📚 Vocabulary Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | 词汇术语速记指南
Mastering geographical vocabulary is the key to understanding the world around us. In Year 8 Cambridge Geography, you will encounter words that describe everything from the shape of a river to the spread of cities. This guide breaks down essential terms into easy‑to‑remember chunks, pairing English definitions with Chinese translations to help you learn faster. Use the memory hooks, compare the languages, and test yourself section by section.
掌握地理词汇是理解我们周围世界的关键。在剑桥八年级地理课程中，你会遇到描述河流形状、城市扩张等各种现象的词汇。本指南将重要术语拆分成易于记忆的模块，将英文定义和中文翻译配对呈现，帮助你更快地学习。利用记忆线索，对比两种语言，并按小节进行自我测试吧。
1. Weather and Climate | 天气与气候
Weather refers to the day‑to‑day conditions of the atmosphere, such as temperature, precipitation and wind. Climate is the average weather pattern of a place over at least 30 years. Think of weather as your mood right now, and climate as your overall personality.
天气指的是大气的日常状态，例如温度、降水和风。气候是一个地方至少30年的平均天气模式。可以把天气想象成你此刻的心情，把气候想象成你长期的整体性格。
Precipitation is any form of water that falls from clouds, including rain, snow, sleet and hail. The word contains ‘precipice’ – water falling over the edge!
降水是从云层落下的任何形式的水，包括雨、雪、雨夹雪和冰雹。这个词包含了"precipice"（悬崖）的意思——水从边缘落下！
Humidity is the amount of water vapour in the air. High humidity makes you feel sticky; you can remember it by the ‘humid’ sound – just like ‘humid’ air.
湿度是空气中水蒸气的含量。高湿度让你感觉粘腻；你可以通过"humid"的发音来记忆——就像潮湿的空气的“湿”。
2. The Water Cycle and Clouds | 水循环与云
Evaporation turns liquid water into vapour, driven by the sun’s heat. The ‘v’ in evaporation stands for vapour. The opposite process is condensation, where water vapour cools and turns back into tiny droplets, forming clouds.
蒸发在太阳热量的驱动下将液态水变为蒸汽。蒸发（evaporation）中的‘v’代表蒸汽（vapour）。相反的过程是凝结，水蒸气冷却后变回微小水滴，形成云。
Transpiration is the release of water vapour from plant leaves. Combine it with evaporation to get evapotranspiration. Remember that plants ‘transpire’ just like they ‘perspire’.
蒸腾作用是植物叶片释放水蒸气的过程。把它和蒸发结合起来就是蒸散发。记住植物“transpire”（蒸腾）就像它们在“perspire”（出汗）一样。
Infiltration soaks water into the ground; surface runoff is water that flows over the land. Infiltration = in‑filtration, going in.
下渗把水吸收到地下；地表径流是在地面流动的水。下渗（infiltration）= in‑filtration，进入地下。
3. River Systems and Landforms | 河流系统与地貌
A drainage basin is the area of land drained by a river and its tributaries. Every drop of rain that falls inside it eventually reaches the main river. The edge of a basin is called a watershed.
流域是河流及其支流所排水的土地区域。落在流域内的每一滴雨最终都会汇入干流。流域的边界称为分水岭。
A tributary is a smaller stream that joins a larger river. A confluence is the point where two rivers meet. Picture tributaries as ‘contributing’ water to the main channel.
支流是汇入更大河流的小溪流。汇流点是两条河流交汇的地方。把支流想象成向主河道‘贡献’（contributing）水。
A meander is a bend in a river. The outside of the bend undergoes erosion, while the inside experiences deposition. Think of a meander as the river ‘meandering’ lazily across a floodplain.
曲流是河流的弯曲处。弯曲的外侧发生侵蚀，内侧发生沉积。可以把曲流想象成河流在泛滥平原上懒洋洋地‘蜿蜒’（meandering）前行。
4. Coastal Landforms and Processes | 海岸地貌与过程
Erosion wears away the land. On coasts, hydraulic action forces air and water into cracks; abrasion scrapes the cliff with rocks. Attrition makes rocks smash into each other and become smaller.
侵蚀磨蚀陆地。在海岸，水力作用将空气和水压入裂缝；磨蚀用岩石刮削悬崖；磨耗使岩石相互碰撞变小。
A bay is a curved inlet formed where soft rock erodes quickly, while harder rock sticks out as a headland. Bays are ‘bay‑by’ friendly places for beaches.
海湾是软岩被快速侵蚀形成的弯曲水湾，而硬岩突出成为岬角。海湾（bay）是友好‘停泊’（bay）沙滩的地方。
Longshore drift moves sand along the beach in a zigzag pattern. Swash carries material up at an angle, backwash pulls it straight down. The drift is always along the shore.
沿岸漂移以之字形将沙子沿海滩移动。冲流以一定角度向上携带物质，回流则垂直拉回。漂移始终沿着海岸（along the shore）。
5. Map and Geographical Skills | 地图与地理技能
Contour lines join points of equal height above sea level. Close contours mean a steep slope; widely spaced contours show a gentle slope. Imagine contour lines as rings on a sliced hill.
