速度。记法：'A Big Cat Preys Regularly on Snakes'。
Agility: ability to change direction quickly with control, tested by the Illinois agility test. Balance: ability to maintain centre of mass over a base of support, either static or dynamic, tested by the stork stand.
灵敏性：快速且受控地改变方向的能力，用伊利诺斯灵敏测试评定。平衡：保持身体重心在支撑面内的能力，分静态和动态平衡，鹤立测试可测定静态平衡。
Coordination: smooth combination of senses and body parts, e.g., hand-eye coordination in catching a ball. Power: combination of strength and speed – explosive strength – tested by the vertical jump or standing long jump.
协调性：感官与身体部位顺畅配合的能力，如接球的手眼协调。爆发力：力量与速度的结合——爆发性力量，可用纵跳或立定跳远测试。
Reaction time: time taken to respond to a stimulus, measured by the ruler drop test. Speed: ability to move body parts quickly, tested by a 30-metre sprint.
反应时间：对刺激做出反应所用的时间，用尺子下落测试测量。速度：快速移动身体部位的能力，30米冲刺可评定。
6. Training Principles & Methods | 训练原则与方法
To improve fitness safely and effectively, you must apply SPORRT: Specificity, Progression, Overload, Reversibility, Recovery, and Tedium. Overload itself follows the FITT principle – Frequency, Intensity, Time, and Type.
为了安全有效地提升体适能，你必须运用 SPORRT 原则：专项性、渐进性、超负荷、可逆性、恢复和枯燥性。超负荷本身遵循 FITT 原则——频率、强度、时间和类型。
Specificity: training must match the sport or activity's demands. A swimmer needs cardiovascular endurance and shoulder muscle endurance, not just leg power.
专项性：训练必须匹配项目或活动的需求。游泳运动员需要心血管耐力和肩部肌肉耐力，而不仅仅是腿部力量。
Progression means gradually increasing the challenge to keep improving. Overload: the body must work harder than normal to gain fitness, using more frequency, higher intensity, longer time, or different type (FITT).
渐进性指逐渐增加挑战以持续提高。超负荷：身体必须承担比平时更大的负荷才能获得体适能增益，可通过增加频率、强度、时间或改变类型（FITT）。
Reversibility: fitness is lost when training stops (use it or lose it). Recovery: rest days allow adaptation and repair. Tedium: boredom can reduce motivation, so vary your training. Common methods include continuous, interval, circuit, weight, and plyometric training.
可逆性：停止训练时体适能会下降（用进废退）。恢复：休息日让身体适应和修复。枯燥性：单调会降低动力，因此要变化训练方式。常见训练方法有持续训练、间歇训练、循环训练、负重训练和增强式训练。
Max Heart Rate = 220 – age
最大心率 = 220 – 年龄
7. Cardiovascular System | 心血管系统
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), and blood. Its job is to deliver oxygen and nutrients, remove waste products, and regulate temperature. During exercise, heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output increase.
心血管系统由心脏、血管（动脉、静脉、毛细血管）和血液组成。其功能是输送氧气和营养、清除废物和调节体温。运动中，心率、每搏输出量和心输出量均增加。
od pumped out of the left ventricle per beat. Cardiac output = stroke volume × heart rate.
心率是每分钟心跳次数。体适能较好的人静态心率较低。每搏输出量是左心室每次搏动泵出的血量。心输出量 = 每搏输出量 × 心率。
Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart (except pulmonary artery). Veins carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart (except pulmonary vein). Capillaries are tiny vessels where gas exchange occurs.
动脉将含氧血运离心脏（肺动脉除外）。静脉将缺氧血运回心脏（肺静脉除外）。毛细血管是进行气体交换的微小血管。
Blood shunting during exercise redirects blood flow from organs (stomach, kidneys) to working muscles, caused by vasodilation in muscles and vasoconstriction in other areas.
运动时的血液分流会将血流量从内脏（胃、肾脏）重新分配到运动肌肉，原因是肌肉血管舒张而其他区域血管收缩。
8. Respiratory System | 呼吸系统
→ trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli, where gas exchange happens with capillaries.
呼吸系统将氧气带入体内并排出二氧化碳。空气路径：鼻/口 → 气管 → 支气管 → 细支气管 → 肺泡，在肺泡处与毛细血管进行气体交换。
Breathing in (inspiration): diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, chest volume increases, pressure drops, air rushes in. Breathing out (expiration): muscles relax, chest volume decreases, pressure rises, air is forced out.
