📚 Year 8 Cambridge PE: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 8 剑桥体育：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your essential guide for mastering key PE vocabulary for Year 8 Cambridge Physical Education. This article breaks down important terms into easy-to-remember categories, helping you learn both the English and Chinese definitions quickly, whether you are preparing for a theory test or aiming to improve your sporting performance.
欢迎来到 Year 8 剑桥体育关键术语速记指南。本文把重要词汇归入易于记忆的类别，帮助你快速掌握英中双语定义，无论你是准备理论考试，还是想提升运动表现，都能从中获益。
1. Fundamental Movement Skills Classification | 基本动作技能分类
Locomotor Skills: Movements that transport the body from one place to another, such as walking, running, jumping, hopping, skipping and galloping.
移动技能： 使身体从一处移动到另一处的动作，例如走、跑、跳跃、单脚跳、蹦跳和滑步。
Non-locomotor Skills: Movements performed on the spot without travelling, including bending, twisting, turning, swinging, stretching and balancing.
非移动技能： 在原地完成而不发生位移的动作，包括弯曲、扭转、旋转、摆动、拉伸和平衡。
Manipulative Skills: Skills that involve controlling an object with the hands or feet, such as throwing, catching, kicking, striking and dribbling.
操作技能： 用手或脚控制物体的技能，比如投掷、接球、踢球、击球和运球。
2. Health-related Fitness Components | 健康相关体适能成分
Cardiovascular Endurance: The ability of the heart, lungs and blood vessels to deliver oxygen to working muscles during sustained physical activity.
心血管耐力： 在持续体力活动中，心脏、肺和血管向工作肌肉输送氧气的能力。
Muscular Strength: The maximum amount of force a muscle or muscle group can exert against a resistance in a single effort.
肌肉力量： 一块肌肉或肌群单次收缩时对抗阻力所能产生的最大力量。
Muscular Endurance: The ability of a muscle or muscle group to perform repeated contractions or hold a static position for an extended period.
肌肉耐力： 肌肉或肌群进行多次重复收缩或长时间保持静态姿势的能力。
Flexibility: The range of movement possible at a joint or group of joints.
柔韧性： 某个关节或关节群可能达到的活动范围。
Body Composition: The ratio of lean body tissue (muscle, bone, organs) to body fat, often expressed as a percentage.
身体成分： 瘦体重组织（肌肉、骨骼、器官）与体脂的比率，通常以百分比表示。
3. Skill-related Fitness Components | 技能相关体适能成分
Agility: The ability to change direction quickly and accurately while maintaining control of the whole body.
敏捷性： 快速准确地改变方向并保持全身控制的能力。
Balance: The ability to keep the body stable, whether still (static balance) or moving (dynamic balance).
平衡： 保持身体稳定的能力，无论是静止（静态平衡）还是运动（动态平衡）。
Coordination: The ability to combine different body parts or senses smoothly and efficiently to perform a task.
协调性： 平稳高效地组合不同身体部位或感官以完成一项任务的能力。
Power: nation of strength and speed in an explosive action, often calculated as force × velocity.
爆发力： 在爆发性动作中同时运用力量与速度的能力，常计算为力量 × 速度。
Reaction Time: The time taken to respond to a stimulus, such as a starting pistol or a moving ball.
反应时： 对刺激作出反应所需的时间，例如发令枪响或移动中的球。
Speed: The ability to move the whole body or a body part from one point to another in the shortest possible time.
速度： 在尽可能短的时间内将全身或身体某部位从一点移动到另一点的能力。
4. Training Principles (FITT) | 训练原则 (FITT)
Frequency: How often you train, for example the number of sessions per week. To improve fitness, you may train 3–5 times a week.
频率： 训练频次，例如每周训练的次数。为提升体适能，可以每周训练 3–5 次。
Intensity: How hard you work during a session. Intensity can be monitored through heart rate, perceived exertion or the weight lifted.
强度： 单次训练的努力程度。强度可通过心率、主观疲劳感受或举起重量来监控。
Time: The duration of each exercise session. For aerobic benefits, a session might last 20–60 minutes of continuous activity.
时间： 每次训练的持续时间。为获得有氧益处，每次可持续运动 20–60 分钟。
Type: The kind of exercise performed. Types include aerobic training, resistance training, interval training, flexibility work and sport-specific drills.
类型： 所进行的运动种类，包括有氧训练、抗阻训练、间歇训练、柔韧练习和专项技术训练。
FITT = Frequency + Intensity + Time + Type
FITT = 频率 + 强度 + 时间 + 类型
5. Key Muscles & Bones Terminology | 主要肌肉与骨骼术语
Biceps: The muscle on the front of the upper arm that bends the elbow (flexion).
肱二头肌： 上臂前侧负责弯曲肘关节（屈曲）的肌肉。
Triceps: The muscle on the back of the upper arm that straightens the elbow (extension).
