📚 Cambridge Year 8 Engineering: Key Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Guide | 剑桥八年级工程：关键词汇术语速记指南
Mastering engineering vocabulary is the first step to thinking like an engineer. This guide provides quick definitions of essential terms that Year 8 Cambridge Engineering students need to know, grouped by topic for easy memorisation. Each term is presented with a clear English explanation immediately followed by its Chinese equivalent, helping you build a bilingual technical lexicon.
掌握工程词汇是像工程师一样思考的第一步。本指南为剑桥八年级工程学生整理了必须掌握的关键术语，按主题分组以便快速记忆。每个术语先给出清晰的英文释义，紧接着是中文对照，帮助你建立双语技术词汇库。
1. Basic Forces and Motion | 基础力与运动
In engineering, forces cause objects to move, stop, or change shape. Understanding how forces interact helps engineers design machines, vehicles and safe structures. Here are the key terms you will encounter when studying forces and motion.
在工程中，力使物体运动、停止或变形。了解力的相互作用有助于工程师设计机器、车辆和安全的结构。以下是学习力与运动时会遇到的关键术语。
Force — A push or pull that can change the motion of an object. It is a vector quantity, meaning it has both magnitude and direction. Force is measured in newtons (N).
力 — 可以改变物体运动的推或拉。力是矢量，既有大小也有方向。力的单位是牛顿（N）。
Friction — A resistive force that opposes motion between two surfaces in contact. It arises from microscopic roughness and can be reduced using lubricants.
摩擦力 — 阻碍两个接触表面相对运动的阻力。由微观粗糙引起，使用润滑剂可以减小摩擦力。
Gravity — The force of attraction between any two objects with mass. On Earth, the gravitational field strength is approximately 9.8 N/kg, giving objects weight.
重力 — 任何两个有质量物体之间的吸引力。在地球上，重力场强度约为 9.8 N/kg，赋予了物体重量。
Mass vs. Weight — location. Weight is the gravitational force on that mass (W = m × g), measured in newtons.
质量与重量 — 质量是物体所含物质的量，以千克（kg）为单位，不随位置改变。重量是作用在该质量上的重力（W = m × g），单位是牛顿。
Velocity — The speed of an object in a specified direction; a vector quantity. Acceleration is the rate at which velocity changes, expressed in metres per second squared (m/s²).
速度 — 物体在指定方向上的速率，是矢量。加速度是速度变化的速率，单位为米每二次方秒（m/s²）。
2. Materials and Their Properties | 材料及其性质
Selecting the right material is crucial in engineering design. Materials are chosen based on their mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties. Here are the most important terms used to describe them.
选择合适的材料在工程设计中至关重要。材料根据其力学、热学和电学性质来选用。以下是描述材料时最重要的术语。
Density — ensity materials like steel are heavy for their size; low-density materials like foam are light.
密度 — 单位体积的质量，通常以 kg/m³ 表示。公式：ρ = m / V。密度高的材料如钢体积小而重，密度低的材料如泡沫则轻。
Hardness — A material's resistance to scratching, indentation, or wear. Diamond is extremely hard; chalk is soft. Hardness is often tested using a scratch test or an indenter.
硬度 — 材料抵抗刮擦、压痕或磨损的能力。钻石极硬，粉笔很软。硬度常用划痕测试或压头测试来测定。
Toughness — The ability of a material to absorb energy during plastic deformation without fracturing. Tough materials, like certain alloys, can withstand impacts.
韧性 — 材料在塑性变形过程中吸收能量而不发生断裂的能力。韧性材料（如某些合金）能够承受冲击。
Ductility — The ability to be stretched into a thin wire without breaking. Copper is highly ductile, making it ideal for electrical wiring.
延展性 — 能够被拉伸成细丝而不断裂的性质。铜具有很强的延展性，因此非常适合用于电线。
Malleability — The ability to be hammered or rolled into thin sheets. Gold is very malleable; cast iron is brittle and not malleable.
可锻性 — 能够被锤打或轧制成薄片的性质。金的延展性极好，而铸铁脆且不可锻。
Electrical Conductivity — A measure of how easily a material allows the flow of electric current. Good conductors (e.g., copper, silver) have low resistance; insulators (e.g., rubber, glass) have high resistance.
导电性 — 衡量材料允许电流通过难易程度的量度。良导体（如铜、银）电阻低；绝缘体（如橡胶、玻璃）电阻高。
Tensile Strength — The maximum pulling force a material can withstand before breaking. Compressive strength is the maximum pushing force. Both are measured in pascals (Pa) or megapascals (MPa).
抗拉强度 — 材料在断裂前能承受的最大拉力。抗压强度是最大推力。两者均以帕斯卡（Pa）或兆帕（MPa）为单位。
3. Simple Machines | 简单机械
Simple machines make work easier by changing the size or direction of a force. They form the basis of many complex mechanisms. Knowing these terms helps you calculate mechanical advantage.
简单机械通过改变力的大小或方向使做功更轻松。它们是许多复杂机构的基础。了解这些术语有助于计算机械效益。
Lever — A rigid bar that pivots around a fixed point called the fulcrum. Levers are used to multiply force, with the effort applied at one end and the load at the other.
杠杆 — 一根围绕固定支点转动的刚性杆。杠杆用于放大作用力，施力于一端，负载在另一端。
Fulcrum — The pivot point about which a lever rotates. Its position determines the class of lever and the mechanical advantage.
支点 — 杠杆旋转所围绕的铰接点。支点的位置决定了杠杆的类型和机械效益。
Mechanical Advantage (MA) — rce (effort). MA = Load / Effort. An MA greater than 1 means the machine multiplies force.
