📚 Year 8 CAIE Psychology: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick-Memorisation Guide | 八年级 CAIE 心理学：词汇与术语速记指南
Welcome to your Year 8 CAIE Psychology vocab cram session! Mastering terminology doesn't have to be a chore - with the right memory hacks, you can turn abstract words into vivid mental pictures that stick. This guide covers the essential terms you will meet in your course, from memory and learning to social behaviour, and gives you simple, powerful tricks to recall them fast in an exam.
欢迎来到八年级 CAIE 心理学词汇速记课！掌握术语不必枯燥——用对记忆方法，你就能把抽象词汇变成生动的心理图像，牢牢记在脑中。本指南涵盖你将在课程中遇到的从记忆、学习到社会行为的核心术语，并为你提供简单高效的技巧，让你在考试中迅速回忆。
1. Encoding | 编码
Encoding is the process of converting sensory information into a form that can be stored in memory. Think of it as saving a file on your computer: you choose a format (.jpg, .docx) so the computer can read it later. In psychology, we encode through visual (picture), acoustic (sound) or semantic (meaning) codes.
编码是把感官信息转换成可储存的形式的过程。可以想象成在电脑上保存文件：你选一种格式（.jpg、.docx），以便电脑之后读取。心理学中，我们通过视觉代码（图像）、听觉代码（声音）或语义代码（意义）进行编码。
- Tip: To remember 'encoding', picture a code ENTerring your memory bank.
- 记忆贴士：记“编码”，想象一个代码输入（ENTER）你的记忆库。
2. Storage & Retrieval | 储存与提取
Storage is holding encoded information over time, and retrieval is pulling it back out when needed. Storage is like keeping books in a library; retrieval is finding the right book on the shelf. The way you organise information (e.g. by topic, with labels) determines how easily you can retrieve it later.
储存是长时间保存已编码的信息，提取是在需要时把信息取出来。储存就像把书放在图书馆里；提取就是找到书架上的那本正确的书。你组织信息的方式（比如按主题、贴标签）决定了以后能否轻松取出。
| Stage | Memory Analogy |
| Encoding | Writing a note |
| Storage | Putting the note in a drawer |
| Retrieval | Opening the drawer and reading the note |
阶段 编码 写一张便条；储存 把便条放进抽屉；提取 打开抽屉读便条。
3. Short-term Memory (STM) | 短时记忆
d, usually around 20-30 seconds, unless you actively rehearse it. Psychologists call this the 'magic number 7'. You use STM when you look up a phone number and repeat it until you dial.
短时记忆暂时储存少量信息（约 7±2 个项目），通常 20-30 秒，除非你不断重复。心理学家称此为“神奇数字 7”。当你查了一个电话号码，反复念叨直到拨号，你用的就是短时记忆。
Mnemonic: 'Seven Dwarfs only stay for 20 seconds' - imagine seven tiny miners who vanish quickly unless you keep calling their names.
记忆法：“七个小矮人只待 20 秒”——想象七个小矿工，除非你不停喊他们的名字，否则他们很快就消失了。
4. Long-term Memory (LTM) | 长时记忆
LTM is the virtually unlimited store of information that can last a lifetime. It includes facts (semantic memory), personal events (episodic memory) and skills (procedural memory). Once a memory is consolidated into LTM, you can recall it far into the future.
长时记忆几乎是无限容量的信息库，可以持续一生。它包括事实（语义记忆）、个人事件（情景记忆）和技能（程序性记忆）。一旦记忆巩固进入长时记忆，你就能在遥远的将来回忆起来。
Link LTM to a 'long train' - the carriages (memories) go on forever and you can hop on at any time to retrieve one.
把长时记忆和“长长的火车”联系起来——车厢（记忆）无穷无尽，你随时可以跳上去取出一节。
5. Chunking | 组块化
Chunking is a technique that groups individual items into larger, meaningful units, making them easier to remember. For example, 1-9-4-5 is easier to hold as '1945' - a year. By reducing the number of pieces, chunking stretches the capacity of short-term memory.
组块化是一种把零散项目组合成更大、有意义的单元的技巧，使它们更容易记忆。例如，1-9-4-5 作为“1945”年份来记更轻松。通过减少项目数，组块化拓展了短时记忆的容量。
Picture a 'chunky monkey' - a monkey holding a big banana chunk made of smaller pieces. That chunk is one tasty memory unit.
想象一只“块状猴子”——猴子抱着由小块组成的一大块香蕉。那块香蕉就是一个美味的记忆单元。
6. Mnemonics | 记忆术
Mnemonics are memory aids that use vivid imagery, acronyms, or rhymes to make information memorable. The word 'mnemonic' itself sounds like 'nemonic' (think 'nemonic device reminds me'). Classic examples are 'ROY G. BIV' for the colors of the rainbow or 'Every Good Boy Deserves Fudge' for musical notes.
记忆术是运用生动意象、首字母缩略词或押韵来让信息难忘的记忆辅助手段。“mnemonic”这个词本身听起来像“nee-mon-ic”（“记忆装置提醒我”）。经典例子如彩虹颜色的“ROY G. BIV”或音符的“Every Good Boy Deserves Fudge”。
To spell 'mnemonic' correctly, remember 'My Nanny Eats Mini Oranges, Never Ice Cream'. The first letters spell it out.
