📚 Year 8 SQA PE: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick-Reference Guide | Year 8 SQA 体育：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the language of Physical Education is like learning to read a new sport – it unlocks deeper understanding, improves exam performance and helps you communicate precisely in practical settings. In Year 8 SQA PE, you are expected to know and use a range of subject‑specific terms across anatomy, physiology, movement analysis and training. This guide presents key vocabulary grouped by topic, with clear English definitions and Chinese explanations. Each section includes simple memory hacks to make the words stick, so you can move from passive recognition to confident use in class discussions, written tasks and assessments.
掌握体育学科的语言就像学会读一项新运动——它能帮你加深理解、提升考试成绩，并让你在实践中准确表达。在 Year 8 SQA 体育课程中，你需要掌握并运用解剖学、生理学、运动分析和训练等领域的一系列专业术语。本指南按主题分组呈现关键词汇，提供清晰的英文定义和中文解释，每个小节还附有简单易行的记忆窍门，帮助你把被动词汇变成能在课堂讨论、书面作业和评估中自信使用的主动词汇。
1. Skeletal System Keywords | 骨骼系统关键词
The skeleton provides support, protection and movement. Key bones you need to name include the cranium, clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, pelvis, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals and metatarsals. Focus on learning where they are and how they link to joint actions.
骨骼提供支撑、保护和运动功能。你需要叫出名称的关键骨块包括颅骨、锁骨、肩胛骨、肱骨、桡骨、尺骨、脊椎骨、胸骨、肋骨、骨盆、股骨、髌骨、胫骨、腓骨、跗骨和跖骨。把重点放在它们的位置以及它们如何连接关节动作上。
A joint is where two or more bones meet. Synovial joints – like the ball‑and‑socket hip joint and the hinge knee joint – allow free movement. Cartilage reduces friction, ligaments connect bone to bone, and tendons attach muscle to bone. Imagine a door hinge for hinge joints and a joystick pivot for ball‑and‑socket joints.
关节是两块或多块骨头相遇的地方。滑膜关节——比如球窝结构的髋关节和铰链结构的膝关节——能进行自由活动。软骨减少摩擦，韧带连接骨与骨，肌腱将肌肉附着于骨骼。你可以把铰链关节想象成门铰链，把球窝关节想象成游戏摇杆的支点。
- Cranium – skull bone protecting the brain / 颅骨 – 保护大脑的头骨
- Clavicle – collarbone; links shoulder to sternum / 锁骨 – 连接肩部和胸骨的骨头
- Scapula – shoulder blade; provides attachment for arm muscles / 肩胛骨 – 为手臂肌肉提供附着点的骨片
- Humerus – upper arm bone / 肱骨 – 上臂骨
- Femur – thigh bone; longest and strongest bone / 股骨 – 大腿骨，最长最结实的骨头
2. Muscular System Keywords | 肌肉系统关键词
Muscles work in pairs to pull on bones and create movement – they never push. The contracting muscle is the agonist (prime mover), while the relaxing muscle is the antagonist. For example, during a bicep curl the biceps brachii is the agonist and the triceps brachii is the antagonist.
肌肉成对工作，通过拉动骨骼产生运动——它们从不产生推力。收缩中的肌肉是主动肌（原动肌），放松的肌肉则是对抗肌。例如，做肱二头肌弯举时，肱二头肌是主动肌，肱三头肌是对抗肌。
Muscle names often hint at their location or shape. ‘Deltoid’ comes from the Greek letter delta (Δ) because the shoulder muscle is triangular. ‘Quadriceps’ means four-headed muscle. Use mnemonics: ‘Quads know four’ (four muscles in front of thigh) and ‘Hamstrings have three strings’ (three muscles at the back of thigh).
肌肉的名称常常暗示它们的位置或形状。“三角肌（Deltoid）”源自希腊字母δ（Δ），因为肩部肌肉呈三角形。“股四头肌（Quadriceps）”意为四头肌。你可以用口诀来记忆：“Quads know four”（大腿前侧有四块肌肉）和“Hamstrings have three strings”（大腿后侧有三块肌肉）。
- Biceps brachii – muscle on front of upper arm; flexes elbow / 肱二头肌 – 上臂前侧肌，弯屈肘关节
- Triceps brachii – muscle on back of upper arm; extends elbow / 肱三头肌 – 上臂后侧肌，伸直肘关节
- Pectorals – chest muscles; adduct and internally rotate the arm / 胸大肌 – 胸部肌肉，使手臂内收和内旋
- Abdominals – ‘abs’; flex and rotate the trunk / 腹肌 – 屈曲和旋转躯干
- Gluteals – buttock muscles; extend and rotate the hip / 臀肌 – 臀部肌肉，伸展和旋转髋关节
3. Cardiovascular System Terms | 心血管系统术语
me (amount of blood pumped per beat), and cardiac output (heart rate × stroke volume). When you exercise, cardiac output increases to deliver more oxygen to working muscles.
