📚 Year 8 SQA Computing: Glossary and Terminology Quick-Reference Guide | Year 8 SQA 计算机：词汇术语速记指南
Learning computing is like picking up a new language. The words may sound technical, but once you understand what they mean, everything starts to click. This guide breaks down the key terms you will meet in your Year 8 SQA Computing course, pairing each definition with a clear Chinese explanation so you can revise smarter and build your digital confidence.
学习计算机就像掌握一门新语言。这些术语听起来很专业，但一旦你理解了它们的意思，一切都会豁然开朗。本指南拆解了你在 Year 8 SQA 计算机课程中会遇到的关键词汇，每个定义都配有清晰的中文解释，帮助你更聪明地复习，建立数字时代的自信心。
1. Algorithm and Programming Basics | 算法与编程基础
Algorithm – A precise, step-by-step set of instructions designed to solve a problem or complete a task. Think of it like a recipe for a cake; every step is clearly laid out so that anyone can follow it and achieve the same result.
算法 – 为解决某个问题或完成任务而设计的一系列精确、逐步的指令。可以把算法想象成一份蛋糕食谱；每一步都清晰列出，任何人都能照着做并得到相同的结果。
Program – A collection of instructions written in a programming language that tells a computer what to do. While an algorithm is the idea, a program is the actual code that a machine can run.
程序 – 用某种编程语言编写的一组指令，告诉计算机该做什么。算法是想法，程序是机器可以运行的实际代码。
Source Code – The human-readable version of a program, written in words, numbers, and symbols. Before a computer can use it, source code is often translated into machine code.
源代码 – 程序的人类可读版本，由单词、数字和符号写成。在计算机使用它之前，源代码通常会被翻译成机器码。
Execute – The act of running a program or a piece of code. When you click 'Run' in Scratch, you are telling the computer to execute the instructions you have written.
执行 – 运行程序或某段代码的动作。当你在 Scratch 中点击“运行”时，你就是在命令计算机执行你编写的指令。
Syntax – The set of rules that defines how programs must be written in a particular language. Just as English has grammar, Python and other languages have syntax that you must follow, or the program will not run.
语法 – 定义程序必须如何用特定语言编写的一套规则。就像英语有语法一样，Python 等语言也有你必须遵守的语法，否则程序就无法运行。
2. Sequence, Selection and Iteration | 顺序、选择与迭代
Sequence – The most basic control structure; instructions are carried out one after another, in the exact order they appear. Without sequence, a computer would not know which step to take next.
顺序 – 最基本的控制结构；指令严格按照出现的先后顺序依次执行。没有顺序，计算机就不知道下一步该做什么。
Selection – A decision-making point in a program where the path of execution changes based on whether a condition is true or false. This is usually implemented with IF, ELSE IF, and ELSE statements.
选择 – 程序中的决策点，根据条件是真还是假来改变执行路径。这通常用 IF、ELSE IF 和 ELSE 语句实现。
Condition – An expression that evaluates to either true or false. Examples include checking if a variable is greater than ten or if a user's answer matches a secret word.
条件 – 结果为真或假的表达式。例如检查变量是否大于 10，或者用户的答案是否与某个秘密单词匹配。
Iteration – The repetition of a block of code, often called a loop. Iteration allows you to perform the same action many times without writing the same code over and over, making programs efficient.
迭代 – 重复执行一段代码块，通常称为循环。迭代让你能多次执行相同的操作，而无需反复编写相同的代码，使得程序更高效。
Loop – A programming structure that repeats a section of code. Common types include FOR loops (when you know how many times to repeat) and WHILE loops (which repeat as long as a condition stays true).
循环 – 重复执行某段代码的编程结构。常见类型有 FOR 循环（知道重复次数时使用）和 WHILE 循环（只要条件为真就重复）。
3. Variables and Data Types | 变量与数据类型
Variable – A named container stored in the computer's memory that holds a value which can change while the program is running. You can imagine it as a labelled box where you can put a number or a word and swap the contents later.
