📚 Year 9 Edexcel Psychology: Quick Memorisation Guide to Key Terms | Year 9 Edexcel 心理学：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your essential guide for mastering the key terminology in Year 9 Edexcel Psychology. Psychology has its own language, and learning these words early will help you describe human behaviour, design research, and smash your exams. This article breaks down every term you need, with tips to commit them to memory fast.
欢迎阅读 Year 9 Edexcel 心理学关键术语速记指南。心理学有自己的语言，尽早掌握这些词汇将帮助你描述人类行为、设计研究并在考试中脱颖而出。本文拆解了你需要掌握的每一个术语，并配有快速记忆技巧。
1. Psychology and Its Core Definitions | 心理学及其核心定义
Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behaviour. It uses empirical evidence gathered through observation and experiments. Understanding this definition helps you distinguish psychology from philosophy or everyday opinion.
心理学是对心理和行为的科学研究。它使用通过观察和实验收集的经验证据。理解这个定义有助于你区分心理学与哲学或日常观点。
- Mind – the private inner experience of thoughts, feelings, and perceptions. / 心理 – 思想、感受和感知的内在私人体验。
- Behaviour – any observable action made by a living person or animal. / 行为 – 由活生生的人或动物做出的任何可观察的动作。
The scientific approach means psychologists are not just guessing – they test hypotheses and look for patterns. Keeping this foundation in mind makes every other term more logical.
科学方法意味着心理学家并非凭空猜测——他们检验假设并寻找模式。牢记这一基础能让所有其他术语都更具逻辑性。
2. Research Methods: Laboratory, Field and Natural Experiments | 研究方法：实验室实验、现场实验和自然实验
A laboratory experiment takes place in a controlled environment where the researcher manipulates the independent variable (IV) to measure its effect on the dependent variable (DV). High control makes it easy to replicate, but the setting may feel artificial.
实验室实验在受控环境中进行，研究者操纵自变量（IV）以测量其对因变量（DV）的影响。高度控制使其易于复制，但环境可能显得不自然。
A field experiment is conducted in a real-world setting, still with an IV manipulated, but participants often do not know they are in a study. This improves ecological validity but reduces control over extraneous variables.
现场实验在真实世界环境中进行，仍然有操纵的自变量，但参与者通常不知道自己在参与研究。这提高了生态效度，但降低了对额外变量的控制。
A natural experiment takes advantage of a naturally occurring event or difference (the 'IV' is not directly manipulated). This is useful when experiments would be unethical, but cause–effect conclusions are weaker.
自然实验利用自然发生的事件或差异（“自变量”并非研究者直接操纵）。当实验不道德时这很有用，但因果结论较弱。
| Experiment Type | IV Manipulated? | Setting | Ecological Validity |
|---|---|---|---|
| Laboratory | Yes | Artificial | Low |
| Field | Yes | Natural | High |
| Natural | No (naturally occurring) | Natural | Highest |
Use the mnemonic 'L-F-N' (Laboratory–Field–Natural) to recall the order of increasing realism and decreasing control.
用助记符 “L-F-N”（实验室–现场–自然）来记住真实感递增而控制力递减的顺序。
3. Variables: IV, DV, and Extraneous Variables | 变量：自变量、因变量和额外变量
The independent variable is the factor you change or manipulate. The dependent variable is the factor you measure; it 'depends' on the IV. An extraneous variable is any other factor that might affect the DV if not controlled.
自变量是你改变或操纵的因素。因变量是你测量的因素；它“取决于”自变量。额外变量是如果不加控制就可能影响因变量的任何其他因素。
(effect). An extraneous variable is like an unexpected guest that could mess up your meal – you need to keep it out.
把它想成一条因果链：自变量（因）→ 因变量（果）。额外变量就像可能会搅乱你饭菜的不速之客——你需要把它挡在外面。
When you hear 'operationalisation', that means making your variables specific and measurable. For example, 'memory' is too vague; operationalise it as 'number of words recalled correctly'.