心血管系统由心脏、血液和血管组成。关键术语包括心率（每分钟心跳次数）、每搏输出量（每次心跳泵出的血量）和心输出量（心率×每搏输出量）。运动时，心输出量增加，以便向工作的肌肉输送更多氧气。
Arteries carry blood away from the heart (think ‘A for Away’), veins return blood to the heart, and capillaries are tiny vessels where gas exchange occurs. Use the phrase ‘Arteries – Away, Veins – return’ to lock it in.
动脉将血液从心脏运出（记‘A代表Away（离开）’），静脉将血液送回心脏，毛细血管是进行气体交换的微小血管。可以用短语“Arteries – Away, Veins – return”（动脉-离开，静脉-回来）来牢牢记住。
- Heart rate – number of heartbeats per minute / 心率 – 每分钟心跳次数
- Stroke volume – volume of blood ejected per beat, typically around 70 ml at rest / 每搏输出量 – 每次心跳射出的血量，静息时约70毫升
- Cardiac output – total blood pumped by the heart per minute; HR × SV / 心输出量 – 心脏每分钟泵出的总血量；心率×每搏输出量
- Red blood cells – cells containing haemoglobin that carry oxygen / 红细胞 – 含有血红蛋白、携带氧气的细胞
- Plasma – liquid part of blood; transports nutrients, hormones and waste / 血浆 – 血液的液体部分，运输营养物质、激素和废物
4. Respiratory System Vocabulary | 呼吸系统词汇
ronchioles → alveoli. Alveoli are tiny air sacs surrounded by capillaries where gaseous exchange happens.
呼吸系统将氧气带入体内并排出二氧化碳。空气的路径为：鼻腔→咽→喉→气管→支气管→细支气管→肺泡。肺泡是被毛细血管包围的微小小气囊，气体交换就在这里进行。
Tidal volume is the amount of air breathed in or out in one normal breath. Vital capacity is the maximum air you can exhale after a maximum inhalation. Breathing rate increases during exercise to meet higher oxygen demand. Think of tidal volume as the ‘gentle tide’ of everyday breathing.
潮气量是一次正常呼吸中吸入或呼出的空气量。肺活量是你在最大吸气后能呼出的最大空气量。运动时呼吸频率增加，以满足更高的氧气需求。你可以把潮气量想象成日常呼吸的“温和潮汐”。
- Trachea – windpipe; tube reinforced with cartilage rings / 气管 – 由软骨环加固的管道
- Bronchi – two main branches from trachea into lungs / 支气管 – 气管分叉进入肺部的两条主要分支
- Alveoli – microscopic air sacs for gas exchange / 肺泡 – 用于气体交换的微观气囊
- Tidal volume – volume of air per normal breath / 潮气量 – 每次正常呼吸的空气量
- Vital capacity – maximum air exhaled after maximum inhalation / 肺活量 – 最大吸气后能呼出的最大空气量
5. Fitness Components & Training Principles | 体能要素与训练原则
Health‑related fitness components include cardiovascular endurance, muscular endurance, muscular strength, flexibility and body composition. Skill‑related components are agility, balance, coordination, power, reaction time and speed. All are measurable and can be improved through targeted training.
健康相关体能要素包括心血管耐力、肌肉耐力、肌肉力量、柔韧性和身体成分。技能相关要素包括敏捷性、平衡能力、协调性、爆发力、反应时间和速度。所有这些都可以测量，并通过针对性训练得到改善。
The FITT principle helps plan training: Frequency (how often), Intensity (how hard), Time (how long) and Type (what kind). Overload means working harder than normal to cause adaptation. Remember ‘FITT controls overload’ – without FITT you cannot safely apply overload.
FITT原则有助于规划训练：频率（多久一次）、强度（多努力）、时间（持续多久）和类型（哪种训练）。超负荷意味着比正常水平更努力地训练以引起身体适应。记住“FITT控制超负荷”——没有FITT你就无法安全地施加超负荷。
- Cardiovascular endurance – ability of heart and lungs to supply oxygen during prolonged exercise / 心血管耐力 – 长时间运动中，心肺供应氧气的能力
- Muscular endurance – ability of a muscle to perform repeated contractions without fatigue / 肌肉耐力 – 肌肉反复收缩而不疲劳的能力
- Agility – ability to change direction quickly and accurately / 敏捷性 – 快速准确改变方向的能力
- Power – combination of strength and speed; strength × speed / 爆发力 – 力量与速度的结合；力量×速度
- Body composition – ratio of fat mass to lean mass in the body / 身体成分 – 体内脂肪质量与瘦体重的比例
6. Movement & Planes Terminology | 运动与平面术语
Movements occur in three anatomical planes. The sagittal plane divides body into left and right – movements are forward and backward (flexion, extension). The frontal plane divides body into front and back – movements are sideways (abduction, adduction). The transverse plane divides body into top and bottom – movements are rotational (horizontal adduction, rotation).
