📚 Year 8 Cambridge Psychology: Key Terms & Memory Hacks | 剑桥八年级心理学关键术语速记指南
Welcome to your go-to revision guide for Cambridge Year 8 Psychology! Mastering the subject starts with locking down the essential vocabulary. This article breaks down must-know terms topic by topic, pairing each with a clear English definition, a precise Chinese translation, and a clever memory hack to make the words stick. Whether you are preparing for a quiz or building a strong foundation, let’s make terminology your superpower.
欢迎来到你的剑桥八年级心理学复习指南！学好心理学，先从攻克核心词汇开始。这篇文章按照主题逐一拆解必学术语，每个词都配有清晰的英文定义、准确的中文释义和巧妙的记忆窍门，帮你在最短时间内记住它们。无论是准备小测验还是打牢基础，让术语成为你的超能力。
1. Introduction to Psychology | 心理学入门
Psychology: The scientific study of mind and behaviour. Memory hack: ‘Psyche’ means soul or mind in Greek, and ‘-ology’ means the study of something. So psychology literally means the study of the mind.
心理学：对心理和行为的科学研究。记忆窍门：‘Psyche’ 在希腊语中意为灵魂或心灵，‘-ology’ 表示某门学科。因此 psychology 的字面意思就是关于心灵的研究。
Hypothesis: A testable prediction about the relationship between variables. Memory hack: Think of a ‘hypo-thesis’ as a ‘hypothetical thesis’ you need to test in a science lab.
假设：关于变量之间关系的一种可检验的预测。记忆窍门：把 hypothesis 想象成你在科学实验室里需要验证的一篇‘假想论文’（hypothetical thesis）。
Variable: Any factor that can change or vary in an experiment. Memory hack: The word itself contains ‘vary’ – anything that varies is a variable.
变量：实验中可以改变或发生变化的任何因素。记忆窍门：这个词本身就含有 ‘vary’（变化），会变化的东西就是变量。
Experiment: A research method where the researcher manipulates one variable to see its effect on another. Memory hack: Picture a scientist shouting ‘Let me try this!’ – that is the spirit of an experiment.
实验：研究者操纵一个变量以观察它对另一个变量所产生影响的研究方法。记忆窍门：想象一位科学家大喊‘让我试试看！’—— 这就是实验的精神。
Sample: A small group of participants selected from a larger population. Memory hack: Just like a free food sample represents the whole dish, a research sample represents a larger group.
样本：从更大的总体中选出的一小组参与者。记忆窍门：就像免费试吃的样品代表整道菜品一样，研究样本代表一个更大的群体。
2. Biological Psychology | 生物心理学
Neuron: A specialised cell that transmits nerve impulses. Memory hack: ‘Neur-’ sounds like ‘nerve’, and ‘-on’ is like a tiny unit – a neuron is a nerve unit.
神经元：一种传递神经冲动的特化细胞。记忆窍门：‘Neur-’ 听起来像 ‘nerve’（神经），‘-on’ 像一个小单位 —— 神经元就是一个神经单元。
Synapse: The tiny gap between two neurons where signals are transmitted chemically. Memory hack: Think of two friends (neurons) high-fiving across a small space – that gap is the synapse.
突触：两个神经元之间进行化学信号传递的微小间隙。记忆窍门：想象两位朋友（神经元）隔着一个小空间击掌 —— 那个间隙就是突触。
Neurotransmitter: A chemical messenger that carries signals across a synapse. Memory hack: ‘ smitter in the nervous system, like a postal worker delivering letters across the synapse.
神经递质：一种在突触之间传递信号的化学信使。记忆窍门：‘Neuro-transmitter’ 就是神经系统中的传递者，像邮递员一样跨过突触投递信件。
Central Nervous System (CNS): The brain and spinal cord, which process information and coordinate responses. Memory hack: It’s the body’s ‘command central’ – hence ‘Central’ Nervous System.
中枢神经系统：由大脑和脊髓组成，负责处理信息并协调反应。记忆窍门：它是身体的‘指挥中心’，所以叫‘中枢’神经系统。
Hormone: A chemical secreted by glands into the bloodstream to regulate bodily functions. Memory hack: Hormones are like long-distance runners – they travel through blood to reach target organs.
激素：由腺体分泌到血液中、用来调节身体功能的化学物质。记忆窍门：激素就像长跑运动员——它们通过血液长途奔袭到达靶器官。
3. Cognitive Psychology | 认知心理学
Cognition: All mental processes involved in knowing, including thinking, remembering, and problem-solving. Memory hack: ‘Cog-’ in cognition is like ‘cog’ in a machine – cogs turn to make the mind work.
认知：涉及认识的所有心理过程，包括思考、记忆和解决问题。记忆窍门：cognition 中的 ‘cog-’ 像机器中的齿轮 —— 齿轮转动，思维也跟着运转。
Schema: A mental framework that helps us organise and interpret information. Memory hack: Think of a schema as a filing cabinet drawer in your brain where related knowledge is stored.