当你听到“操作化”时，这意味着使你的变量具体且可测量。例如，“记忆力”太模糊；把它操作化为“正确回忆的单词数量”。
4. Sampling Methods: Target Population and Sample | 抽样方法：目标总体和样本
The target population is the whole group of people you are interested in studying. The sample is the smaller group who actually take part in your research. The sample must be representative, otherwise the findings cannot be generalised.
目标总体是你感兴趣研究的整个人群。样本是实际参与你研究的小部分人。样本必须具有代表性，否则研究结果无法推广。
Common sampling techniques include random, opportunity, volunteer, and stratified sampling. Random sampling gives everyone an equal chance, reducing bias. Opportunity sampling uses whoever is available – quick but often biased.
常见抽样技术包括随机抽样、便利抽样、志愿者抽样和分层抽样。随机抽样让每个人都有平等的机会，减少偏差。便利抽样使用任何可找到的人——快速但常有偏差。
A key exam phrase: 'The sample was biased because only psychology students were used, so results may not generalise to the wider population.' Remember the term 'sampling bias'.
一个关键的考试短语：“样本存在偏差，因为只使用了心理学学生，所以结果可能无法推广到更广泛的人群。”记住“抽样偏差”这个术语。
5. Ethical Considerations: BPS Guidelines Made Simple | 伦理考量：BPS 指南简化版
Researchers must follow ethical guidelines from the British Psychological Society (BPS). The core principles are: informed consent, the right to withdraw, confidentiality, protection from harm, and debriefing after the study.
研究人员必须遵守英国心理学会（BPS）的伦理准则。核心原则包括：知情同意、退出权、保密、避免伤害以及研究后的事后解释。
Informed consent means participants are told enough about the study to agree freely. If they are under 16, parental consent is needed too. Debriefing happens after the study; participants are told the true aim and given the chance to withdraw data.
知情同意意味着向参与者提供足够的研究信息，使其能自由同意。若参与者未满16岁，还需要父母同意。事后解释在研究结束后进行；告知参与者研究的真实目的并给予撤回数据的机会。
Use the mnemonic 'Cows Can D.R.I.N.C.' – Consent, Confidentiality, Deception (avoid!), Right to withdraw, Informed, No harm, Competence of researcher. It covers the main ethical touchpoints.
使用助记符 “Cows Can D.R.I.N.C.”——同意（Consent）、保密（Confidentiality）、避免欺骗（Deception avoid!）、退出权（Right to withdraw）、知情（Informed）、无伤害（No harm）、研究者能力（Competence）。它涵盖了主要的伦理要点。
6. Memory: Encoding, Storage and Retrieval | 记忆：编码、存储和提取
Memory is not one single thing – it is a process involving encoding (getting information in), storage (keeping it over time), and retrieval (getting it back out when needed). This information-processing model is the backbone of many memory theories.
记忆并非单一事物——它是一个涉及编码（信息输入）、存储（随时间保持）和提取（需要时取出）的过程。这个信息加工模型是许多记忆理论的支柱。
Short-term memory (STM) holds about 7±2 items for around 18– ntially unlimited capacity and duration. Rehearsal helps move information from STM to LTM.
短时记忆（STM）可容纳大约7±2个项目，持续约18–30秒。长时记忆（LTM）的容量和持续时间可能无限。复述有助于将信息从STM转移到LTM。
Acoustic encoding relies on sound (e.g., repeating a phone number aloud), while semantic encoding relies on meaning. Semantic processing generally leads to deeper, more durable memories.
听觉编码依赖于声音（例如，大声重复电话号码），而语义编码依赖于意义。语义加工通常产生更深、更持久的记忆。
7. Atkinson and Shiffrin's Multi-Store Model | 阿特金森和谢夫林的多重储存模型
The multi-store model describes memory as three separate stores: sensory register, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Information flows linearly through the system unless attention is paid.