肱三头肌： 上臂后侧负责伸直肘关节（伸展）的肌肉。
Quadriceps: The large muscle group on the front of the thigh that extends the knee.
股四头肌： 大腿前侧负责伸直膝关节的肌群。
Hamstrings: The muscles on the back of the thigh that flex the knee and extend the hip.
腘绳肌： 大腿后侧负责屈膝和伸髋的肌肉。
Deltoids: The rounded muscles covering the shoulder that lift the arm away from the body.
三角肌： 覆盖肩部的圆润肌肉，使手臂向外抬起。
Abdominals: The stomach muscles that stabilise the trunk and flex the spine.
腹肌： 稳定躯干并屈曲脊柱的腹部肌肉。
Femur: The long bone of the thigh, the strongest bone in the body.
股骨： 大腿的长骨，是人体最强壮的骨骼。
Tibia: The shin bone, located on the front and medial side of the lower leg.
胫骨： 小腿前内侧的胫骨。
Humerus: The bone of the upper arm, connecting the shoulder to the elbow.
肱骨： 上臂的骨骼，连接肩关节与肘关节。
6. Joints & Planes of Movement | 关节与运动平面
Hinge Joint: A joint that allows movement in only one plane, such as the elbow and knee (flexion and extension).
铰链关节： 仅允许在一个平面内运动的关节，例如肘关节和膝关节（屈和伸）。
Ball-and-Socket Joint: A joint where the rounded head of one bone fits into a cup-like cavity of another, allowing movement in all directions, like the shoulder and hip.
球窝关节： 一块骨头的圆形头嵌入另一块骨头的杯状窝内，能向各个方向运动的关节，例如肩关节和髋关节。
Sagittal Plane: Divides the body into left and right halves; movements in this plane include forward and backward actions such as running and squatting.
矢状面： 将身体分为左右两半的平面；此平面内的动作包括向前向后的动作，如跑步和深蹲。
Frontal Plane: Divides the body into front and back halves; movements include sideways actions like jumping jacks and side steps.
额状面： 将身体分为前后两半的平面；动作包括侧向运动，如开合跳和侧滑步。
Transverse Plane: Divides the body into top and bottom halves; rotational movements such as a discus throw or a golf swing occur in this plane.
水平面： 将身体分为上下两半的平面；旋转动作如掷铁饼或高尔夫挥杆发生在此平面内。
7. Heart Rate & Breathing Terminology | 心率与呼吸术语
Resting Heart Rate (RHR): The number of times the heart beats per minute when the body is at complete rest, typically 60–80 bpm for active young people.
静息心率： 身体完全休息时每分钟心跳次数，活跃青少年一般为 60–80 次/分。
Maximum Heart Rate (MHR): The highest number of beats per minute your heart can reach during maximum exercise. An estimate is often calculated using the formula:
最大心率： 最大强度运动时心脏能达到的每分钟最高搏动次数。常用公式估算：
MHR ≈ 220 − Age (in years)
最大心率 ≈ 220 − 年龄
Target Heart Rate Zone: The range of heart rate at which you gain the most aerobic benefits, often 60–85% of your maximum heart rate.
靶心率区间： 能获得最大有氧益处的心率范围，通常为最大心率的 60%–85%。
Tidal Volume: The volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath at rest.
潮气量： 安静状态下每次正常呼吸吸入或呼出的空气量。
Vital Capacity: The maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after a maximum inhalation.
肺活量： 最深吸气后尽力呼出的最大气量。
8. Injuries & Immediate Care (RICE) | 运动损伤与即时处理
Sprain: An injury to a ligament caused by overstretching or tearing. Commonly occurs in ankles and wrists.
扭伤： 因过度拉伸或撕裂导致的韧带损伤，常见于踝关节和腕关节。
Strain: An injury to a muscle or tendon, often called a pulled muscle. Hamstrings and calf muscles are frequently strained.
拉伤： 肌肉或肌腱损伤，常被称为肌肉拉伤，腘绳肌和小腿肌肉经常拉伤。
Fracture: A crack or break in a bone. Stress fractures are small cracks from repetitive force, while acute fractures result from a single impact.
骨折： 骨的裂纹或断裂。应力骨折由重复受力引起的小裂纹，急性骨折则源于单次撞击。
R.I.C.E. Method: An immediate care protocol for soft tissue injuries:
R.I.C.E. 处理法： 软组织损伤的即时护理方案：
R – Rest: Stop using the injured part to prevent further damage.
R – 休息： 停止使用受伤部位，避免进一步损伤。
I – Ice: Apply cold packs for 15–20 minutes every 2–3 hours to reduce swelling.
I – 冰敷： 每 2–3 小时冰敷 15–20 分钟，以减轻肿胀。
C – Compression: Wrap the injury with an elastic bandage to limit swelling.
C – 施压： 用弹性绷带包扎受伤处，限制肿胀。
E – Elevation: Raise the injured limb above heart level to help drain fluid away.
