📚 Year 8 Cambridge Psychology Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 8 剑桥心理学词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your quick memorisation guide for Year 8 Cambridge Psychology. This resource helps you master essential vocabulary through clear, bilingual explanations. Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behaviour, and learning its language is the first step to understanding how we think, feel, and act. In this guide, each key term is presented with a concise definition in English, followed immediately by its Chinese translation and explanation. This dual-language approach enhances memory retention and ensures you can confidently use these terms in class discussions, assignments, and exams. Let's build your psychology vocabulary together!
欢迎使用 Year 8 剑桥心理学词汇速记指南。本资源通过清晰的双语解释，帮助你掌握核心词汇与术语。心理学是研究心理与行为的科学，学习其语言是理解我们如何思考、感受和行动的第一步。在本指南中，每个关键术语先给出英文简明定义，紧接着提供中文翻译与解释。这种双语呈现方式能增强记忆保持，确保你在课堂讨论、作业和考试中自信地运用这些术语。让我们一起积累你的心理学词汇吧！
1. What Is Psychology? | 什么是心理学？
Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behaviour. It uses systematic methods to observe, describe, explain, and predict human and animal actions. The word comes from Greek 'psyche' (soul or mind) and 'logos' (study or knowledge). Psychologists ask questions such as 'Why do we forget things?' and 'How do we learn from experience?' They gather evidence through experiments, observations, and surveys rather than relying on common sense alone.
心理学是对心理和行为的科学研究。它运用系统方法来观察、描述、解释和预测人类与动物的行为。这个词源于希腊语“psyche”（灵魂或心灵）和“logos”（学问或知识）。心理学家提出诸如“我们为什么会遗忘？”以及“我们如何从经验中学习？”等问题。他们通过实验、观察和调查收集证据，而不仅仅是依赖常识。
2. Key Approaches in Psychology | 心理学的主要取向
The biological approach focuses on how our brain, nervous system, and genetics influence behaviour. For example, it examines how neurotransmitters like dopamine affect mood and movement.
生物学取向关注大脑、神经系统以及遗传如何影响行为。例如，它研究多巴胺等神经递质如何影响情绪和运动。
The cognitive approach investigates internal mental processes such as memory, thinking, perception, and problem-solving. It compares the mind to a computer that processes information step by step.
认知取向探究内部心理过程，如记忆、思维、知觉和问题解决。它将心理比作一台逐步处理信息的计算机。
The behavioural approach emphasises observable behaviours and the role of learning from the environment. It argues that all behaviours are acquired through conditioning, and it often ignores internal thoughts because they cannot be directly seen.
行为主义取向强调可观察的行为以及从环境中学习的作用。它认为所有行为都是通过条件作用习得的，并且常常忽略内部思维，因为它们不可直接观察。
The social approach studies how we are affected by other people, groups, and culture. Topics include conformity, obedience, and prejudice, showing that our behaviour changes depending on who is around us.
社会取向研究我们如何受到他人、群体和文化的影响。其课题包括从众、服从和偏见，表明我们的行为会根据周围的人而变化。
3. Memory and Forgetting | 记忆与遗忘
Memory involves three key processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Encoding is transforming sensory input into a form that can be stored, like converting a sound into a neural code. Storage is maintaining that information over time. Retrieval is accessing stored information when you need it, such as recalling a friend's name.
记忆涉及三个关键过程：编码、存储和提取。编码是将感觉输入转化为可存储的形式，比如把声音转化为神经编码。存储是随时间维持信息。提取是在需要时访问已存储的信息，比如想起朋友的名字。
Short-term memory (STM) holds a small amount of information for a brief period, usually around seven items for up to 30 seconds unless rehearsed. Long-term memory (LTM) has a vast capacity and can store information for a lifetime.
短时记忆（STM）在短时间内保存少量信息，通常大约七个项目，最多持续30秒，除非经过复述。长时记忆（LTM）容量巨大，可以储存信息长达一生。
Forgetting can be explained by trace decay theory, which suggests that memories fade over time if they are not used. Another explanation is interference, where new or old information blocks recall. Proactive interference happens when old learning disrupts new learning, while retroactive interference occurs when new learning disrupts recall of old information.
遗忘可以用痕迹消退理论来解释，该理论认为不使用的记忆会随时间消退。另一种解释是干扰，即新旧信息阻碍回忆。前摄干扰是指旧学习干扰新学习，倒摄干扰则是指新学习干扰对旧信息的回忆。
4. Perception and Sensation | 知觉与感觉
Sensation is the process of detecting physical stimuli from the environment through our sense organs, such as light entering the eye or sound waves hitting the ear. Perception is the brain's interpretation and organisation of these sensory signals, giving them meaning. For instance, sensation detects patches of colour, while perception recognises a familiar face.