变量 – 存储在计算机内存中的一个命名容器，其保存的值可以在程序运行时改变。你可以想象它是一个贴着标签的盒子，你可以在里面放一个数字或词语，之后还能更换里面的内容。
Constant – Similar to a variable, but its value cannot be changed once it has been set. Constants are used for figures that stay fixed, like the value of pi or the number of days in a week.
常量 – 与变量类似，但其值一旦设定就不能再修改。常量用于始终保持不变的数值，例如圆周率 π 的值或一周的天数。
Integer (int) – A whole number that can be positive, negative, or zero, such as 5, -3, or 204. In many programming languages, integers are used for counting or indexing.
整数 (int) – 可以是正数、负数或零的完整数字，例如 5、-3、204。在许多编程语言中，整数用于计数或索引。
String (str) – A sequence of characters such as letters, digits, punctuation, or spaces, treated as text. Strings are often surrounded by quotation marks, like "Hello, world!".
字符串 (str) – 字母、数字、标点或空格等字符构成的序列，被视为文本处理。字符串通常被引号包围，例如 'Hello, world!'。
Boolean – A data type that can only hold one of two values: true or false. Booleans are essential for conditions in selection and iteration, acting like on/off switches for decisions.
布尔值 – 一种只能取两个值之一的数据类型：真 (true) 或假 (false)。布尔值在选择和迭代的条件中至关重要，就像决策的通断开关。
4. Input, Output and Storage | 输入、输出与存储
Input – Data that enters a computer system so it can be processed. Typing on a keyboard, clicking a mouse, or tapping on a touchscreen are all examples of providing input to a device.
输入 – 进入计算机系统以待处理的数据。敲击键盘、点击鼠标或触摸屏幕都是向设备提供输入的例子。
Output – Information that a computer sends out so that a user or another machine can see, hear, or record it. Common outputs include text on a screen, sound through speakers, or a printout on paper.
输出 – 计算机发出的信息，使得用户或其他机器能够看到、听到或记录下来。常见的输出包括屏幕上的文字、扬声器发出的声音或纸张上的打印件。
Storage – A place where data is kept permanently or semi-permanently, even when the power is turned off. Hard drives, USB flash drives, and cloud storage are all forms of storage that help you save your work.
存储 – 永久或半永久保存数据的地方，即使关掉电源数据也不会丢失。硬盘、U 盘和云存储都是帮助你保存作品的存储形式。
RAM (Random Access Memory) – Temporary, fast memory that holds the programs and data the computer is using right now. RAM is volatile, meaning everything in it is wiped when the device is switched off.
RAM (随机存取存储器) – 临时、高速的存储器，用于存放计算机正在使用的程序和数据。RAM 是易失性的，意味着关闭设备后，里面的所有内容都会被清除。
File – A named collection of data stored on a device. Files can hold text, images, audio, or code, and they are organised using folders and a file extension such as .txt, .jpg, or .py.
文件 – 存储在设备上的一批有名称的数据。文件可以保存文本、图像、音频或代码，它们通过文件夹和文件扩展名（如 .txt、.jpg 或 .py）进行组织。
5. Debugging and Errors | 调试与错误类型
Debugging – The systematic process of finding and fixing mistakes in a program. Debugging is a normal part of coding and helps you think logically about why something is not working as expected.
调试 – 查找并修复程序中错误的一个系统化过程。调试是编程中正常的一部分，能帮助你从逻辑上思考为什么结果与预期不符。
Syntax Error – A mistake caused by breaking the grammar rules of the programming language, such as missing a closing bracket or spelling a command incorrectly. The program will usually refuse to run until all syntax errors are fixed.
语法错误 – 因违反编程语言的语法规则而导致的错误，例如缺少一个闭合括号或拼错了一条命令。通常在修复所有语法错误之前，程序将拒绝运行。
Logic Error – An error where the program runs without crashing but produces the wrong result. For example, telling a sprite to move -10 steps when you meant +10 steps is a logic error; the computer follows your instruction perfectly but not your intention.
