📚 Year 9 Edexcel Physics: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 9 Edexcel 物理：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering physics vocabulary is the first step to excelling in your Edexcel Year 9 science exams. This guide breaks down essential terminology into thematic groups, and shares memory hacks like word roots, visual analogies, and simple formulas. Follow the paired English-Chinese explanations to strengthen both your language skills and conceptual understanding.
掌握物理词汇是攻克 Edexcel 九年级科学考试的第一步。本指南将核心术语按主题分组，并分享词根、视觉类比和简单公式等记忆窍门。跟读中英对照讲解，强化语言能力和概念理解。
1. Fundamental Physical Quantities & Units | 基础物理量与单位
In physics, every measurement is expressed with a quantity and a unit. The SI base units are metre (m) for length, kilogram (kg) for mass, second (s) for time, and kelvin (K) for temperature. Remember the 'MKS' core: Mass (kg), Length (m), Time (s). Degrees Celsius (°C) are also widely used; a temperature change of 1°C equals 1 K. Always leave a space between the number and unit, such as 5 m or 300 K.
在物理中，每个测量值都由一个量值和单位表示。国际单位制基本单位有：长度（米，m）、质量（千克，kg）、时间（秒，s）、温度（开尔文，K）。记住“MKS”核心：质量(kg)、长度(m)、时间(s)。摄氏度(°C)也常用，1°C的温度变化等于1 K。数字与单位间留空格，例如 5 m 或 300 K。
agnitude and direction, such as displacement (10 m east) or velocity (20 m/s north). Think 'scalar = single number', 'vector = arrow with a number'. Force, acceleration and momentum are vectors; speed and mass are scalars.
标量只有大小，比如距离 (10 m) 或温度 (25°C)。矢量既有大小又有方向，比如位移 (10 m 向东) 或速度 (20 m/s 向北)。记忆方法：标量 = 单个数字，矢量 = 带方向的箭头。力、加速度和动量是矢量；速率和质量是标量。
| Quantity 量 | Symbol | Unit | Memory tip 记忆技巧 |
|---|---|---|---|
| distance 距离 (scalar) | d | m | 'd' for distance |
| displacement 位移 (vector) | s | m | straight-line shortcut |
| mass 质量 | m | kg | 'm' for mass, measured in kilograms |
| time 时间 | t | s | 't' as on a stopwatch |
2. Kinematics Vocabulary | 运动学词汇
direction. Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity: a = (v - u) / t, where u is initial velocity and v is final velocity. If acceleration is negative, we call it deceleration or retardation.
运动学不涉及力，只描述运动本身。速率表示运动快慢：速率 = 距离 / 时间。速度是带方向的速率。加速度是速度变化的快慢：a = (v - u) / t，其中 u 是初速度，v 是末速度。如果加速度为负值，就称为减速。
v = d / t and a = Δv / t
On a distance-time graph, the gradient (slope) equals speed. A steeper line means faster speed. A horizontal line means the object is stationary. On a velocity-time graph, the gradient represents acceleration, and the area under the graph represents the distance travelled.
在距离-时间图中，斜率等于速率。线越陡，速率越快。水平线表示物体静止。在速度-时间图中，斜率表示加速度，图形下方的面积代表行驶过的距离。
Remember: 'gradient' means steepness. For graphs, 'gradient' = rise ÷ run. Use the word 'slope' erage speed = total distance / total time. Instantaneous speed is the speed at one moment.
记住：'gradient' 表示斜率。在图上，斜率 = 纵向变化 ÷ 横向变化。用 'slope' 作为同义词。平均速率 = 总距离 / 总时间。瞬时速率是某一时刻的速率。
3. Dynamics & Newton's Laws | 动力学与牛顿定律
Dynamics deals with forces and why motion changes. A force is a push or pull, measured in newtons (N). The word 'dynamics' shares the root 'dyn-' meaning power or force. Newton's First Law (law of inertia) says: an object stays at rest or moves with constant velocity unless a resultant force acts on it. 'Inertia' – think lazy bodies resisting change.
动力学研究力以及运动为何改变。力是推或拉，单位是牛顿 (N)。“dynamics”的词根 “dyn-” 表示力或动力。牛顿第一定律（惯性定律）说：物体保持静止或匀速直线运动状态，除非有合力作用。“惯性”可以想象成物体“懒惰”，抗拒改变。
Newton's Second Law states that the acceleration of an object is proportional to the resultant force and inversely proportional to its mass. The famous formula:
牛顿第二定律指出，物体的加速度与合力成正比，与质量成反比。著名的公式：
F = m a
For example, a 2 kg object pushed by a 10 N force accelerates at 5 m/s². This also tells us that 1 N is the force needed to accelerate 1 kg by 1 m/s².
例如，一个2 kg的物体受到10 N的推动，加速度为5 m/s²。这也说明1 N就是让1 kg质量产生1 m/s²加速度所需的力。
Newton' t A exerts a force on object B, object B exerts an equal and opposite force on A. Remember 'action-reaction pairs'. They act on different bodies, so they don' y on a mass: W = m g, where g is gravitational field strength (≈ 9.8 or 10 N/kg on Earth).
