📚 Year 8 CAIE Science: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 8 CAIE 科学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering science vocabulary is not just about memorising definitions – it is about unlocking the ideas behind the words. In Year 8 CAIE Science, you will meet many new terms across Biology, Chemistry and Physics. This guide breaks down key vocabulary topic by topic, giving each term a clear English explanation followed by a Chinese translation and a memory trick to help it stick. Use these bite‑sized chunks to build your confidence for class quizzes and the final exam.
掌握科学词汇不只是死记硬背定义，更是要理解词语背后的概念。在 Year 8 CAIE 科学课程中，你会在生物、化学和物理中遇到大量新术语。本指南按主题分解关键词汇，为每个术语提供清晰的英语解释，并配上中文翻译和记忆窍门，帮助记忆扎根。利用这些小块内容，让你在课堂测验和期末考试中充满自信。
1. Cells & Organisms | 细胞与生物体
Cell membrane – the thin, flexible outer layer of a cell that controls which substances can enter and leave.
细胞膜 – 细胞外薄而柔韧的一层，控制物质进出。联想记忆：细胞膜就像大楼的保安，只放行有 ‘通行证’ 的物质。
Nucleus – the round structure inside the cell that contains genetic material (DNA) and acts as the control centre.
细胞核 – 细胞内含有遗传物质 (DNA) 的圆形结构，是细胞的控制中心。巧记：nucleus 听起来像 ‘new‑klee‑us’，可想象成 ‘新线索’ 都藏在核心里。
Cytoplasm – the jelly‑like substance that fills the cell, where chemical reactions take place.
细胞质 – 充满细胞的胶状物质，化学反应在此发生。用图像法：把 cytoplasm 想成果冻，里面漂浮着各种小工厂 (细胞器)。
Mitochondria – tiny rod‑shaped structures that release energy from food through respiration.
线粒体 – 通过呼吸作用从食物中释放能量的小杆状结构。词根记忆：mito‑ 线，chondrion 颗粒 → 像小颗粒组成的能量生产线。
Chloroplast – a green disc in plant cells that absorbs sunlight to make food (photosynthesis).
叶绿体 – 植物细胞中的绿色圆盘，吸收阳光制造养分 (光合作用)。拆词：chloro‑ 绿色，plast 成形体 → 绿色的小饼。
Cell wall – a rigid layer outside the cell membrane of plant cells, made of cellulose, giving support.
细胞壁 – 植物细胞膜外的刚性层，由纤维素构成，起支撑作用。记忆：细胞壁像建筑物的外墙，让植物支棱起来。
2. Reproduction & Growth | 生殖与生长
Fertilisation – the joining of a male sex cell (sperm) and a female sex cell (egg) to form a new organism.
受精 – 雄性生殖细胞 (精子) 与雌性生殖细胞 (卵细胞) 结合形成新个体的过程。记住 fertil‑ 有 ‘使肥沃’ 的意思，就像让生命种子变得肥沃。
Embryo – the early stage of development of a multicellular organism, before it becomes a foetus.
胚胎 – 多细胞生物发育的早期阶段，在形成胎儿之前。联想：em‑ 进入，bry‑ 与 ‘breed (繁殖)’ 相关，是生命之旅的开端。
Gestation – the period during which a baby develops inside the mother’s womb.
妊娠期 – 婴儿在母亲子宫内发育的时期。gest‑ 携带，ation 过程 → 携带新生命的过程。
Pollination – the transfer of pollen from the male part of a flower to the female part, enabling fertilisation.
授粉 – 花粉从花的雄蕊传到雌蕊的过程，使得受精成为可能。词根 pollin‑ 花粉，像花粉的旅行。
Seed dispersal – the movement of seeds away from the parent plant, by wind, water, animals or explosion.
种子传播 – 种子借助风、水、动物或自身爆裂远离母体植物的过程。想象种子背着降落伞 (风) 或搭便车 (动物)。
Germination – the process by which a seed begins to grow into a new plant when conditions are right.
萌发 – 条件适宜时，种子开始长成新植物的过程。germin‑ 幼芽，ation 过程，就像种子 ‘伸懒腰’ 探出地面。
3. States of Matter & Changes | 物质状态与变化
Solid – a state of matter with a fixed shape and volume, where particles vibrate in fixed positions.
固体 – 形状和体积固定的物质状态，粒子在固定位置振动。记住固体很 ‘solid’ (结实)，粒子手拉手不动摇。
Liquid – a state of matter with a fixed volume but no fixed shape; particles slide past each other.
液体 – 体积固定但形状不固定的状态，粒子彼此滑过。联想 liquid 像灵动的水流。
Gas – a state of matter with no fixed shape or volume; particles move quickly in all directions.
气体 – 形状和体积都不固定的状态，粒子快速向各个方向运动。想象 gas 像看不见的 ‘幽灵’ 充满空间。
Melting – the change from solid to liquid, occurring at the melting point.
熔化 – 固体变为液体的过程，发生在熔点。melt 融化，就像冰块变成水。
Boiling – the rapid change from liquid to gas throughout the liquid, at the boiling point.