逻辑错误 – 程序没有崩溃但产生了错误结果的一种错误。例如，你本想让角色移动 +10 步，却写成了 -10 步，这就是逻辑错误；计算机完全遵循你的指令，却没按照你的本意执行。
Runtime Error – A problem that occurs while a program is running, often because it tries to perform an impossible operation, like dividing by zero or opening a file that does not exist.
运行时错误 – 程序运行过程中出现的问题，通常是因为它试图执行一个不可能的操作，比如除以零或打开一个不存在的文件。
Testing – The process of trying out a program with different inputs to make sure it behaves correctly. Good testing includes normal values, extreme values, and incorrect inputs to see how the program responds.
测试 – 使用不同输入试用程序以确认其行为正确的过程。好的测试包括正常值、极端值以及错误的输入，以观察程序如何响应。
6. Hardware: Inside the Machine | 硬件：机器内部
Hardware – The physical parts of a computer system that you can physically touch. This includes components like the keyboard, motherboard, processor, and memory chips.
硬件 – 计算机系统中你可以实际触摸到的物理部件。这包括键盘、主板、处理器和内存芯片等组件。
CPU (Central Processing Unit) – Often called the brain of the computer, the CPU carries out instructions from programs by performing calculations and making logical decisions at extremely high speed.
CPU (中央处理器) – 常被称作计算机的大脑，CPU 通过极高速的计算和逻辑判断来执行来自程序的指令。
Motherboard – The main circuit board that connects all the hardware components together, allowing them to communicate. The CPU, RAM, and other essential parts plug directly into the motherboard.
主板 – 将所有硬件组件连接在一起的主要电路板，允许它们互相通信。CPU、RAM 和其他关键部件都直接插入主板。
Peripheral – An external device connected to a computer to provide input, output, or extra storage. Keyboards, monitors, printers, and external hard drives are all peripherals.
外设 – 连接到计算机以提供输入、输出或额外存储的外部设备。键盘、显示器、打印机和外接硬盘都是外设。
Embedded System – A special-purpose computer built into a larger device, such as a microwave, washing machine, or car. It performs a dedicated function and is not designed to be used like a general-purpose PC.
嵌入式系统 – 内置在较大设备（如微波炉、洗衣机或汽车）中的一种专用计算机。它执行特定功能，并不像通用 PC 那样供人直接使用。
7. Software and Operating Systems | 软件与操作系统
Software – The set of instructions and applications that tell hardware what to do. Software can be broadly divided into system software, which runs the computer, and application software, which helps users complete specific tasks.
软件 – 告诉硬件做什么的一系列指令和应用程序。软件大致可分为运行计算机的系统软件和帮助用户完成特定任务的应用软件。
Operating System (OS) – The most important system software that manages hardware resources and provides a user interface. Examples include Windows, macOS, and Linux; your files, windows, and app launches are all handled by the OS.
操作系统 (OS) – 管理硬件资源并提供用户界面的最重要的系统软件。例子包括 Windows、macOS 和 Linux；你的文件、窗口和应用启动都由操作系统处理。
Application (App) – A program designed to help a user carry out particular work, such as creating a presentation, browsing the internet, or editing a photograph. Apps rely on the operating system to run.
应用程序 (App) – 旨在帮助用户完成特定工作的程序，例如制作演示文稿、浏览互联网或编辑照片。应用程序依赖操作系统才能运行。
Graphical User Interface (GUI) – A way of interacting with a computer using windows, icons, menus, and a pointer. GUIs make computers easier to use because you can click and drag objects instead of typing long commands.
图形用户界面 (GUI) – 一种通过窗口、图标、菜单和指针与计算机交互的方式。GUI 让计算机更加易用，因为你可以点击和拖动对象，而无需输入冗长的命令。
Open Source – A type of software licence that gives users the freedom to view, modify, and share the source code. Open-source projects encourage collaboration and are often built by communities around the world.
开源 – 一种软件许可证类型，它给予用户查看、修改和分享源代码的自由。开源项目鼓励协作，通常由世界各地的社区共同构建。
8. Networks and the Internet | 网络与互联网
Network – A group of two or more computing devices linked together so they can share data and resources. Networks can be small, like a home setup with a laptop and a printer, or huge, connecting offices across countries.