牛顿第三定律：如果物体 A 对物体 B 施加力，那么物体 B 同时对 A 施加大小相等、方向相反的力。记住“作用力与反作用力对”，它们作用在不同物体上，不会抵消。重量是重力作用在质量上的力：W = m g，其中 g 是引力场强度（地球约9.8或10 N/kg）。
4. Forms of Energy & Conservation | 能量形式与守恒
Energy is the ability to do work, measured in joules (J). Key forms include kinetic energy (KE), gravitational potential energy (GPE), thermal (heat), light, sound, electrical, chemical, and nuclear energy. The root 'kinetic' comes from Greek 'kinesis' meaning motion – so kinetic energy is movement energy.
能量是做功的本领，单位是焦耳 (J)。主要形式有：动能 (KE)、重力势能 (GPE)、热能、光能、声能、电能、化学能和核能。词根“kinetic”源自希腊语“运动”——所以动能是运动的能量。
Kinetic energy depends on mass and speed squared. Gravitational potential energy depends on mass, height and g. You must learn these equations:
动能取决于质量和速度的平方。重力势能取决于质量、高度和 g。必须掌握这两个公式：
KE = ½ m v² and GPE = m g h
For KE, doubling speed makes energy four times larger. For GPE, lifting an object higher stores more potential energy. The principle of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred, stored or dissipated. In a pendulum, GPE converts to KE and back, but some energy is always dissipated as thermal energy due to air resistance.
对于动能，速度加倍，能量变为四倍。对于重力势能，物体升得越高，储存的能量越多。能量守恒原理指出，能量既不能创造也不能消灭，只能转移、储存或耗散。在摆锤中，重力势能转化为动能，再转化回来，但由于空气阻力，总有部分能量以热能耗散。
work: P = E / t or P = W / t, measured in watts (W). One watt equals one joule per second.
做功 (W) 是力使物体移动时转移的能量：W = F × d。功率是做功的快慢：P = E / t 或 P = W / t，单位是瓦特 (W)。1 W = 1 J/s。
5. Core Electricity Concepts | 电学核心概念
Electric current (I) is the flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A). Think of current as water flowing in a pipe. Voltage (V), or potential difference, is the 'push' that drives the current, measured in volts (V). A 6 V battery gives more push than a 1.5 V cell. Resistance (R) is how difficult it is for current to flow, measured in ohms (Ω). The hotter or thinner a wire, the greater its resistance.
电流 (I) 是电荷的流动，单位安培 (A)。可以把电流想象成水管中水流。电压 (V)，又称电势差，是推动电流的“推力”，单位伏特 (V)。6 V 电池比 1.5 V 电池推力更大。电阻 (R) 是电流流动的阻碍程度，单位欧姆 (Ω)。导线越热、越细，电阻越大。
Ohm's law links these three: at constant temperature, the current through a resistor is proportional to the voltage. The formula is:
欧姆定律把它们联系起来：温度不变时，通过电阻的电流与电压成正比。公式为：
V = I R
In a series circuit, current is the same everywhere, but voltage splits across components. In a parallel circuit, voltage is the same across each branch, but current splits. Domestic lighting uses parallel circuits, so one bulb failing does not affect others.
串联电路中，电流处处相等，但电压在各元件间分配。并联电路中，各支路两端电压相等，但电流分流。家用照明采用并联，这样一个灯泡坏了不影响其他。
Common circuit symbols you must recognise: cell, battery, switch, lamp, resistor, variable resistor, ammeter (connected in series), voltmeter (connected in parallel), fuse, and diode. Memorise them by drawing and labelling, not just reading.
必须认识的电路符号：电池、开关、灯泡、电阻、可变电阻、安培计（串联在电路中）、伏特计（并联）、保险丝和二极管。通过画图标记来记忆，不要只是阅读。
6. Wave Characteristics | 波的特征
Waves transfer energy without transferring matter. A transverse wave (e.g. light, water ripples) has oscillations perpendicular to the direction of energy travel. A longitudinal wave (e.g. sound) has oscillations parallel to the direction; it consists of compressions and rarefactions.
波传播能量而不传播物质。横波（如光波、水波）的振动方向与能量传播方向垂直。纵波（如声波）的振动方向与传播方向平行，由压缩区和稀疏区组成。
number of complete waves per second, measured in hertz, Hz), period (T, time for one full wave, T = 1/f). Wave speed (v) is given by:
关键术语：振幅（离平衡位置的最大位移）、波长 (λ，两个相邻波峰或相邻压缩区间的距离)、频率 (f，每秒完整波的数量，单位赫兹 Hz)、周期 (T，一个完整波的时间，T = 1/f)。波速 (v) 满足：
v = f λ
agnetic spectrum, from long to short wavelength, is: radio, microwave, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-ray, gamma ray. Remember 'Red Monkeys In Van Use X-ray Glasses' – the initials R, M, I, V, U, X, G.
举例：频率 500 Hz、波长 0.68 m 的声波，波速为 500 × 0.68 = 340 m/s。电磁波谱由长波到短波：无线电波、微波、红外线、可见光、紫外线、X 射线、伽马射线。用 'Red Monkeys In Van Use X-ray Glasses' 首字母 R, M, I
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