📚 Year 8 Cambridge Business: Key Terms Flashcard Guide | 剑桥八年级商务：关键术语速记指南
Mastering business terminology is like learning a new language. For Year 8 students following the Cambridge curriculum, understanding key terms is the first step toward grasping how businesses operate and make decisions. This guide uses simple explanations and memory tricks to help you remember the most important business words, from 'scarcity' to 'profit'.
掌握商务术语就如同学习一门新语言。对于学习剑桥课程的八年级学生来说，理解关键术语是掌握企业如何运营和决策的第一步。本指南运用简单的解释和记忆窍门，帮助你记住从‘稀缺性’到‘利润’等重要商务词汇。
1. Scarcity and Opportunity Cost | 稀缺性与机会成本
Scarcity is the basic economic problem: we have limited resources but unlimited wants. Because of scarcity, we must make choices. Every choice involves giving up the next best alternative — this is called opportunity cost.
稀缺性是基本的经济问题：我们拥有有限的资源，却有无限的欲望。由于稀缺性，我们必须做出选择。每一个选择都涉及放弃次优替代方案——这就是机会成本。
Memory tip: Think of 'SCARCITY' as 'Shortage Creates All Real Choices In Time Yours'. Opportunity cost is 'the road not taken'.
记忆窍门：将‘SCARCITY’记作‘短缺创造了所有真实选择’。机会成本就是‘未走的路’。
Example: If you have £10 and must choose between a cinema ticket and a book, the opportunity cost of choosing the cinema is the book you gave up.
示例：如果你有10英镑，必须在电影票和一本书之间选择，那么选择电影的机会成本就是放弃了那本书。
2. Needs and Wants | 需求与欲望
Needs are essential for survival, such as food, water, shelter, and clothing. Wants are things we desire but can live without, like video games or designer shoes. Businesses satisfy both needs and wants by providing goods and services.
需求是生存所必需的，比如食物、水、住所和衣物。欲望是我们渴望但并非生活必需品的东西，比如电子游戏或名牌鞋。企业通过提供商品和服务来满足需求和欲望。
Quick recall: 'Need' has one syllable like 'must'; 'Want' has more letters, like 'wish'.
快速记忆：‘Need’只有一个音节，就像‘必须’；‘Want’的字母更多，就像‘愿望’。
3. Goods and Services | 商品与服务
Goods are tangible items you can touch, such as a smartphone or a loaf of bread. Services are intangible actions performed for you, like a haircut or a bus ride. Some products are a mix of both, like a restaurant meal (food is a good, the waiter's service is a service).
商品是你可以触摸的有形物品，比如智能手机或一条面包。服务是为你执行的无形行为，比如理发或乘坐公交车。有些产品两者兼有，比如餐厅用餐（食物是商品，服务生的服务是服务）。
Remember: 'Goods' go in a bag; 'Services' are things you experience.
记住：‘商品’可以装进包里；‘服务’是你体验到的。
4. Factors of Production | 生产要素
There are four factors of production: Land (natural resources), Labour (human effort), Capital (man-made tools and machinery), and Enterprise (entrepreneurs who combine the other factors). The acronym 'C.E.L.L.' helps: Capital, Enterprise, Land, Labour — or simply 'CELL'.
生产要素有四种：土地（自然资源）、劳动力（人力付出）、资本（人造工具和机器）和企业（将其他要素组合起来的企业家）。可以用缩写‘CELL’来记忆：Capital, Enterprise, Land, Labour。
Enterprise earns profit; Labour earns wages; Land earns rent; Capital earns interest.
企业获得利润；劳动力获得工资；土地获得地租；资本获得利息。
5. Supply and Demand | 供给与需求
Demand is the quantity of a product that customers are willing and able to buy at a given price. Supply is the quantity that producers are willing and able to offer. The law of demand states that as price rises, quantity demanded falls. The law of supply states that as price rises, quantity supplied rises.
需求是顾客在特定价格下愿意并能够购买的产品数量。供给是生产者愿意并能够提供的数量。需求定律指出，价格上升时，需求量下降；供给定律指出，价格上升时，供给量上升。
Equilibrium is the point where supply equals demand, determining the market price.
均衡点是供给等于需求的点，决定了市场价格。
Visual trick: Draw an 'X' — the downward line is demand, the upward line is supply, and the crossing is equilibrium.