多重储存模型将记忆描述为三个独立的储存库：感觉登记、短时记忆和长时记忆。除非加以注意，否则信息在系统中线性流动。
- Sensory register – receives fleeting sensory impressions; iconic (visual) and echoic (auditory). Duration less than a second unless attended to. / 感觉登记 – 接收转瞬即逝的感觉印象；图像记忆（视觉）和声像记忆（听觉）。若不加注意持续时间不足一秒。
- STM – limited capacity, primarily acoustic coding, maintenance rehearsal keeps information from decaying. / 短时记忆 – 容量有限，主要为听觉编码，维持性复述防止信息消退。
- LTM – semantic coding, massive capacity, information here can be retrieved back into STM. / 长时记忆 – 语义编码，容量巨大，其中的信息可被提取回短时记忆。
Critics say the model is too simplistic; it does not explain why some STM tasks use both verbal and visual codes. Yet it remains a brilliant starting point for Edexcel students to describe the basic architecture of memory.
批评者认为该模型过于简化；它无法解释为何某些短时记忆任务同时使用言语和视觉编码。然而对Edexcel学生来说，它仍然是描述记忆基本结构的绝佳起点。
8. Social Influence: Conformity, Obedience and Bystander Effect | 社会影响：从众、服从与旁观者效应
Conformity is a change in behaviour or belief to fit in with a group, even without direct pressure. It can be informational (thinking the group is right) or normative (wanting to be liked). Asch's line study famously showed how people conform to obviously wrong answers.
从众是指为融入群体而改变行为或信念，即使没有直接压力。它可以是信息性的（认为群体是正确的）或规范性的（希望被喜欢）。阿希的线段实验著名地展示了人们如何从众于明显错误的答案。
Obedience involves following a direct order from an authority figure. Milgram's electric shock study shocked the world by showing ordinary people obeying instructions to harm a learner. Key factors: authority, proximity, and personal responsibility.
服从涉及遵从权威人物的直接命令。米尔格拉姆的电击实验震惊世界，展示了普通人服从伤害学习者的指令。关键因素：权威、接近度和个人责任感。
The bystander effect describes how the presence of others reduces helping behaviour. Diffusion of responsibility means each person thinks someone else will act. In an exam, always link to the murder of Kitty Genovese as a real-life trigger for this research.
旁观者效应描述了在场他人的数量如何减少助人行为。责任分散意味着每个人都认为其他人会行动。在考试中，始终要联系到 Kitty Genovese 谋杀案作为引发这项研究的真实事件。
9. Cognitive Development: Piaget's Stage Theory Keywords | 认知发展：皮亚杰阶段理论关键词
Jean Piaget proposed four stages of cognitive development. Each stage is a qualitative shift in how children think. The key terms include schema, assimilation, accommodation, and object permanence.
让·皮亚杰提出了认知发展的四个阶段。每个阶段都是儿童思维方式质的飞跃。关键术语包括图式、同化、顺应和客体永久性。
A schema is a mental framework that helps us organise and interpret information. Assimilation fits new information into existing schemas; accommodation changes schemas when new information does not fit.
图式是一种心理框架，帮助我们组织和解释信息。同化是将新信息纳入现有图式；顺应是当新信息不符合时改变图式。
Object permanence (understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight) develops during the sensorimotor stage (0–2 years). Conservation – the idea that quantity stays the same despite changes in shape – is a key milestone of the concrete operational stage.
客体永久性（理解物体即使看不见也继续存在）在感知运动阶段（0–2岁）发展。守恒——数量不因形状变化而改变的观念——是具体运算阶段的一个关键里程碑。
Edexcel often asks for application: 'How would you test conservation?' Using beakers of water (volume conservation) is a classic example.
Edexcel 经常要求应用：“你会如何测试守恒？”使用烧杯和水（体积守恒）是经典例子。
10. Brain and Neuropsychology: Localisation and Aphasia | 大脑与神经心理学：大脑功能定位与失语症
Localisation of function means certain areas of the brain are responsible for specific tasks. The motor cortex controls voluntary movement; the somatosensory cortex processes touch and pain. The visual cortex is in the occipital lobe.