运动发生在三个解剖平面上。矢状面将身体分为左右两部分——运动方向为前后（屈曲、伸展）。额状面将身体分为前后两部分——运动方向为侧向（外展、内收）。水平面将身体分为上下两部分——运动是旋转的（水平内收、旋转）。
Flexion decreases the angle at a joint, extension increases it. Abduction moves a limb away from the midline, adduction brings it back. Visualise a sagittal‑plane bicep curl: the elbow angle reduces. For abduction, imagine raising your arm sideways – you are ‘abducting’ it from your body.
屈曲减小关节角度，伸展增大关节角度。外展将肢体移离身体中线，内收则将其带回。想象一个矢状面上的肱二头肌弯举：肘关节角度在变小。而对于外展，想象侧向抬起手臂——你正在将它从身体“外展”出去。
- Flexion – decreasing the angle at a joint (bending) / 屈曲 – 减小关节角度（弯曲）
- Extension – increasing the angle at a joint (straightening) / 伸展 – 增大关节角度（伸直）
- Abduction – movement away from the midline / 外展 – 移离身体中线的运动
- Adduction – movement towards the midline / 内收 – 移向身体中线的运动
- Rotation – turning around an axis; e.g. turning head left and right / 旋转 – 绕轴转动，如头部左右转动
7. Skill-Related Terms | 技能相关术语
In SQA PE, skills are classified by how they are organised and paced. Closed skills occur in a predictable, stable environment (e.g. a forward roll in gymnastics). Open skills are performed in an unpredictable, changing environment (e.g. a pass in a football match). Externally paced skills are controlled by the environment, while self‑paced skills are controlled by the performer.
在SQA体育课程中，技能按照组织方式和节奏进行分类。封闭式技能发生在可预测、稳定的环境中（如体操中的前滚翻）。开放式技能则在不可预测、不断变化的环境中执行（如足球比赛中的传球）。外部节奏技能由环境控制，而自定节奏技能则由执行者自己控制。
Simple skills have few sub‑ ex skills involve many decisions and parts. A set shot in basketball is simpler than a lay‑up under pressure. Think ‘closed = locked safe, open = weather changes’ to remember the difference.
简单技能包含很少的子程序，容易学习；复杂技能则涉及许多决策和环节。篮球的定位投篮比对抗下的上篮要简单。你可以用“封闭=锁进保险箱，开放=天气多变”来记忆两者的区别。
- Closed skill – performed in a stable, predictable setting / 封闭式技能 – 在稳定、可预测的环境中执行
- Open skill – performed in an unpredictable, changing environment / 开放式技能 – 在不可预测、变化的环境中执行
- Self‑paced skill – performer controls timing and speed / 自定节奏技能 – 执行者控制时间和速度
- Externally paced skill – timing controlled by external factors / 外部节奏技能 – 时间由外部因素控制
- Simple skill – few decisions, straightforward movement / 简单技能 – 决策少，动作直接
- Complex skill – many sub‑routines and decisions required / 复杂技能 – 需要许多子程序和决策
8. Nutrition & Hydration Vocabulary | 营养与水分补充词汇
A balanced diet supplies macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats) and micronutrients (vitamins, minerals). Carbohydrates are the body's main energy source during exercise, stored as glycogen in muscles and liver. Proteins repair and build muscle tissue. Healthy fats provide long‑term energy and support cell function.
均衡饮食提供宏量营养素（碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂肪）和微量营养素（维生素、矿物质）。碳水化合物是运动时身体的主要能量来源，以糖原形式储存在肌肉和肝脏中。蛋白质修复和构建肌肉组织。健康脂肪提供长期能量并支持细胞功能。
Hydration is crucial; even 2% dehydration can impair performance. Electrolytes like sodium and potassium help maintain fluid balance. Use the acronym ‘CHoP’ for macros: Carbs, Healthy fats, Protein. For hydration, remember ‘Clear urine, clear performance’.
