📚 Year 8 CAIE Biology: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Revision Guide | Year 8 CAIE 生物：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering biology vocabulary is the foundation for understanding key concepts and achieving top marks in CAIE Year 8 science. This quick revision guide brings together all the essential terms you need to know, organised by topic, with clear definitions and memory-boosting tips. Use it to build confidence and ace your exams.
掌握生物词汇是理解核心概念并在CAIE八年级科学考试中取得高分的基石。这份快速复习指南按照主题整理了所有你需要掌握的关键术语，提供清晰易懂的定义和记忆技巧，帮助你建立信心，轻松应对考试。
1. Study Tips for Science Terminology | 科学术语学习技巧
Before diving into the terms themselves, it is helpful to have a strategy. Break words into their roots — 'photo' means light, 'synthesis' means putting together. Create flashcards with the term on one side and the definition plus a simple sketch on the other. Use mnemonics, like 'MRS GREN' for the seven life processes, to link related vocabulary. Finally, test yourself regularly by writing definitions from memory.
在深入术语之前，掌握学习策略会事半功倍。试着拆分词根——'photo'表示光，'synthesis'表示合成。制作闪卡，一面写术语，另一面写定义并配上简图。利用记忆法，比如用 'MRS GREN' 记住七个生命活动，将相关词汇串联起来。最后，定期默写定义进行自测，巩固记忆。
2. Cells and Microscopy Terms | 细胞与显微镜术语
All living organisms are built from cells. Understanding the hierarchy from cell to organism is vital for Year 8 biology.
所有生物体都由细胞构成。理解从细胞到生物体的层次结构是八年级生物的重要基础。
Cell: the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism that can carry out life processes.
细胞：能够进行生命活动的最小结构和功能单位。
Tissue: a group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function, such as muscle tissue.
组织：一组相似的细胞协同工作，执行特定功能，例如肌肉组织。
Organ: a structure made of different tissues that work together, such as the heart or leaf.
器官：由多种组织构成并协同工作的结构，如心脏或叶片。
Organ system: a group of organs that cooperate to carry out a major body function, e.g. the digestive system.
器官系统：一组器官相互配合完成重要生理功能，如消化系统。
Organism: a complete living individual, which may be unicellular or multicellular.
生物体：一个完整的生命个体，可以是单细胞或多细胞。
Magnification: the number of times an image is enlarged compared to the actual object size.
放大倍数：图像大小与实际物体大小相比被放大的倍数。
Resolution: the ability of a microscope to distinguish between two points that are very close together.
分辨率：显微镜区分两个非常靠近的点之间的能力。
3. Organelles in Plant and Animal Cells | 动植物细胞中的细胞器
Both plant and animal cells contain membrane-bound organelles, but plants have a few extras that give them unique functions. Knowing these differences is a common exam focus.
植物和动物细胞都含有膜包裹的细胞器，但植物细胞多出几个特有结构，赋予了它们独特的功能。这些差异是考试常见重点。
Cell membrane: a partially permeable barrier that controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell.
细胞膜：一层选择性渗透的屏障，控制物质进出细胞。
Nucleus: the control centre of the cell, containing genetic material (DNA) and regulating activities.
细胞核：细胞的控制中心，含有遗传物质 (DNA)，调控细胞活动。
Cytoplasm: a jelly-like substance where most chemical reactions take place.
细胞质：凝胶状物质，大多数化学反应在此进行。
Mitochondria (singular: mitochondrion): organelles that carry out aerobic respiration, releasing energy for the cell.
线粒体（复数为 mitochondria）：进行有氧呼吸、为细胞释放能量的细胞器。
Cell wall (plant cells only): a rigid outer layer made of cellulose that provides support and shape.
细胞壁（仅植物细胞）：由纤维素构成的坚硬外层，提供支撑和固定形状。
Chloroplast (plant cells only): contains chlorophyll, the green pigment that absorbs light for photosynthesis.