大脑功能定位意味着大脑的特定区域负责特定任务。运动皮层控制随意运动；躯体感觉皮层处理触觉和痛觉。视觉皮层位于枕叶。
Language is dominated by Broca's area (speech production) and Wernicke's area (language comprehension). Damage to Broca's area results in Broca's aphasia – slow, laboured speech but relatively intact understanding. Wernicke's aphasia causes fluent but meaningless speech.
语言主要由布洛卡区（言语产生）和韦尼克区（语言理解）主导。布洛卡区损伤导致布洛卡失语症——言语缓慢费力但理解相对完好。韦尼克失语症则导致流利但无意义的言语。
A simple way to remember: 'Broca breaks speech production; Wernicke wrecks comprehension.' Neuropsychological evidence from stroke patients supports these distinctions.
简单记忆法：“布洛卡破坏言语产生；韦尼克破坏理解。”来自中风患者的神经心理学证据支持了这些区分。
11. Research Design and Data: Standard Terms for Year 9 Exams | 研究设计与数据：Year 9 考试的规范术语
An independent groups design allocates different participants to each condition; repeated measures uses the same participants in all conditions; matched pairs pre-test and pair participants on relevant traits.
独立组设计将不同参与者分配到每个条件；重复测量设计在所有条件中使用相同参与者；匹配对设计预先测试并按相关特质配对参与者。
Quantitative data is numerical (e.g., scores, percentages); qualitative data is non-numerical, rich in description (e.g., interview transcripts). A measure of central tendency (mean, median, mode) tells you a typical value; range is a simple measure of spread.
定量数据是数字型的（如分数、百分比）；定性数据是非数字的、描述丰富的（如访谈转录）。集中趋势（均值、中位数、众数）告诉你典型值；极差是简单的离散度量。
Don't confuse 'validity' (does it measure what it claims?) with 'reliability' broken scale may give reliable (consistent) but invalid weight readings. Use the imagery: 'Validity = truth; Reliability = repeatability.'
不要混淆“效度”（是否测量了声称要测量的东西？）和“信度”（结果的一致性）。一个坏秤可能给出可靠（一致）但无效的体重读数。使用意象记忆：“效度 = 真实性；信度 = 可重复性。”
12. Memory Techniques for Psychology Vocabulary | 心理学词汇记忆技巧
Psychology terms stick when you actively use them. Create flashcards with the term on one side and a plain‐language definition plus a concrete example on the other. Study both English and Chinese mirror definitions to build dual‐code memory.
当你主动使用心理学词汇时它们就会记住。制作闪卡，一面写术语，另一面写简单语言定义加上具体例子。同时学习中英文对照定义，建立双重编码记忆。
Acronyms and acrostics work wonders. For the multi‐store model order, remember 'Sister Susie Sings Loudly' – Sensory, Short‐term, Long‐term. For ethical guidelines, 'Can Do Right Instead Now Calmly' – Consent, Deception, Right to withdraw, Informed consent, No harm, Confidentiality.
首字母缩略词和藏头诗效果神奇。对于多重储存模型的顺序，记住“Sister Susie Sings Loudly”——Sensory, Short-term, Long-term。对于伦理准则，“Can Do Right Instead Now Calmly”——Consent, Deception, Right to withdraw, Informed consent, No harm, Confidentiality。
Finally, teach the terms to a friend or record yourself explaining a concept in your own words. The generation effect shows that self-produced information is remembered better. Keep revisiting these pages and test yourself without looking – retrieval practice is your brain's best friend.
最后，把这些术语教给朋友，或者录下自己用自己语言解释概念的音频。生成效应表明，自己生成的信息记得更牢。反复回顾这些页面，在不看答案的情况下自测——提取练习是你大脑最好的朋友。
Published by TutorHao | Psychology Revision Series | aleveler.com
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