感觉是通过感官检测环境中物理刺激的过程，比如光线进入眼睛或声波撞击耳朵。知觉是大脑对这些感觉信号进行解读和组织，赋予其意义。例如，感觉检测到色块，而知觉辨认出一张熟悉的面孔。
Selective attention is the ability to focus on one particular stimulus while ignoring others. This is often demonstrated by the 'cocktail party effect', where you can concentrate on a single conversation in a noisy room. Attention filters sensory input so that only relevant information reaches conscious awareness.
选择性注意是专注于某一特定刺激而忽略其他刺激的能力。这常常通过“鸡尾酒会效应”来证明，即你可以在嘈杂的房间里专注于一场对话。注意过滤感觉输入，只让相关信息进入意识。
Visual illusions occur when our perception does not match the physical reality. The Müller-Lyer illusion, where two lines of equal length appear different because of arrowheads, shows how context and past experience shape interpretation.
视错觉发生在我们的知觉与物理现实不符时。缪勒-莱耶错觉中，两条等长的线由于箭头方向不同而看起来长度不同，这说明了背景和过去经验如何影响解读。
5. Learning and Conditioning | 学习与条件反射
Classical conditioning is a learning process discovered by Ivan Pavlov. It involves pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus that naturally triggers a response. After repeated pairings, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits a conditioned response. In Pavlov's experiment, the sound of a bell (neutral stimulus) was paired with food (unconditioned stimulus), and eventually the bell alone made the dogs salivate (conditioned response).
经典条件反射是伊万·巴甫洛夫发现的一种学习过程。它涉及将一个中性刺激与一个自然引发反应的非条件刺激配对。经过多次配对，中性刺激变成条件刺激，引发条件反应。在巴甫洛夫的实验中，铃声（中性刺激）与食物（非条件刺激）配对，最终仅铃声就使狗分泌唾液（条件反应）。
Operant conditioning, proposed by B.F. Skinner, is learning based on consequences. Behaviours followed by reinforcement are more likely to be repeated, while those followed by punishment are less likely. Positive reinforcement adds a pleasant stimulus (e.g., praise) to increase a behaviour. Negative reinforcement removes an unpleasant stimulus (e.g., stopping a loud noise) to increase behaviour. Positive punishment adds an unpleasant stimulus to decrease behaviour, and negative punishment removes a pleasant stimulus to decrease behaviour.
操作条件反射由 B.F. 斯金纳提出，是基于后果的学习。得到强化的行为更可能被重复，而受到惩罚的行为则不太可能重复。正强化增加愉快刺激（如表扬）以提高行为频率。负强化移除不愉快刺激（如停止巨响）以增加行为。正惩罚施加不愉快刺激以减少行为，负惩罚则移除愉快刺激以减少行为。
6. Emotions and Motivation | 情绪与动机
Emotions are complex psychological states that involve subjective experience, physiological arousal, and behavioural expression. Basic emotions such as happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, and disgust are thought to be universal across cultures. The James-Lange theory suggests that we first experience physiological changes (like a racing heart) and then interpret those changes as a specific emotion.
情绪是复杂的心理状态，涉及主观体验、生理唤醒和行为表达。基本情绪如快乐、悲伤、恐惧、愤怒、惊讶和厌恶被认为是跨文化共通的。詹姆斯-兰格理论认为，我们先经历生理变化（如心跳加速），然后将这些变化解读为特定的情绪。
Motivation is the drive that initiates, guides, and maintains goal-directed behaviour. Intrinsic motivation comes from within, such as doing a puzzle for the satisfaction of solving it. Extrinsic motivation arises from external rewards or punishments, like studying to earn good grades or avoid detention. Both types can influence learning, but intrinsic motivation often leads to deeper engagement.
动机是引发、引导和维持目标导向行为的驱动力。内在动机来自内部，例如为了解谜的满足感而玩拼图。外在动机源于外部奖励或惩罚，例如为了取得好成绩或避免留校而学习。两者都能影响学习，但内在动机往往带来更深入的投入。
7. Social Influence | 社会影响
Conformity is the tendency to adjust one's thoughts, feelings, or behaviours to match those of a group. Solomon Asch's line judgment experiment showed that participants often gave an obviously wrong answer just to fit in with the majority. Normative social influence occurs when we conform to be liked or accepted, while informational influence happens when we believe the group knows better.