叶绿体（仅植物细胞）：含有叶绿素，这种绿色色素吸收光能进行光合作用。
Vacuole: a fluid-filled sac; in plant cells it is large and permanent, helping maintain turgor pressure. Animal cells have small, temporary vacuoles.
液泡：充满液体的囊泡；植物细胞中液泡大且永久存在，帮助维持膨压。动物细胞的液泡小而临时。
4. Movement of Substances: Diffusion, Osmosis and Active Transport | 物质运输：扩散、渗透与主动运输
Substances must cross cell membranes to supply nutrients and remove wastes. Three key processes govern this movement: diffusion, osmosis and active transport. Each has distinct rules.
物质必须穿过细胞膜以提供营养并排出废物。三大关键过程控制着这些运输：扩散、渗透和主动运输，各有不同规则。
Diffusion: the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, down a concentration gradient, until equilibrium is reached. No energy is required.
扩散：粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的净移动，顺浓度梯度进行，直至达到平衡。此过程不需要能量。
Osmosis: the diffusion of water molecules through a partially permeable membrane from an area of higher water potential (dilute solution) to an area of lower water potential (concentrated solution).
渗透：水分子通过部分透膜，从水势较高（稀溶液）的区域向水势较低（浓溶液）的区域扩散。
Active transport: the movement of particles against a concentration gradient, from low to high concentration. This process requires energy from respiration and carrier proteins in the membrane.
主动运输：粒子逆浓度梯度、从低浓度到高浓度的移动。该过程需要呼吸作用提供的能量以及膜上的载体蛋白。
Partially permeable membrane: a membrane that allows only certain small molecules (like water) to pass through but not larger ones.
部分透膜：一种只允许特定小分子（如水）通过的膜，较大分子无法穿过。
5. Biological Molecules and Enzymes | 生物分子与酶
The food we eat contains large biological molecules that must be broken down. Enzymes speed up these chemical reactions and are specific to each substrate.
我们所吃的食物含有必须分解的大生物分子。酶能加速这些化学反应，且每种酶对特定底物具有专一性。
Carbohydrate: an organic compound made of sugar units, used as a main source of energy. Starch and glucose are examples.
碳水化合物：由糖单元组成的有机化合物，是主要的能量来源。淀粉和葡萄糖就是例子。
Protein: a large molecule made of amino acids, essential for growth and repair of tissues.
蛋白质：由氨基酸组成的大分子，对组织的生长和修复至关重要。
Lipid (fat): molecules that store energy, provide insulation and form cell membranes.
脂质（脂肪）：储存能量、提供绝缘并构成细胞膜的分子。
Enzyme: a biological catalyst, usually a protein, that speeds up a specific metabolic reaction without being used up.
酶：一种生物催化剂，通常是蛋白质，能加速特定代谢反应而自身不被消耗。
Substrate: the molecule on which an enzyme acts.
底物：酶所作用的分子。
Active site: the region on the enzyme where the substrate fits and the reaction occurs. The shape is complementary to the substrate.
活性位点：酶上底物结合并发生反应的区域，其形状与底物互补。
Denaturation: the permanent change in the shape of an enzyme's active site caused by extreme temperatures or pH, making it unable to function.
变性：由于极端温度或pH导致酶活性位点形状发生永久性改变，使其无法发挥作用。
6. The Human Digestive System | 人体消化系统
Digestion involves both physical breakdown and chemical digestion by enzymes. Each organ plays a specialised role in turning food into absorbable nutrients.
消化包括物理分解和酶的化学消化。每个器官在将食物转化为可吸收的营养素方面扮演着专门的角色。
Mouth: physical digestion begins here with chewing; saliva contains the enzyme amylase to start starch breakdown.
口腔：物理消化从此开始，通过咀嚼进行；唾液含有淀粉酶，开始分解淀粉。
Oesophagus: the muscular tube that moves food from the mouth to the stomach by peristalsis.