补水至关重要；即使轻度脱水（2%）也会影响运动表现。钠和钾等电解质有助于维持体液平衡。你可以用“CHoP”来记忆宏量营养素：碳水化合物（Carbs）、健康脂肪（Healthy fats）、蛋白质（Protein）。补水方面则记住“尿液清澈，表现清晰”。
- Carbohydrates – main fuel for high‑intensity exercise / 碳水化合物 – 高强度运动的主要燃料
- Protein – essential for muscle repair and growth / 蛋白质 – 对肌肉修复和生长至关重要
- Glycogen – stored form of carbohydrate in muscles and liver / 糖原 – 碳水化合物在肌肉和肝脏中的储存形式
- Dehydration – excessive loss of body water; impairs physical and mental performance / 脱水 – 身体水分过量流失，损害身心表现
- Electrolytes – minerals that carry electrical charges; vital for muscle contraction / 电解质 – 携带电荷的矿物质，对肌肉收缩至关重要
9. Injury & Safety Language | 损伤与安全用语
Knowing injury terminology helps you identify risks and respond correctly. A sprain is damage to a ligament; a strain is damage to a muscle or tendon. The RICE protocol (Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation) is used for immediate care of soft tissue injuries.
了解损伤术语有助于识别风险并做出正确应对。扭伤是韧带损伤，拉伤是肌肉或肌腱损伤。RICE 原则（休息、冰敷、加压、抬高）用于软组织损伤的即时处理。
Overuse injuries, like shin splints or tennis elbow, develop gradually from repeated stress. A concussion is a traumatic brain injury caused by a blow to the head. Warm‑up and cool‑down are essential parts of a safe session – they prepare the body for exercise and aid recovery.
过度使用损伤，如胫骨疲劳性骨膜炎或网球肘，由反复受力而逐渐形成。脑震荡是由头部受到打击引起的创伤性脑损伤。热身和冷身是安全训练的重要环节——它们让身体为运动做好准备并促进恢复。
- Sprain – injury to a ligament; common in ankles / 扭伤 – 韧带损伤，常见于踝关节
- Strain – injury to a muscle or tendon; e.g. hamstring strain / 拉伤 – 肌肉或肌腱损伤，如腘绳肌拉伤
- RICE – Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation / RICE – 休息、冰敷、加压、抬高
- Warm‑up – light activity to gradually increase heart rate and blood flow / 热身 – 逐渐提高心率和血流量的轻度活动
- Cool‑down – gentle exercise and stretching to bring body back to resting state / 冷身 – 让身体逐渐回到静息状态的轻度运动和拉伸
10. Effective Memorisation Techniques | 高效记忆技巧
Use active recall rather than just re‑reading notes. After studying a set of terms, close the page and verbally explain each word to a friend, parent or even your pet. Draw simple mind maps linking bones to their joints and actions. The physical act of teaching solidifies memory faster than passive review.
使用主动回忆而非只是反复阅读笔记。学完一组术语后，合上书本，向朋友、家长甚至宠物口头解释每个词。画出简单的思维导图，将骨骼与其关节和动作联系起来。讲授的肢体动作会比被动复习更快地巩固记忆。
Turn words into vivid mental pictures. For ‘cardiac output = HR × SV’, imagine a heart with a calculator pressing ‘multiply’. For antagonistic muscle pairs, picture a tug‑of‑ ps and triceps pulling in opposite directions. The wilder the image, the better it sticks.
把词汇变成生动的心理图像。对于“心输出量 = 心率 × 每搏输出量”，想象一颗心脏拿着一台计算器按“乘法”键。对于拮抗肌群，想象一场拔河比赛：肱二头肌和肱三头肌朝相反方向拉。图像越离奇，记忆越牢固。
Create acronyms and rhymes. To remember the order of vertebrae sections: ‘Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacrum, Coccyx’ becomes ‘Can This Large Snake Crawl?’ For muscle groups, ‘Some Lovely Muscles’ can cue Scapula, Latissimus, etc. Rhyming pairs like ‘Vein – return, Artery – away’ are simple but powerful.
编造首字母缩略词和押韵。要记住脊椎节段的顺序：“颈椎、胸椎、腰椎、骶骨、尾骨”可以变成“Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacrum, Coccyx → Can This Large Snake Crawl？（这条大蛇会爬吗？）”。对于肌群，“Some Lovely Muscles”可以提示肩胛骨（Scapula）、背阔肌（Latissimus）等。像“Vein – return, Artery – away”这样的押韵组合简单而有力。
Finally, space your practice. Review terms after 1 day, then 3 days, then a week. This spaced repetition counters the forgetting curve. Use flashcard apps or handwritten cards with the English term on one side and the Chinese definition and a memory hook on the other. Consistent, bite‑sized revision yields the best long‑term recall.
最后，间隔安排练习。在1天后复习术语，然后是3天后，再一周后。这种间隔重复对抗遗忘曲线。使用抽认卡应用或手写卡片，一面写英文术语，另一面写中文定义和一个记忆挂钩。持之以恒的小块复习能带来最佳的长期记忆效果。
Published by TutorHao | PE Revision Series | aleveler.com
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