从众是调整自己的思想、情感或行为以与群体保持一致的倾向。所罗门·阿希的线条判断实验表明，参与者常常为了迎合多数人而给出明显错误的答案。规范社会影响发生在我们为了被喜欢或接受而顺从时，而信息社会影响则发生在我们相信群体更懂行的时候。
Obedience is following direct commands from an authority figure. Stanley Milgram's famous study revealed that ordinary people would administer what they believed were dangerous electric shocks to a learner simply because an experimenter told them to. This highlighted the power of authority and the ethical concerns involved in such research.
服从是听从权威人物直接指令的行为。斯坦利·米尔格拉姆的著名研究显示，普通人仅仅因为实验者要求，就会对学习者施加他们以为很危险的电击。这凸显了权威的力量以及此类研究涉及的伦理问题。
8. Research Methods Terminology | 研究方法术语
A hypothesis is a precise, testable prediction about the expected outcome of a study. It often states how the independent variable (IV) will affect the dependent variable (DV). The IV is the factor that the researcher manipulates or changes, while the DV is the factor that is measured to see if it is affected by the IV.
假设是对研究预期结果的精确、可检验的预测。它通常陈述自变量（IV）将如何影响因变量（DV）。自变量是研究者操纵或改变的因素，而因变量是被测量的因素，以观察它是否受自变量影响。
For example, if you want to test whether background music affects memory, the IV would be the presence or type of music, and the DV would be the number of words recalled. An experiment includes a control group that does not receive the experimental treatment, providing a baseline for comparison. Ethical guidelines ensure that participants give informed consent, are not deceived unnecessarily, and can withdraw at any time.
例如，如果你想测试背景音乐是否影响记忆，自变量就是音乐的有无或类型，因变量则是回忆出的单词数量。实验包含一个不接受实验处理的控制组，为比较提供基线。伦理准则确保参与者知情同意、不被不必要欺骗，并可随时退出。
| Concept | English Explanation | 中文解释 |
|---|---|---|
| Independent Variable (IV) | The variable you change. | 你改变的变量。 |
| Dependent Variable (DV) | The variable you measure. | 你测量的变量。 |
| Control Group | The group with no treatment, used for comparison. | 不接受处理的组，用于比较。 |
| Hypothesis | A testable prediction ('If... then...'). | 可检验的预测（“如果……那么……”）。 |
9. Cognitive Processes | 认知过程
Cognitive processes include thinking, decision-making, problem-solving, and language. Thinking involves manipulating mental representations, such as concepts and schemas, to reason and plan. An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure that guarantees a correct solution, like a mathematical formula. A heuristic is a mental shortcut that provides a quick judgment but may lead to errors; for example, the availability heuristic causes us to judge the frequency of events by how easily examples come to mind.
认知过程包括思维、决策、问题解决和语言。思维涉及操纵概念和图式等心理表征来进行推理和计划。算法是能保证得出正确解决方案的逐步程序，就像数学公式一样。启发式是一种心理捷径，能快速做出判断但可能导致错误；例如，可得性启发式使我们根据想到例子的容易程度来判断事件的发生频率。
Problem-solving often involves identifying a goal, generating possible strategies, and evaluating outcomes. Obstacles include functional fixedness, which is the tendency to see objects only in their conventional use, and confirmation bias, the habit of seeking information that confirms our existing beliefs.
问题解决通常包括确定目标、产生可能策略和评估结果。障碍包括功能固着，即只以常规用途看待物体的倾向，以及确认偏误，即寻找支持已有信念的信息的习惯。
10. Key Debates and Issues | 关键争论与议题
The nature versus nurture debate asks whether behaviour is determined mainly by genetics (nature) or by environment and experience (nurture). Most psychologists now agree that both interact; for example, intelligence is influenced by inherited potential and by educational opportunities.
天性对教养的争论探讨行为主要由遗传（天性）决定，还是由环境和经验（教养）决定。如今多数心理学家同意两者相互作用；例如，智力既受遗传潜力的影响，也受教育机会的影响。
Free will versus determinism is another debate: do we freely choose our actions, or are they determined by past causes? Biological and behavioural approaches tend to lean towards determinism, while humanistic psychology supports the idea of free will.
自由意志对决定论是另一场争论：我们的行为是自由选择的，还是由过去的原因决定的？生物学和行为主义取向倾向于决定论，而人本主义心理学则支持自由意志。
Ethical considerations are crucial in psychology. Researchers must protect participants from harm, maintain confidentiality, and debrief participants after a study. Key principles include respect, competence, responsibility, and integrity, which ensure that research is conducted morally.
伦理考量在心理学中至关重要。研究者必须保护参与者免受伤害、保持保密性，并在研究后对参与者进行事后解释。关键原则包括尊重、胜任、责任和正直，确保研究以道德的方式进行。
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