吸气：膈肌和肋间肌收缩，胸腔容积增大，压力下降，空气涌入。呼气：肌肉放松，胸腔容积缩小，压力升高，空气被排出。
Key lung volumes: tidal volume (air breathed in and out per normal breath), vital capacity (maximum air you can exhale after a full inhalation). During exercise, both tidal volume and breathing rate increase to supply more oxygen.
重要肺容量：潮气量（每次正常呼吸吸入或呼出的空气量），肺活量（最大吸气后能呼出的最大空气量）。运动时，潮气量和呼吸频率均增加以提供更多氧气。
Oxygen debt is the extra oxygen needed after vigorous exercise to remove lactic acid and restore the body to resting state. Think of it as repaying an oxygen loan.
氧债是剧烈运动后为清除乳酸并恢复至静息状态所需的额外氧气。可以看作是偿还氧气的“贷款”。
9. Warm-Up and Cool-Down | 热身与放松
A proper warm-up has three phases: pulse raiser (light jogging, skipping) to increase heart rate and blood flow; stretching, especially dynamic stretches mimicking the sport; and skill-based activities (e.g., dribbling, passing). This reduces injury risk and improves performance.
完整的包含三个阶段：提升心率（慢跑、跳绳）以增加心率和血流量；拉伸，尤其是模仿运动动作的动态拉伸；专项技能活动（如运球、传球）。这能降低受伤风险并提升表现。
Dynamic stretching involves controlled movements through the full range, such as leg swings and arm circles. Avoid prolonged static stretching in warm-ups as it may reduce power temporarily.
动态拉伸是通过全幅度的受控运动，如摆腿、绕臂。热身中避免长时间的静态拉伸，因为它可能暂时降低爆发力。
The cool-down gradually lowers heart rate and helps remove waste products like lactic acid. It includes gentle jogging or walking (pulse lowering) and static stretches held for 15–30 seconds. Think 'warm-up activates, cool-down relaxes'.
放松活动能逐渐降低心率并帮助清除乳酸等代谢废物。包括慢跑或行走（降心率）和保持15-30秒的静态拉伸。记忆：热身激活，放松回复。
Stretching improves flexibility and prevents soreness. The acronym for after-injury care is RICE: Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation – useful in the event of sprains or strains.
拉伸提升柔韧性并预防酸痛。损伤后的应急处置缩写为 RICE：休息、冰敷、加压、抬高——用于扭伤或拉伤。
10. Safety and Injury Prevention | 安全与伤害预防
Safety in PE starts with correct clothing, removing jewellery, and checking equipment and playing surfaces. Sprains involve ligaments (bone-to-bone), while strains affect muscles or tendons. The SPORT acronym helps: Safe practice, Proper equipment, Observing rules, Right technique, Timely first aid.
体育课安全从着装规范、取掉饰品、检查器材和场地开始。扭伤涉及韧带（骨与骨连接），拉伤影响肌肉或肌腱。用 SPORT 助记：安全操作、适当的器材、遵守规则、正确技巧、及时急救。
Fractures are broken bones – simple (closed) or compound (open). Dislocation is when a bone is forced out of its joint. Concussion is a brain injury caused by a blow to the head, requiring immediate medical attention and the 'recognise and remove' protocol.
骨折指骨头断裂——单纯性（闭合性）或复合性（开放性）。脱臼是骨头被迫脱离关节。脑震荡是由头部受击打引起的脑损伤，需要立即就医并遵循“识别并退出”原则。
Overuse injuries like shin splints or tennis elbow develop gradually. Prevention includes warming up, using correct technique, wearing supportive footwear, and gradually increasing training loads.
过度使用损伤如胫骨疲劳性骨膜炎或网球肘逐渐形成。预防方法包括充分热身、使用正确技术、穿着支撑性好的鞋并逐步增加训练负荷。
11. Nutrition for Sport | 运动营养
A balanced diet for an active Year 8 student includes carbohydrates (main energy source), proteins (growth and repair), fats (slow energy and insulation), vitamins and minerals (body functions), water (hydration and temperature control), and fibre (digestion).
Published by TutorHao | Year 8 体育 Revision Series | aleveler.com
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