机械效益 (MA) — 输出力（负载）与输入力（施力）的比值。MA = 负载 / 施力。MA 大于 1 意味着机械放大了作用力。
Pulley — A grooved wheel that a rope or belt runs over. A single fixed pulley changes the direction of the force; multiple pulleys increase mechanical advantage.
滑轮 — 带有凹槽的轮子，绳索或皮带跨在其上。单个定滑轮改变力的方向；多个滑轮组合可增大机械效益。
Inclined Plane — A flat sloping surface. Pushing a load up a ramp requires less effort than lifting it vertically, although it travels a longer distance.
斜面 — 一个倾斜的平面。沿斜面向上推重物比竖直提升更省力，尽管需要移动更长的距离。
Wheel and Axle — Two circular objects of different sizes fixed to rotate together. A small effort applied to the large wheel produces a large force on the axle, or vice versa.
轮轴 — 固定在一起旋转的两个不同大小的圆形部件。在大轮上施加较小的力可在轴上产生较大的力，反之亦然。
4. Energy, Work and Power | 能量、功与功率
Energy is what enables things to happen. Understanding how energy is transferred and conserved is central to engineering. These terms will appear whenever you study mechanical and electrical systems.
能量驱动万物运行。理解能量如何传递和守恒是工程学的核心。每当你学习机械与电气系统时，都会遇到这些术语。
Energy — The capacity to do work. It exists in many forms, including kinetic, potential, thermal, and electrical. All energy is measured in joules (J).
能量 — 做功的本领。能量以多种形式存在，包括动能、势能、热能和电能。所有能量均以焦耳（J）为单位。
Kinetic Energy — here m is mass and v is speed. The faster an object moves, the greater its kinetic energy.
动能 — 物体因运动而具有的能量。公式：KE = ½mv²，其中 m 是质量，v 是速度。物体运动越快，动能越大。
Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE) — ight above the ground. GPE = mgh, where h is height and g is gravitational field strength.
重力势能 (GPE) — 物体因离地高度而储存的能量。GPE = mgh，其中 h 是高度，g 是重力场强度。
Work — × distance (W = F × d). If there is no movement, no work is done in the mechanical sense.
功 — 当力使物体沿力的方向移动时，就说做了功。功 = 力 × 距离（W = F × d）。没有移动，力学上就没有做功。
Power — Work / time (P = W / t), measured in watts (W). One watt is equal to one joule per second.
功率 — 做功或转移能量的速率。功率 = 功 / 时间（P = W / t），单位为瓦特（W）。1 瓦特等于每秒 1 焦耳。
Efficiency — A measure of how much of the input energy is converted into useful output. Efficiency (%) = (Useful output energy ÷ Total input energy) × 100%. Always less than 100% due to friction.
效率 — 衡量输入能量有多少转化为有用输出的量度。效率(%) = (有用输出能量 ÷ 总输入能量) × 100%。因摩擦存在，效率总小于 100%。
5. Structures and Loads | 结构与载荷
Structures must withstand various forces without collapsing. Engineers analyse loads and stresses to design safe bridges, towers and frames. The vocabulary here describes the forces acting on structural elements.
结构必须承受各种力而不倒塌。工程师分析载荷和应力来设计安全的桥梁、塔架和框架。这里的词汇描述了作用在结构构件上的力。
Load — Any force applied to a structure. Dead load is the structure's own weight; live load is the weight of people, furniture, vehicles, wind, or snow.
载荷 — 施加在结构上的任何力。恒载是结构自身的重量；活载是人、家具、车辆、风或雪等的重量。
Tension — A pulling force that tends to stretch or elongate a member. Cables in suspension bridges are in tension.
拉伸 — 使构件趋于拉长或伸长的拉力。悬索桥的缆索处于拉伸状态。
Compression — A pushing force that tends to shorten or crush a member. Columns in buildings experience compression.
压缩 — 使构件趋于缩短或压碎的推力。建筑物中的柱子承受压缩力。
Torsion — A twisting force that causes rotation. A screwdriver blade experiences torsion when turning a screw.
扭转 — 引起旋转的扭力。转动螺丝时，螺丝刀的刀杆承受扭转力。
Shear — A force that causes parts of a material to slide past each other in opposite directions. Scissors apply shear to cut paper.
剪切 — 使材料各部分沿相反方向相互滑动的力。剪刀对纸张施加剪切力以实现切割。
Bending — A combination of tension and compression caused by a perpendicular force. A diving board bends under a person's weight.
弯曲 — 由垂直力引起的拉伸与压缩的组合。跳水板在人的体重作用下发生弯曲。
Truss — A framework of beams arranged in triangles to spread loads. Trusses are used in roofs and bridges because they are light yet strong.
桁架 — 由杆件组成的三角形骨架，用于分散载荷。桁架用于屋顶和桥梁，因为它们轻且坚固。
6. Mechanisms and Linkages | 机构与连杆
Mechanisms convert one type of motion into another. Gears, linkages, cams and cranks are the building blocks of many machines. Master these terms to analyse how mechanical systems work.
机构将一种运动形式转换为另一种。齿轮、连杆、凸轮和曲柄是许多机器的基本构件。掌握这些术语就能分析机械系统如何运作。
Gear — A toothed wheel that meshes with another gear to transmit torque and change speed or direction. The smaller gear is often called the pinion.
齿轮 — 带齿的轮子，与另一齿轮啮合以传递扭矩，改变转速或转向。较小的齿轮常称为小齿轮。
Gear Ratio — The ratio of the number of teeth on the driven gear to the number of teeth on the driver gear. A high gear ratio increases torque but reduces speed.
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