E – 抬高： 将受伤肢体抬高至心脏以上，帮助引流积液。
9. Diet & Nutrition Keywords | 饮食与营养关键词
Carbohydrates: The body's main energy source, stored in muscles and the liver as glycogen. Pasta, rice and bread are rich sources.
碳水化合物： 身体的主要能量来源，以糖原形式储存在肌肉和肝脏中。面食、米饭和面包富含碳水化合物。
Proteins: Nutrients essential for muscle growth, repair and recovery. Lean meat, eggs, beans and dairy provide protein.
蛋白质： 对肌肉生长、修复和恢复至关重要的营养素。瘦肉、鸡蛋、豆类和乳制品提供蛋白质。
Fats: A concentrated energy source that also helps absorb vitamins and protect organs. Unsaturated fats are healthier choices.
脂肪： 浓缩的能量来源，也有助于维生素吸收和器官保护。不饱和脂肪是更健康的选择。
Hydration: The process of maintaining adequate fluid levels in the body. Dehydration can lead to fatigue, dizziness and poor performance.
水分补充： 维持身体充足体液水平的过程。脱水会导致疲劳、头晕和运动表现下降。
Electrolytes: Minerals such as sodium, potassium and chloride that help regulate nerve signals and muscle contractions during exercise.
电解质： 钠、钾、氯等矿物质，在运动中帮助调节神经信号和肌肉收缩。
10. Tactics & Strategy Terms | 战术与策略术语
Attack / Offence: The phase of play when a team has possession and tries to score. Tactics include creating space and penetrating the defence.
进攻： 球队控球并设法得分的比赛阶段，战术包括创造空间和突破防守。
Defence: The phase of play when a team does not have possession and attempts to prevent the opposition from scoring, through marking, tackling and intercepting.
防守： 不控球时阻止对方得分的阶段，通过盯人、抢断和拦截来实现。
Formation: The planned arrangement of players on the field, such as 4–4–2 in football or 2–3–1 in netball.
阵型： 球场上球员的有计划站位，如足球中的 4–4–2 或无挡板篮球中的 2–3–1。
Pressing: A tactic where players quickly close down the opponent in possession to force errors and regain the ball.
逼抢： 球员迅速逼近控球对手以迫使其失误并夺回球权的战术。
Counter-attack: A rapid transition from defence to attack the moment possession is won, exploiting the opponent’s unbalanced defence.
快速反击： 夺得球权瞬间从防守快速转入进攻，利用对方防线不平衡的机会。
11. Warm-up & Cool-down Vocabulary | 热身与整理活动术语
Pulse Raiser: Light continuous activity such as jogging that gradually increases heart rate, breathing rate and blood flow to muscles.
提升心率活动： 像慢跑之类轻松的持续活动，逐步提升心率、呼吸频率和肌肉血流量。
Dynamic Stretching: Controlled movements that take joints through their full range of motion, such as leg swings, lunges and arm circles.
动态拉伸： 能让关节完成全幅度活动的受控动作，例如摆腿、弓步走和绕臂。
Sport-specific Drills: Activities in the warm-up that mimic the movements of the upcoming sport, such as dribbling or passing exercises.
专项训练练习： 热身中模拟即将开展的运动动作的活动，如运球练习或传接球练习。
Cool-down: A phase performed after exercise, typically involving low-intensity activity followed by static stretching to aid recovery.
整理活动： 运动后进行的环节，通常包括低强度活动，然后是静态拉伸，以促进恢复。
Static Stretching: Holding a stretch position for 15–30 seconds without movement, aiming to improve flexibility and relax the muscles.
静态拉伸： 保持拉伸姿势 15–30 秒不动，旨在改善柔韧性和放松肌肉。
12. Fitness Testing Vocabulary | 体能测试词汇
Multi-stage Fitness Test (Bleep Test): A progressive shuttle run test where athletes run back and forth over a 20 m distance in time with audio beeps; the level reached estimates cardiovascular endurance.
多阶段体能测试（蜂鸣测试）： 一种渐进折返跑测试，运动员在 20 米距离内随着音频提示音往返跑，达到的级别用于评估心血管耐力。
Cooper Test: A 12-minute run test measuring the maximum distance covered, used to evaluate aerobic endurance.
库珀测试： 连续跑 12 分钟并测量最大跑动距离，用于评价有氧耐力。
Sit-and-Reach Test: A test where a subject reaches forward while sitting with straight legs to measure hamstring and lower back flexibility.
坐位体前屈测试： 受试者坐姿直腿前伸的测试，测量腘绳肌和下背部的柔韧性。
Vertical Jump Test: A test measuring the difference between standing reach height and jump height, assessing leg power.
纵跳测试： 测量站立摸高与跳起摸高之差的测试，评估腿部爆发力。
Handgrip Dynamometer Test: A test using a grip-strength device to measure the maximum isometric strength of the hand and forearm muscles.
握力计测试： 使用握力装置测量手和前臂肌肉最大等长力量的测试。
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