视觉窍门：画一个‘X’——向下的线是需求，向上的线是供给，交叉点就是均衡。
6. Market and Competition | 市场与竞争
A market is any place (physical or online) where buyers and sellers exchange goods, services, or resources. Competition occurs when multiple businesses try to attract the same customers. Direct competition involves similar products (e.g., Coca‑Cola vs. Pepsi), while indirect competition uses substitutes (e.g., coffee vs. tea).
市场是买卖双方交换商品、服务或资源的任何场所（实体或线上）。竞争是指多个企业试图吸引相同的顾客。直接竞争涉及相似产品（如可口可乐和百事可乐），间接竞争则使用替代品（如咖啡和茶）。
Tip: 'Market' sounds like 'meet cart' — buyers and sellers meet. 'Competition' implies 'compete for attention'.
提示：‘Market’听起来像‘买卖推车相遇’——买卖双方相遇。‘Competition’意味着‘争夺关注’。
7. Business Ownership | 企业所有制
The main types of business ownership are: Sole trader (one owner, unlimited liability), Partnership (2-20 partners, shared liability), Private limited company (Ltd, shares sold privately, limited liability), Public limited company (PLC, shares sold on stock exchange), and Franchise (licence to use another firm's brand).
企业所有制的主要类型有：个体经营者（单一所有者，无限责任）、合伙制（2-20个合伙人，共同责任）、私营有限公司（Ltd，私下出售股份，有限责任）、上市公司（PLC，在证券交易所出售股份）和特许经营（使用另一家公司品牌的许可）。
Limited liability means owners can only lose the money they invested — their personal assets are safe. Unlimited liability means personal assets are at risk.
有限责任意味着所有者只会损失他们投资的资金——个人资产是安全的。无限责任意味着个人资产面临风险。
Memory: 'Ltd = Limited risk, PLC = Publicly listed company'.
记忆：‘Ltd = 有限风险，PLC = 公开上市公司’。
8. Revenue, Cost, and Profit | 收入、成本与利润
y sold). Costs are the expenses incurred, such as rent, wages, and materials. Profit is Revenue minus Costs. A loss occurs when costs exceed revenue.
收入是企业从销售中获得的总金额（价格 × 销售量）。成本是发生的开支，如租金、工资和原材料。利润是收入减去成本。当成本超过收入时，就发生亏损。
Profit = Revenue – Cost
利润 = 收入 – 成本
Memory aid: 'PRC' helps you recall Profit after Revenue and Cost, just like the abbreviation for China.
记忆辅助：‘PRC’有助于记住利润在收入和成本之后，就像中国的英文缩写一样。
Break-even is when revenue equals total costs (no profit, no loss).
盈亏平衡是指收入等于总成本（不赚不赔）。
9. Marketing Mix (4Ps) | 市场营销组合（4P）
The marketing mix is the combination of Product, Price, Place, and Promotion a business uses to reach its target market. Product refers to the good or service; Price is what customers pay; Place is distribution channels; Promotion covers advertising and selling activities.
市场营销组合是企业用来接触目标市场的产品（Product）、价格（Price）、渠道（Place）和促销（Promotion）的组合。产品指商品或服务；价格是顾客支付的金额；渠道是分销途径；促销包括广告和销售活动。
Think of a pizza: Product is the pizza itself, Price is the cost, Place is the delivery, Promotion is the flyer.
想象一个披萨：产品是披萨本身，价格是费用，渠道是外卖配送，促销是传单。
Some businesses now add People, Process, and Physical evidence — the 7Ps.
一些企业现在还加入了人员、流程和有形展示——构成了7P。
10. Business Finance Basics | 企业财务基础
Key financial documents include the income statement (profit & loss account) showing revenue, costs, and profit over a period; the statement of financial position (balance sheet) showing assets, liabilities, and equity at a point in time; and the cash flow forecast showing money inflows and outflows.
关键财务文件包括：损益表（显示一段时间内的收入、成本和利润）、财务状况表（资产负债表，显示某一时点的资产、负债和权益）以及现金流量预测（显示资金流入和流出）。
Assets are what the business owns (e.g., cash, equipment). Liabilities are what it owes (e.g., loans). Equity is the owners' stake. The accounting equation shows:
资产是企业拥有的东西（如现金、设备）。负债是企业欠的（如贷款）。权益是所有者的份额。会计等式表明：
Assets = Liabilities + Equity
资产 = 负债 + 权益
Memory trick: 'ALE' — Assets on the Left, Liabilities and Equity on the right. A = L + E.
记忆技巧：‘ALE’——资产在左，负债和权益在右。A = L + E。
Published by TutorHao | Business Revision Series | aleveler.com
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