沸腾 – 液体整体快速变为气体的过程，发生在沸点。气泡 ‘咕嘟咕嘟’ 往上冒，就是 boiling。
Condensation – the change from gas to liquid, often on a cold surface.
凝结 – 气体变为液体的过程，常出现在冷的表面上。词根 con‑ 一起，dens‑ 变稠 → 气体 ‘抱团’ 变成液体。
Sublimation – the change directly from solid to gas without becoming liquid, e.g. dry ice.
升华 – 固体不经过液体直接变为气体，例如干冰。sub‑ 在下方，lim‑ 界限，像固体的 ‘跳级’ 直接飞升。
4. Elements, Compounds & Mixtures | 元素、化合物与混合物
Element – a pure substance made of only one type of atom, listed on the periodic table.
元素 – 仅由一种原子组成的纯物质，能在元素周期表上找到。元素就像化学的 ‘字母表’，每种只有一种 ‘字母’。
Atom – the smallest particle of an element that still has the properties of that element.
原子 – 元素的最小粒子，仍保留该元素的性质。记住 a‑ 不，tom‑ 切 → 不可再切的最小单位 (古希腊思想)。
Compound – a substance made of two or more different elements chemically bonded together.
化合物 – 由两种或以上不同元素化学键合而成的物质。com‑ 一起，pound 放置 → 不同元素 ‘搭积木’ 组合在一起。
Mixture – a combination of substances that are not chemically joined and can be separated easily.
混合物 – 物质混合在一起但没有化学键合，容易分离。想象一碗沙拉，各组分保持原样。
Molecule – a group of atoms bonded together; can be the same element (e.g. O₂) or different elements (e.g. H₂O).
分子 – 键合在一起的原子集团；可以是同种原子 (如 O₂) 或不同原子 (如 H₂O)。mole‑ 微小，cule 小词尾 → 微小的粒子团。
5. Chemical Reactions | 化学反应
Reactant – a substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction (left side of equation).
反应物 – 参与反应并发生变化的物质 (在方程式左边)。re‑ 反向，act 作用 → 相互作用并改变的物质。
Product – a substance that is formed as a result of a chemical reaction (right side of equation).
生成物 – 化学反应的结果物质 (在方程式右边)。pro‑ 向前，duct 引导 → 反应 ‘生产’ 出来的东西。
Exothermic – a reaction that releases heat energy to the surroundings, causing temperature rise.
放热反应 – 向环境释放热能的反应，导致温度升高。exo‑ 向外，thermic 热 → 热量 ‘跳到’ 外面。
Endothermic – a reaction that absorbs heat energy from the surroundings, causing temperature drop.
吸热反应 – 从环境吸收热能的反应，导致温度下降。endo‑ 向内，thermic 热 → 热量 ‘跑进’ 反应里。
Oxidation – a reaction where a substance gains oxygen, e.g. rusting of iron.
氧化 – 物质获得氧的反应，例如铁生锈。oxygen 氧气 + action 作用 → 氧气出手的反应。
Word equation – tion using the names of reactants and products, e.g. magnesium + oxygen → magnesium oxide.
文字方程式 – 用反应物和生成物的名称总结反应的方法，如 镁 + 氧气 → 氧化镁。用词语代替符号，像化学 ‘菜谱’。
6. Forces & Motion | 力与运动
Force – a push or pull on an object, measured in newtons (N).
力 – 对物体的推或拉，以牛顿 (N) 为单位。简单的推和拉就是 force。
Friction – a force that opposes motion between two surfaces in contact.
摩擦力 – 阻碍两个接触表面相对运动的力。联想 frict‑ 摩擦，就像鞋底与地面的 ‘对抗’。
Gravity – a force of attraction between any two objects with mass; on Earth it pulls objects towards the centre.
重力 – 具有质量的任意两物体之间的吸引力；在地球上，它将物体拉向地心。词根 grav‑ 沉重，所有物体都有 ‘重量’ 感。
Balanced forces – when forces on an object are equal in size and opposite in direction; the object stays at rest or moves at constant speed.
平衡力 – 作用在物体上的力大小相等、方向相反；物体保持静止或匀速运动。像拔河势均力敌，绳索不移动。
Unbalanced forces – when forces are not equal; the object accelerates or decelerates.
非平衡力 – 力不相等时，物体加速或减速。一方更强就会改变运动状态。
Speed – how fast an object moves; distance ÷ time.
速度 – 物体运动的快慢；距离 ÷ 时间。记 speed 为 ‘快速的步伐’。
Velocity – speed in a given direction; e.g. 30 km/h north.
速度 (矢量) – 给定方向上的速度；如 30 km/h 向北。velocity 强调方向，就像 ‘带导航的速度’。
7. Energy | 能量
Kinetic energy – the energy an object has due to its motion; depends on mass and speed.
动能 – 物体由于运动而具有的能量，取决于质量和速度。kine‑ 运动，像 ‘运动着的能量’。
Potential energy – the energy stored in an object because of its position or condition, e.g. height or stretched spring.
势能 – 物体因位置或状态而储存的能量，如高度或拉伸的弹簧。potent‑ 能力 → 有潜力释放的能量。
Thermal energy – the total kinetic energy of all particles in a substance; related to temperature.