食道：通过蠕动将食物从口腔运送到胃的肌肉管道。
Stomach: a muscular sac that churns food and mixes it with gastric juice containing protease enzymes and hydrochloric acid.
胃：肌肉囊，搅拌食物并将其与含有蛋白酶和盐酸的胃液混合。
Small intestine: the main site of digestion and absorption. Enzymes from the pancreas and the intestinal wall complete digestion; nutrients diffuse into the blood.
小肠：消化和吸收的主要场所。来自胰腺和肠壁的酶完成消化；营养通过扩散进入血液。
Large intestine: absorbs water and minerals from undigested food, forming faeces.
大肠：从无法消化的食物中吸收水分和矿物质，形成粪便。
Liver: produces bile which emulsifies fats, increasing surface area for lipase action, and processes absorbed nutrients.
肝脏：产生胆汁乳化脂肪，增大脂肪酶作用的表面积，并处理吸收的营养。
Pancreas: secretes digestive enzymes (amylase, protease, lipase) into the small intestine.
胰腺：分泌消化酶（淀粉酶、蛋白酶、脂肪酶）至小肠。
Absorption: the uptake of small, soluble molecules (glucose, amino acids, fatty acids) into the bloodstream, mainly in the small intestine.
吸收：将小的可溶性分子（葡萄糖、氨基酸、脂肪酸）吸收进血液，主要发生在小肠。
Egestion: the removal of undigested food material from the body as faeces through the anus.
排遗：将未消化的食物残渣以粪便形式通过肛门排出体外。
7. Photosynthesis | 光合作用
Photosynthesis is how green plants make their own food using carbon dioxide, water and light energy. The products feed nearly all life on Earth.
光合作用是绿色植物利用二氧化碳、水和光能制造自身食物的过程，其产物为地球上几乎所有的生命提供食物。
Photosynthesis: the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy, stored in glucose.
光合作用：植物将光能转化为化学能并储存在葡萄糖中的过程。
Chlorophyll: the green pigment in chloroplasts that absorbs light energy, mainly blue and red wavelengths.
叶绿素：叶绿体中的绿色色素，主要吸收红光和蓝光光能。
Chloroplast: the organelle where photosynthesis takes place.
叶绿体：进行光合作用的细胞器。
Starch: an insoluble storage carbohydrate made by linking glucose molecules together; it is tested with iodine solution (turns blue-black).
淀粉：一种不溶性储存多糖，由葡萄糖分子连接而成；用碘液检测会变蓝黑色。
Limiting factor: an environmental condition (light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, temperature) that restricts the rate of photosynthesis when in short supply.
限制因子：一种环境条件（光照强度、二氧化碳浓度、温度），当供应不足时会限制光合作用速率。
Word equation for photosynthesis:
光合作用的文字方程式：
carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen
二氧化碳 + 水 → 葡萄糖 + 氧气
Balanced symbol equation:
化学方程式：
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
8. Respiration | 呼吸作用
Respiration is the process that releases energy from glucose, not to be confused with breathing. It occurs in every living cell and is often tested alongside photosynthesis.
呼吸作用是从葡萄糖释放能量的过程，不要与呼吸（换气）混淆。它发生在每一个活细胞中，常与光合作用一起考查。
Aerobic respiration: the release of energy from glucose using oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water as waste.
有氧呼吸：利用氧气从葡萄糖释放能量，产生二氧化碳和水作为废物。
Anaerobic respiration: the release of energy from glucose without oxygen, producing less energy and, in animals, lactic acid.
无氧呼吸：在没有氧气的情况下从葡萄糖释放能量，产生较少的能量，在动物中产生乳酸。
Lactic acid: a waste product of anaerobic respiration in muscle cells, which can cause cramp and oxygen debt.
乳酸：肌肉细胞无氧呼吸的废物产物，可能导致抽筋和氧债。
Oxygen debt: the extra oxygen needed after exercise to break down lactic acid into carbon dioxide and water.
氧债：运动后分解乳酸所需的额外氧气。
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