网络 – 两台或更多计算设备连接在一起，以便它们能共享数据和资源的组合。网络可小至家庭里的一台笔记本加一台打印机，也可大至连接跨越国家的办公室。
LAN (Local Area Network) – A network that connects computers within a small geographical area, often a single building or school. LANs are fast and commonly use Ethernet cables or Wi‑Fi.
LAN (局域网) – 在小地理范围内连接计算机的网络，通常在一栋大楼或学校里。局域网速度快，通常使用以太网线缆或 Wi‑Fi。
WAN (Wide Area Network) – A network that spans large distances, sometimes across cities, countries, or the whole globe. The internet itself is the most famous example of a WAN.
WAN (广域网) – 跨越长距离的网络，有时跨越城市、国家甚至全球。互联网本身就是最著名的广域网例子。
Internet – A global network of networks that connects millions of private, public, educational, and government systems. The internet enables services like email, messaging, and the World Wide Web.
互联网 – 一个连接数百万私有、公共、教育和政府系统的全球网络之网络。互联网支持电子邮件、即时通讯和万维网等服务。
Protocol – An agreed set of rules that determine how data is sent and received between devices. HTTP, TCP/IP, and Wi‑Fi are all protocols that ensure computers can communicate even if they are made by different companies.
协议 – 确定设备之间如何发送和接收数据的一套约定规则。HTTP、TCP/IP 和 Wi‑Fi 都是协议，确保即便由不同公司制造的计算机也能相互通信。
9. World Wide Web and Browsers | 万维网与浏览器
World Wide Web (WWW) – A vast collection of interlinked documents, images, and other resources accessed through the internet. Note that the web and the internet are not the same thing: the internet is the infrastructure, while the web is one of the services running on it.
万维网 (WWW) – 通过互联网访问的相互链接的文档、图像及其他资源的庞大集合。注意，万维网和互联网不是同一个东西：互联网是基础设施，而万维网是运行在其上的服务之一。
URL (Uniform Resource Locator) – The web address used to find a particular resource, like a webpage. A URL typically starts with 'https://' and includes a domain name, which identifies the website.
URL (统一资源定位符) – 用于寻找特定资源（如网页）的网址。URL 通常以 'https://' 开头，并包含用于标识网站的域名。
Browser – A software application that allows you to view and interact with web pages. Popular browsers such as Chrome, Safari, and Firefox translate HTML code into the readable pages you see on screen.
浏览器 – 一款让你能查看网页并与之交互的软件应用。Chrome、Safari 和 Firefox 等流行浏览器将 HTML 代码转换成你在屏幕上看到的可读页面。
Hyperlink – A clickable element in a digital document that takes you to another location, such as a different webpage or a section of the same page. Hyperlinks are what knit the web together.
超链接 – 数字文档中的一个可点击元素，能将你带到另外一个位置，比如不同的网页或同一页面的某节。超链接是将网络编织在一起的关键。
Search Engine – A tool that helps you find information on the web by typing keywords. Google and Bing are search engines; they build an index of web pages and use algorithms to rank results.
搜索引擎 – 一种通过输入关键词帮助你在网络上查找信息的工具。Google 和必应是搜索引擎；它们建立网页索引并使用算法对结果进行排名。
10. Cybersecurity and Digital Ethics | 网络安全与数字伦理
Cybersecurity – The practice of protecting computers, networks, and data from theft, damage, or unauthorised access. It includes a range of measures, from strong passwords to firewalls.
网络安全 – 保护计算机、网络和数据免遭盗窃、损坏或未授权访问的实践。它包括从强密码到防火墙的一系列措施。
Encryption – The process of scrambling information so that it can only be read by someone who has the correct key. When you see a padlock icon in your browser, encryption is protecting your data stream.
加密 – 打乱信息，使得只有拥有正确密钥的人才能读取它的过程。当你在浏览器中看到挂锁图标时，加密正在保护你的数据流。
Phishing – A social engineering attack where scammers send fake emails or messages that look real, hoping to trick you into giving away passwords or personal details. Always check the sender's address carefully.