热能 – 物质中所有粒子动能的总和，与温度有关。therm‑ 热，像粒子 ‘跳舞’ 的激烈程度。
Renewable energy – energy from sources that can be replenished naturally, e.g. solar, wind, hydro.
可再生能源 – 来自可自然再生的能源，如太阳能、风能、水能。re‑ 再，new 新，able 可 → 可以不断更新的能量。
Non‑renewable energy – energy from sources that will run out, e.g. coal, oil, natural gas.
不可再生能源 – 会耗尽的能源，如煤、石油、天然气。non‑ 不，re‑ 再，new 新 → 用完就没有了。
Conservation of energy – the principle that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed.
能量守恒 – 能量既不能被创造也不能被消灭，只能转移或转化。conservation 保存，能量总是在 ‘变脸’ 但总量不变。
8. Electricity | 电学
Current – the flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A); in a circuit, it goes from positive to negative conventionally.
电流 – 电荷的流动，以安培 (A) 为单位；在电路中，常规方向从正极到负极。current 像水流，电子像水分子在管道中 ‘奔跑’。
Voltage – the ‘push’ that drives current around a circuit, measured in volts (V); also called potential difference.
电压 – 驱动电流在电路中流动的 ‘推力’，以伏特 (V) 为单位；也叫电势差。volt 像水压，水压越高水流越急。
Resistance – a measure of how much a component opposes the flow of current, measured in ohms (Ω).
电阻 – 衡量元件阻碍电流流动的程度，以欧姆 (Ω) 为单位。resist 抵抗，就像狭窄的通道让电流难走。
Series circuit – a circuit where components are connected end‑to‑end, so current has only one path.
串联电路 – 元件头尾相连的电路，电流只有一条通路。series 系列，像一列手拉手的人，电流依次通过。
Parallel circuit – a circuit where components are connected on separate branches, offering multiple paths for current.
并联电路 – 元件连接在不同分支上的电路，为电流提供多条通路。parallel 平行，各分支 ‘并排’ 独立，一个熄灯其他依然亮。
9. Rocks & Atmosphere | 岩石与大气
Igneous rock – rock formed when magma or lava cools and solidifies, e.g. granite, basalt.
火成岩 – 岩浆或熔岩冷却凝固形成的岩石，如花岗岩、玄武岩。ign‑ 火，eous 形容词尾 → 火炼出来的石头。
Sedimentary rock – rock formed from layers of sediment that get compacted and cemented, e.g. sandstone, limestone.
沉积岩 – 由沉积物层层压实胶结形成的岩石，如砂岩、石灰岩。sediment 沉积，ary 有关 → 一层一层 ‘压’ 成的石头。
Metamorphic rock – rock changed by heat and pressure deep underground, e.g. marble from limestone.
变质岩 – 在地下深处受热和压力而变质的岩石，如大理石由石灰岩变质而成。meta‑ 变化，morph‑ 形态 → 形态大变身。
Rock cycle – the continuous process by which rocks change from one type to another over geological time.
岩石循环 – 岩石在地质时间尺度上不断从一种类型变为另一种的过程。循环永不停歇，三大岩石互相转换。
Fossil – the preserved remains or traces of ancient living things, often found in sedimentary rock.
化石 – 保存在沉积岩中的远古生物残骸或痕迹。fossil 来自拉丁语 ‘挖掘’，是远古生命的时间胶囊。
Atmosphere – the layer of gases surrounding Earth; mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%).
大气层 – 包围地球的气体层；主要成分为氮气 (78%) 和氧气 (21%)。atmo‑ 蒸汽，sphere 球 → 包裹地球的气体 ‘球壳’。
10. Scientific Enquiry | 科学探究
Hypothesis – a testable statement or prediction based on observations, often written as 'If ... then ...'.
假设 – 基于观察作出的可检验的陈述或预测，常用 ‘If ... then ...’ 句式。hypo‑ 下面，thesis 放置 → 为实验‘垫底’的猜想。
Independent variable – the variable that you deliberately change in an experiment.
自变量 – 实验中你故意改变的变量。independent 独立的，它不依赖其他变量，由你主动操控。
Dependent variable – the variable that you measure or observe; it changes in response to the independent variable.
因变量 – 你测量或观察的变量，它随自变量的改变而变化。dependent 依赖的，它的值 ‘依赖’ 自变量。
Control variable – a variable that is kept the same to make a fair test.
控制变量 – 保持不变的变量，以保证公平测试。control 控制，像裁判确保其他因素不动。
Fair test – an investigation where only one independent variable is changed, and all others are controlled.
公平测试 – 只改变一个自变量，其他变量都被控制的研究方法。只让一个因素 ‘出牌’，结果才公正。
Conclusion – a summary of what you found out in an investigation, stating whether the results support the hypothesis.
结论 – 对探究发现结果的总结，说明结果是否支持假设。con‑ 共同，clude 关闭 → 一切信息汇聚后 ‘关上门’ 得出的论断。
Published by TutorHao | Science Revision Series | aleveler.com
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