📚 Year 8 SQA Media: Quick Guide to Key Terminology | Year 8 SQA 媒体：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your essential revision companion for Year 8 SQA Media Studies. This guide lists the most important terms you will meet when analysing films, TV programmes, advertisements, and online content. Each term comes with a simple definition and a clever memory trick to help you recall it in the exam. Read on, test yourself, and build a strong media vocabulary one term at a time.
欢迎来到 Year 8 SQA 媒体学习的必备复习指南。这里列出了你在分析电影、电视节目、广告和网络内容时会遇到的最重要的术语。每个术语都附有简单的定义和巧妙的记忆技巧，帮助你在考试中想起它们。继续读下去，自我测试，逐步建立强大的媒体词汇库。
1. Camera Shots | 镜头种类
A camera shot describes how much of the subject or scene is visible in the frame. The most common shots are: extreme long shot (ELS) to show landscapes, long shot (LS) to show the full body, medium shot (MS) from the waist up, close-up (CU) of the face or an object, and extreme close-up (ECU) to show tiny details like an eye or a tear.
镜头种类描述画面中主体或场景可见的范围。最常见的镜头包括：极远景 (ELS) 展示风景，远景 (LS) 展示全身，中景 (MS) 从腰部以上拍摄，特写 (CU) 对准脸部或物体，以及极特写 (ECU) 显示微小的细节，比如一只眼睛或一滴眼泪。
Memory trick: Think of a person walking towards the camera. At first they are tiny (ELS), then you see their whole body (LS), then from the waist (MS), then just the face (CU), and finally only the eye (ECU). Picture the zooming in step by step.
记忆技巧：想象一个人朝着镜头走来。起初他们很小 (极远景)，然后看到全身 (远景)，接着腰部 (中景)，再是脸部 (特写)，最后只有眼睛 (极特写)。一步一步想象拉近的过程。
2. Camera Angles | 拍摄角度
Camera angles change how we view the subject. A high angle shot looks down on the subject, making them appear weak or small. A low angle shot looks up at the subject, making them seem powerful or important. An eye-level angle is neutral and natural. A bird's-eye view comes directly from above, and a worm's-eye view from the ground looking straight up.
拍摄角度改变我们看待主体的方式。俯拍镜头从高处向下看，让主体显得弱小。仰拍镜头从低处向上看，让主体显得强大或重要。平视角度是中性的、自然的。鸟瞰视角从正上方拍摄，虫视视角是从地面向上看。
Memory trick: Associate angles with power. High angle = the subject is 'low' in status. Low angle = the subject 'looms' tall. Your teacher looking down at you is a high angle; you looking up at a superhero is a low angle.
记忆技巧：将角度与权力联系起来。俯拍 = 主体地位“低”。仰拍 = 主体“高大”。老师俯视你是俯拍；你仰望超级英雄是仰拍。
3. Camera Movement | 镜头运动
Common camera movements include: pan (turning the camera horizontally left or right from a fixed position), tilt (moving the camera vertically up or down), track or dolly (moving the whole camera along a track towards or away from the subject), zoom (changing the focal length to make the subject appear closer or farther without moving the camera), and handheld (camera is carried, creating a shaky, realistic feel).
常见的镜头运动包括：摇镜 (从固定位置水平向左或向右转动相机)，俯仰 (垂直上下移动相机)，推轨或滑轨 (沿轨道移动整个相机靠近或远离主体)，变焦 (改变焦距使主体看起来更近或更远，相机不动)，以及手持 (相机被手持移动，产生晃动、真实的感觉)。
Memory trick: Make a hand gesture. Pan = your open hand moving left-right like saying 'stop' ing forward. Zoom = pinching your fingers on a phone screen. Handheld = your hand shaking.
记忆技巧：用手势模拟。摇镜 = 张开手掌左右移动，像是在说“停”。俯仰 = 手掌上下点头。推轨 = 向前走路。变焦 = 在手机屏幕上捏合手指。手持 = 手在抖动。
4. Editing Techniques | 剪辑技巧
Editing is how shots are put together. A cut is a simple switch from one shot to another. A fade goes to or from black (or white). A dissolve gradually blends one shot into another. A wipe pushes one image off the screen with another. Jump cuts show a sudden shift in time or space, and cross-cutting (parallel editing) cuts between two scenes happening at the same time in different locations. Fast-paced editing uses many short shots to create tension or excitement.
剪辑是把镜头组合起来的方式。切 是直接从一个镜头切换到另一个。淡入淡出 是以黑色（或白色）为过渡。叠化 让一个镜头逐渐融入另一个。划 用另一个画面把当前画面推出屏幕。跳切 显示时间或空间上的突然变化，交叉剪辑（平行剪辑）在两个同时发生在不同地点的场景之间来回切换。快节奏剪辑使用许多短镜头来制造紧张或兴奋感。
lowly, dissolve to blend two faces, wipe to swipe to the next clip. Jump cut = your friend 'teleporting' from one side to the other.