网络钓鱼 – 一种社会工程攻击，骗子发送看似真实的虚假邮件或消息，企图诱骗你交出密码或个人资料。一定要仔细检查发件人地址。
Digital Footprint – The trail of data you leave behind when you use the internet. This includes your social media posts, comments, browsing history, and even 'likes'. A footprint can be permanent, so think before you post.
数字足迹 – 你在使用互联网时留下的数据痕迹。这包括你的社交媒体帖子、评论、浏览历史甚至“点赞”。足迹可能是永久的，所以在发布之前请三思。
Malware – Short for malicious software, this is any program designed to harm a device or steal data. Viruses, worms, and spyware all fall under the malware umbrella.
恶意软件 – 恶意软件的简称，指任何旨在损害设备或窃取数据的程序。病毒、蠕虫和间谍软件都属于恶意软件的范畴。
11. Data Representation: Binary and Pixels | 数据表示：二进制与像素
Binary – A number system that uses only two digits: 0 and 1. All data inside a computer, including text, images, and sound, is ultimately represented as long strings of 0s and 1s because digital circuits can easily distinguish two states.
二进制 – 仅使用两个数字 0 和 1 的数制。计算机内部的所有数据，包括文本、图像和声音，最终都被表示为长串的 0 和 1，因为数字电路能轻松区分两种状态。
Bit – The smallest unit of data in a computer, representing a single binary value: either a 0 or a 1. The word 'bit' is a contraction of 'binary digit'.
比特 – 计算机中最小的数据单元，表示一个单独的二进制值：0 或 1。比特一词是 'binary digit' 的缩写。
Byte – A group of 8 bits treated as a single unit. A single byte can represent 256 different values, which is enough to store one character like the letter 'A' or a digit like '7'.
字节 – 由 8 个比特组成的一个整体单元。一个字节可以表示 256 种不同的值，足以存储一个字符，比如字母 'A' 或数字 '7'。
Pixel – Short for 'picture element', a pixel is the smallest controllable dot that makes up a digital image. Every photograph on a screen is a grid of thousands or millions of coloured pixels.
像素 – “图像元素”的简称，像素是构成数字图像的最小可控点。屏幕上的每一张照片都是由成千上万甚至数百万彩色像素组成的网格。
Resolution – ht, such as 1920×1080. Higher resolution usually means sharper and more detailed pictures.
分辨率 – 图像或屏幕中像素的数量，通常以宽×高给出，例如 1920×1080。分辨率越高，通常意味着图片越清晰、细节越丰富。
12. Quick Memory Tricks for Key Terms | 关键术语记忆技巧
When you are revising, link each term to a simple mental image. For algorithm, picture a recipe book; for variable, imagine a labelled box you open and change. Making up funny or exaggerated pictures helps your brain hold onto definitions longer.
复习的时候，把每个术语和一个简单的心理图像联系起来。对于“算法”，想象一本食谱书；对于“变量”，想象一个贴上标签且你打开就换的盒子。编造可笑或夸张的画面能帮你的大脑更久地记住定义。
Use the first letters of important clusters: SSI can stand for Sequence, Selection, Iteration—the three pillars of any program. Similarly, CPU, RAM, ROM remind you of core hardware inside the case. Grouping terms like this turns a long list into manageable chunks.
使用重要术语群的首字母：SSI 可以代表顺序(Sequence)、选择(Selection)、迭代(Iteration)——任何程序的三大支柱。类似地，CPU、RAM、ROM 让你想起机箱内的核心硬件。像这样分组能把长长的清单变成可管理的模块。
Always try to explain a term aloud as if you were teaching a friend. If you can describe 'iteration' clearly without looking at your notes, you really understand it. This 'teach back' method is one of the most effective ways to move terms from short-term memory into long-term knowledge.
总是尝试大声解释一个术语，就像你在教一个朋友那样。如果你能不看书就把“迭代”讲清楚，那你就是真的懂了。这种“讲出来”的方法是将术语从短期记忆转化为长期知识的最有效方式之一。
Published by TutorHao | Computing Revision Series | aleveler.com
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