等高线连接海平面以上高度相等的地点。等高线密集表示陡坡；稀疏的等高线表明缓坡。把等高线想象成切开的山丘上的环状纹路。
Scale shows the relationship between distance on the map and real distance, e.g. 1 cm = 1 km. Latitude lines run east‑west parallel to the equator, while Longitude meridians run north‑south.
比例尺显示图上距离与实际距离的关系，例如 1 厘米 = 1 公里。纬度线沿东西方向与赤道平行，而经度子午线沿南北方向延伸。
Grid references pinpoint a location. Six‑figure references give a precise spot: eastings first, northings second, like ‘along the corridor, up the stairs’.
网格参照精确定位位置。六位数的网格参照给出精确地点：先读东距，后读北距，就像“沿着走廊走，再上楼”。
6. Population Dynamics | 人口动态
Population density is the number of people per square kilometre. Population distribution describes how people are spread out. Dense places feel crowded; sparse areas have elbow room.
人口密度是每平方公里的人口数量。人口分布描述人口的散布状况。密集的地方感觉拥挤，稀疏的地区则有充裕的空间。
Birth rate is live births per 1000 people per year, death rate is deaths per 1000 per year. Natural increase = birth rate minus death rate. If the figure is positive, the population grows.
出生率是每年每千人中的活产婴儿数，死亡率是每年每千人中的死亡人数。自然增长 = 出生率 − 死亡率。若数值为正，人口增长。
Migration is movement of people. Push factors drive people away (war, lack of jobs), pull factors attract them (better jobs, safety). Immigrants arrive, emigrants leave.
迁移是人口的移动。推力因素将人们推离（战争、缺乏工作），拉力因素吸引人们（更好的工作、安全）。移民迁入，移居者迁出。
7. Settlements and Urbanisation | 聚落与城市化
A settlement is a place where people live. Its site is the actual land it is built on; its situation is the location in relation to surrounding features. Site = sight of the buildings.
聚落是人们居住的地方。它的城址是它建造的实际土地；它的方位是相对于周围特征的位置。Site 可以看作视线的所及（sight）。
Urbanisation means an increasing percentage of people living in towns and cities. Megacity is a city with more than 10 million people. Urbanisation often follows industrialisation.
城市化指居住在城镇和城市的人口比例不断增加。特大城市是人口超过1000万的城市。城市化往往紧随工业化而来。
Central Business District (CBD) is the commercial heart of a city. Suburbs are residential areas on the edge. Think of CBD as the busiest ‘central’ spot.
中央商务区（CBD）是城市的商业中心。郊区是边缘的居住区。把 CBD 想象成最繁忙的“中央”点。
8. Agriculture and Industry | 农业与工业
Subsistence farming produces just enough food for the farmer’s family. Commercial farming grows crops for sale. To subsist is to survive, so the farm feeds its own household.
自给农业生产的粮食仅够农民家庭食用。商业农业种植作物用于出售。自给（subsist）即生存，因此农场养活自己的家庭。
Primary industry extracts raw materials (mining, fishing). Secondary industry manufactures goods. Tertiary provides services, and quaternary involves research and IT.
第一产业开采原材料（采矿、渔业）。第二产业制造商品。第三产业提供服务，第四产业涉及研究和信息技术。
Irrigation is the artificial watering of land. In arid areas, it makes farming possible. Link irrigation to ‘irrigate’ – it brings water where rain is scarce.
灌溉是对土地的人工浇水。在干旱地区，它使农业成为可能。把 irrigation 与“irrigate”联系起来——在雨水稀缺的地方带来水。
9. Tourism and Environment | 旅游业与环境
Ecotourism is responsible travel that conserves the environment and supports local people. It aims to leave small footprints, both physically and culturally.
生态旅游是有责任的旅行，保护环境并支持当地居民。它旨在留下很小的足迹，无论是在物理上还是文化上。
Sustainable development meets present needs without harming future generations. Conservation protects natural areas, while preservation keeps them totally untouched.
可持续发展满足当代需求而不损害后代的能力。保护保护自然区域，而保存则保持其完全未受触动。
National park is an area of outstanding beauty protected for public enjoyment and wildlife. Visitors should ‘take only photographs, leave only footprints’.
国家公园是风景极美的区域，为公众享受和野生动植物而受保护。游客应“只带走照片，只留下足迹”。
10. Environmental Challenges | 环境挑战
Pollution contaminates land, air or water. Eutrophication happens when fertilisers wash into lakes, causing algae blooms that starve water of oxygen. ‘Eu’ sounds like ‘you’ – you add nutrients and algae grow!
污染污染土地、空气或水。富营养化发生在化肥冲入湖泊时，导致藻类大量繁殖，耗尽水中氧气。‘Eu’听起来像‘you’——你添加了营养物质，藻类就疯长！
Climate change is long‑term shift in global weather patterns, often linked to greenhouse gases. Carbon footprint measures the CO₂ produced by an activity or person.
气候变化是全球天气模式的长期转变，常与温室气体有关。碳足迹衡量一项活动或个人产生的二氧化碳。
Recycling turns used materials into new products. Reuse means using an item again without changing it. ‘Re’ means again; recycle and reuse both keep resources in the loop.
回收将使用过的材料转化为新产品。再利用指不改变物品而再次使用。‘Re’表示再次；回收和再利用都让资源循环利用。
Published by TutorHao | Geography Revision Series | aleveler.com
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