记忆技巧：想象你在手机上剪辑视频。点击来切，想慢慢消失用淡出，叠化混合两张脸，划像滑动到下一个片段。跳切 = 朋友从一边“瞬间移动”到另一边。
5. Sound Elements | 声音元素
Diegetic sound is any sound that comes from the world of the story – characters speaking, doors slamming, music playing from a radio on screen. Non-diegetic sound is added for the audience only, such as a film score, voice-over narration, or exaggerated sound effects. Dialogue is the spoken words, a sound bridge connects two scenes by letting the audio from one continue into the next, and ambient sound is the background noise of a location.
剧情声（画内音）是故事世界里产生的声音——人物的说话声、门砰地关上、屏幕中的收音机播放的音乐。非剧情声（画外音）只给观众听，比如电影配乐、画外音旁白或夸张的音效。对白是说话的内容，声音桥让一个场景的音频延续到下一个场景，环境声是一个地点的背景噪音。
Memory trick: Diegetic = 'die' in the story world; it exists inside. Non-diegetic = 'no' entry to the character' epy music (non-diegetic) only we hear, but the scream (diegetic) the character also hears.
记忆技巧：剧情声 = 故事世界“里”的声音，它存在于故事内部。非剧情声 = 角色听不到的“非”内部声音。想象一部恐怖片：诡异的音乐（画外音）只有我们能听到，但尖叫声（画内音）角色也能听到。
6. Mise-en-Scène | 场景调度
Mise-en-scène is a French term meaning 'placed on stage'. It covers everything visible in the frame: setting, props, costume, make-up, lighting, colour, and the positioning of characters and objects. All these elements communicate meaning – for example, a messy bedroom suggests a disorganised character, while a crisp white suit might signal authority or purity.
场景调度是法语词汇，意为“放置在舞台上”。它包括画面中所有可见的元素：场景、道具、服装、化妆、灯光、色彩以及人物和物体的位置。所有这些元素都在传达含义——例如，凌乱的卧室暗示角色不修边幅，而整洁的白色西服可能象征权威或纯净。
Memory trick: Think of a theatre stage before the actors speak. The set, costumes, and lights already tell you a story. When analysing any still image, ask yourself: 'What props, colours, and lighting choices can I see?' Those all fall under mise-en-scène.
记忆技巧：想象演员开口前的戏剧舞台。布景、服装和灯光已经在讲述故事。分析任何静态图像时，问自己：“我能看到什么道具、颜色和灯光选择？”这些都归入场景调度。
7. Narrative Codes | 叙事符码
Narrative codes are the clues and systems audiences use to understand a story. Action codes are events that clearly signal what will happen next – a character picking up a key suggests a door will be opened. Enigma codes create questions and mystery – a locked box makes us wonder what is inside. Symbolic codes use objects or colours to represent abstract ideas – broken mirrors can mean shattered identity.
叙事符码是观众用来理解故事的线索和系统。动作符码是清楚预示接下来会发生什么的事件——角色拿起钥匙暗示会开门。谜题符码制造疑问和悬念——一个上锁的盒子让我们好奇里面是什么。象征符码用物品或颜色代表抽象概念——破碎的镜子可能意味着破碎的身份。
Memory trick: Action code = 'action and reaction', like a domino chain. Enigma code = 'enigma' sounds like 'enigmatic' hen you watch a trailer, count how many enigma codes (questions) they pack in to hook you.
记忆技巧：动作符码 = “动作与反应”，就像多米诺骨牌。谜题符码 = “enigma” 听起来像谜题。看预告片时，数一数他们塞进了多少谜题符码（问题）来吸引你。
8. Genre Conventions | 类型惯例
Genre is the category a media text belongs to, such as horror, sci-fi, news, or sitcom. Each genre has typical conventions – recurring elements audiences expect. Horror conventions include dark lighting, jump scares, isolated settings, and string music. Sci-fi often features advanced technology, space travel, and glowing blue light. Recognising conventions helps us analyse how texts follow or challenge audience expectations.
类型是媒体文本所属的类别，如恐怖、科幻、新闻或情景喜剧。每种类型都有典型的惯例——受众期望的反复出现的元素。恐怖类型的惯例包括昏暗的灯光、突发惊吓、隔离的场景和弦乐。科幻片通常有先进科技、太空旅行和发蓝光的画面。识别惯例有助于我们分析文本如何遵循或挑战受众期待。
ant name (horror = a haunted house restaurant). Conventions are the dishes you always find – horror always serves 'jump scares' and 'creepy music'. If a horror film does not have them, it might be subverting the genre.
记忆技巧：想象一份菜单。类型是餐厅的名字（恐怖 = 鬼屋餐厅）。惯例是你总能找到的菜——恐怖餐厅总是提供“突发惊吓”和“恐怖音乐”。如果一部恐怖片没有这些，它可能是在颠覆类型。
9. Representation | 呈现方式
Representation is how media texts portray people, places, events, and ideas. It involves selection (what is shown), organisation (how it is arranged), and focus (what is emphasised). Stereotypes are simplified, exaggerated portrayals – for example, teenagers being shown as moody and phone-obsessed. Countertypes challenge stereotypes by presenting a group in a new, positive, or unexpected way. The aim is to see what version of reality is being constructed.