要拼写正确，记住“我的奶奶吃迷你橙子，从不吃冰淇淋”，首字母拼成了 mnemonic。
7. Perception | 知觉
Perception is the brain's process of interpreting and making sense of sensory information. Sensation is raw data from the senses; perception is the finished product. When you see a chair, your eyes detect light and shape (sensation); your brain recognises 'chair' (perception).
知觉是大脑解读并理解感官信息的过程。感觉是来自感官的原始数据；知觉是成品。当你看到一把椅子，眼睛探测到光线和形状（感觉）；大脑认出“椅子”（知觉）。
Think of perception as a 'perceptive painter' - they don't just look at colours; they create a meaningful picture.
把知觉想象成一位“有洞察力的画家”——ta 不只是看颜色，而是创作一幅有意义的画。
8. Selective Attention | 选择性注意
Selective attention is focusing on one particular stimulus while filtering out others. It explains the 'cocktail party effect' - you can concentrate on a single conversation in a noisy room. Your brain acts like a spotlight, illuminating what matters and dimming the rest.
选择性注意是关注某一特定刺激，同时过滤掉其他信息。它解释了“鸡尾酒会效应”——你能在嘈杂的房间专注于一段对话。你的大脑像一盏聚光灯，照亮重要的东西，调暗其余部分。
Visualise a 'selective spotlight' that only shines on one actor on a dark stage. Everything else fades away.
想象一盏“选择性聚光灯”，只照在昏暗舞台上的一位演员身上，其他一切都隐去了。
9. Classical Conditioning | 经典条件作用
Classical conditioning is a learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful one, eventually triggering a similar response. Pavlov's dogs salivated (response) to the sound of a bell (originally neutral) after it was paired with food (meaningful stimulus). Key terms: unconditioned stimulus (UCS), unconditioned response (UCR), conditioned stimulus (CS), conditioned response (CR).
经典条件作用是一种学习过程，其中一个中性刺激与一个有意义的刺激建立联系，最终引发类似反应。巴甫洛夫的狗在铃声（原本中性）与食物（有意义刺激）配对后，听到铃声就分泌唾液。关键术语：非条件刺激（UCS）、非条件反应（UCR）、条件刺激（CS）、条件反应（CR）。
| Abbreviation | Meaning | Pavlov Example |
| UCS | Unconditioned Stimulus | Food |
| UCR | Unconditioned Response | Salivation to food |
| CS | Conditioned Stimulus | Bell |
| CR | Conditioned Response | Salivation to bell |
Remember 'Pavlov's paws' - a dog named Pav with giant paws that drool when a bell rings.
记住“巴甫洛夫的爪子”——一只叫 Pav 的狗，有大爪子，一听见铃声响就流口水。
10. Operant Conditioning | 操作性条件作用
Operant conditioning is learning through consequences - rewards (reinforcement) increase behaviour, punishments decrease behaviour. Positive reinforcement means adding something pleasant (e.g. praise), negative reinforcement means removing something unpleasant (e.g. stopping nagging) to strengthen behaviour.
操作性条件作用是通过后果来学习——奖励（强化）增加行为，惩罚减少行为。正强化指添加愉快刺激（如表扬），负强化指移除不快刺激（如停止唠叨）来增强行为。
- Positive reinforcement = ADD pleasant → behaviour goes UP.
- Negative reinforcement = REMOVE unpleasant → behaviour goes UP (not punishment!).
- Punishment = behaviour goes DOWN.
正强化 = 加愉快 → 行为↑；负强化 = 减不快 → 行为↑（不是惩罚！）；惩罚 = 行为↓。
Think of a 'proactive operator' who learns to press levers for treats and learn to avoid shocks - exactly like Skinner's rats.
想象一位“主动操作员”，学会按杠杆获取零食，也学会躲避电击——就像斯金纳的老鼠。
11. Conformity & Obedience | 从众与服从
Conformity is a change in behaviour or belief to match a group due to real or imagined pressure. Obedience is following direct orders from an authority figure. Asch's line experiment showed conformity (people gave the wrong answer to fit in); Milgram's shock experiment revealed obedience to authority even when it felt wrong.
从众是由于真实或想象的压力而改变行为或信念以匹配群体。服从是听从权威人物的直接命令。阿希的线段实验展示了从众（人们为了合群给出错误答案）；米尔格拉姆的电击实验揭示了即使在感觉不对时仍服从权威。
Memory hook: 'Conform' sounds like 'con form' - you form yourself into the group's shape. Obedience = 'obey the D (Authority)' - a large letter D stands for authority.
记忆挂钩：“从众”像“con form”（骗人模子）——你把自己塑造成群体的形状。服从 = “obey the D（权威）”——大写D代表权威。
12. Neuroplasticity | 神经可塑性
Neuroplasticity is the brain's ability to change and reorganise itself by forming new neural connections throughout life. When you learn a new skill - juggling, playing an instrument - your brain physically rewires. This shows that our brains are not fixed; they are 'plastic' and adaptable.
神经可塑性是大脑在一生中通过形成新的神经连接来改变和重组自身的能力。当你学习新技能——玩杂耍、演奏乐器——你的大脑会发生物理性重塑。这表明我们的大脑不是固定的；它们是“可塑”的，能适应环境。
Picture a 'plasticine brain' - like playdough, you can reshape it by learning. The more you mould, the stronger certain pathways become.
想象一个“橡皮泥大脑”——就像橡皮泥，可以通过学习重新塑形。你捏得越多，某些通路就越强壮。
Published by TutorHao | Psychology Revision Series | aleveler.com
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