呈现方式是媒体文本如何刻画人物、地点、事件和观念。它包括选择（展示什么）、组织（如何安排）和聚焦（强调什么）。刻板印象是简化、夸张的描绘——比如青少年被刻画为情绪化且沉迷手机。反刻板印象通过以新颖、积极或出人意料的方式展示群体来挑战定型。目的是看清正在构建的是哪个版本的现实。
entation, meaning reality is being presented again, not neutral. Ask: who is shown as hero? Who is shown as victim? What is left out? Stereotype = a cookie-cutter shape that every character of a group is forced into.
记忆技巧：呈现 = 重新呈现，意味着现实是被再次呈现的，而非中立的。问：谁被表现为英雄？谁被表现为受害者？什么被遗漏了？刻板印象 = 一个模具，同一群体的每个角色都被塞进去。
10. Audience | 受众
Audience is the group of people who consume a media text. Media producers target specific audiences using demographics (age, gender, income) and psychographics (interests, attitudes, lifestyle). The hypodermic needle theory suggests media injects messages directly into a passive audience, but most modern views see the audience as active, interpreting messages based on their own experiences. The uses and gratifications model explains why audiences choose media: for entertainment, information, personal identity, and social interaction.
受众是消费媒体文本的人群。媒体制作人通过人口统计（年龄、性别、收入）和心理统计（兴趣、态度、生活方式）来瞄准特定受众。皮下注射理论认为媒体直接将信息注射给被动的受众，但大多数现代观点认为受众是主动的，根据自己的经验解读信息。使用与满足模型解释了受众选择媒体的原因：娱乐、获取信息、个人认同和社会交往。
Memory trick: Audience = 'audience like audio' ou want a laugh (entertainment) or a tutorial (information). You are active, not a zombie.
记忆技巧：受众 = 像“audio”一样的听众，听到和看到的人。想想 YouTube：上传者给视频打标签（目标受众）。你选择观看是因为想笑（娱乐）或看教程（信息）。你是主动的，不是一个僵尸。
11. Lighting | 灯光
Lighting creates mood and directs attention. High-key lighting is bright, even, with few shadows – often used in comedies and adverts to feel cheerful. Low-key lighting uses strong contrast and deep shadows, common in film noir and horror to build suspense. Backlighting puts the light behind the subject, creating a silhouette, while side lighting can sculpt the face, emphasising texture and drama. Coloured lighting adds symbolic meaning – red for danger, blue for coldness or technology.
灯光营造氛围并引导注意力。高调灯光明亮、均匀、阴影少——常用于喜剧和广告，让人感到愉悦。低调灯光使用强烈对比和浓重阴影，在黑色电影和恐怖片中常见，以营造悬念。逆光将光源放在主体背后，形成剪影；侧光可以塑造脸部，强调质感和戏剧性。彩色灯光增添象征意义——红色代表危险，蓝色代表寒冷或科技。
Memory trick: High-key = 'happy key' (bright). Low-key = 'low' er stands in a doorway, all black outline. When you see a scene with dark shadows, whisper 'low-key foreboding'.
记忆技巧：高调 = “快乐的调子”（明亮）。低调 = “低”如暗沉的地窖。逆光 = 想到间谍惊悚片中神秘人物站在门口，全是黑色轮廓。看到浓重阴影的场景时，轻声说“低调的预兆”。
12. Colour & Symbolism | 色彩与象征
Colour in media is never accidental. It sets mood, signals character traits, and creates visual coherence. Warm colours (red, orange, yellow) evoke energy, passion, or danger. Cool colours (blue, green, purple) suggest calm, sadness, or technology. A colour palette is the range of dominant colours in a text. Symbolism assigns meaning – green can mean nature or envy, white can mean innocence or emptiness. In many adverts, red is used to stimulate appetite, and green for eco-friendly messages.
媒体中的色彩绝非偶然。它设定情绪，暗示角色特征，并创造视觉连贯性。暖色（红、橙、黄）唤起活力、激情或危险。冷色（蓝、绿、紫）暗示平静、悲伤或科技。色彩搭配是文本中占主导地位的色彩范围。象征赋予意义——绿色可代表自然或嫉妒，白色可代表纯真或空虚。在许多广告中，红色用于刺激食欲，绿色用于环保信息。
ky = calm or digital (Facebook, Twitter). When you spot a colour repetition in a film, ask 'What idea does this colour symbolise here?' Create a colour log in your revision notes.
记忆技巧：将颜色与交通信号灯联想。红 = 停 = 危险或浪漫（心形）。绿 = 行 = 自然或生长。蓝 = 天空 = 平静或数码（脸书、推特）。当你在影片中发现颜色重复出现时，问自己“这个颜色在这里象征着什么？”在复习笔记里做一个色彩日志。
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