图式：帮助我们组织和解释信息的心理框架。记忆窍门：把图式想象成大脑中的一个文件柜抽屉，里面存放着相关的知识。
Perception: The process of interpreting sensory information to make sense of the world. Memory hack: ‘Perception’ starts with ‘per-’ (through) and ‘cept’ (take) – we take in the world through our senses and give it meaning.
知觉：解释感觉信息以理解世界的过程。记忆窍门：‘Perception’ 以 ‘per-’（通过）和 ‘cept’（拿取）开头 —— 我们通过感官获取世界并赋予其意义。
Attention: The concentration of mental effort on a particular stimulus. Memory hack: Imagine a spotlight on a dark stage – attention is that spotlight illuminating only what matters right now.
注意：把心理努力集中在特定刺激上的过程。记忆窍门：想象黑暗舞台上的聚光灯 —— 注意就是那束只照亮当前重要事物的光。
4. Memory | 记忆
Encoding: The first stage of memory, where information is transformed into a form that can be stored. Memory hack: Encoding is like typing a document into a computer – you change thoughts into a format the brain can save.
编码：记忆的第一阶段，将信息转换成可以储存的形式。记忆窍门：编码就像把文档输入电脑 —— 你将想法转换成大脑可以保存的格式。
Storage: The retention of encoded information over time. Memory hack: Storage is the brain’s hard drive; once data is saved, it stays there until you need it.
储存：将已编码的信息长时间保留下来。记忆窍门：储存就是大脑的硬盘；数据保存后，就静静待在那里直到你需要它。
Retrieval: The process of accessing and bringing stored information into conscious awareness. Memory hack: Retrieval is the ‘search’ function of your brain – you type a keyword, and the memory pops up.
提取：访问储存信息并将其带入意识的过程。记忆窍门：提取是大脑的‘搜索’功能 —— 你敲入关键词，记忆就弹出。
Short-term Memory: A temporary memory store with limited capacity and duration. Memory hack: It is like a sticky note on your desk – it holds a small bit of info for a few seconds unless you keep rehearsing it.
短时记忆：容量和持续时间都有限的暂时储存系统。记忆窍门：它就像书桌上的便利贴 —— 只能暂时容纳少量信息，除非你不断复述刷新它。
Long-term Memory: The relatively permanent and unlimited storehouse of the memory system. Memory hack: This is your brain’s library – once a book is on the shelf, it can be borrowed years later.
长时记忆：记忆系统中相对永久且容量无限的仓库。记忆窍门：这是你大脑中的图书馆 —— 一本书一旦上了架，多年后仍可借阅。
5. Learning | 学习
Classical Conditioning: A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response. Memory hack: Think of Pavlov’s dogs – a bell (neutral) was paired with food (meaningful), and soon the bell alone made the dogs drool. The bell became a ‘classic’ signal.
经典条件反射：一种学习类型，指中性刺激与有意义的刺激建立联系后，便能引发类似的反应。记忆窍门：想想巴甫洛夫的狗 —— 铃铛（中性）和食物（有意义）配对出现，不久光是铃声就让狗流口水。铃声成了‘经典’信号。
Operant Conditioning: Learning through the consequences of behaviour; behaviours followed by reinforcement are strengthened, those followed by punishment are weakened. Memory hack: ‘Operant’ sounds like ‘operation’ – you operate on the environment, and the outcome decides whether you do it again.
操作条件反射：通过行为的后果来学习；得到强化的行为会被加强，得到惩罚的行为会被削弱。记忆窍门：‘Operant’ 听起来像 ‘operation’（操作）—— 你对环境进行操作，结果决定你是否再次这样做。
Reinforcement: Any event that strengthens the behaviour it follows. Memory hack: Reinforcement is the ‘cheerleader’ of learning – it says ‘Yes, do that again!’
强化：任何能增强其后续行为的事件。记忆窍门：强化是学习中的‘啦啦队’—— 它在说 ‘对，再来一次！’
Punishment: An event that decreases the behaviour it follows. Memory hack: Punishment is the ‘red card’ in a football match – it aims to stop unwanted behaviour immediately.
惩罚：降低其后续行为发生概率的事件。记忆窍门：惩罚是足球比赛中的‘红牌’—— 目的是立即停止不被期待的行为。
6. Social Psychology | 社会心理学
Conformity: A change in behaviour or belief to fit in with a group. Memory hack: Picture a line of people all wearing the same uniform – conformity means ‘forming’ yourself to match them.
从众：为融入群体而改变行为或信念。记忆窍门：想象一排人都穿着同样的制服 —— 从众就是把自己‘塑造成’和他们一样。
Obedience: Following direct commands, usually from an authority figure. Memory hack: ‘Obey’ is loud and clear in obedience – you listen and do exactly as told.
服从：听从来自权威人物的直接指令。记忆窍门：obedience 里明显藏着 ‘obey’（听从）—— 你听命行事。
Social Norm: An unwritten rule about how to behave in a particular social group or culture. Memory hack: Norm is the shortened form of ‘normal’ – whatever is considered ‘normal’ in a circle is a social norm.
社会规范：关于在特定社会群体或文化中应如何行事的未成文规则。记忆窍门：norm 是 ‘normal’（正常的）的简写—— 在一个圈子里被视为‘正常’的就是社会规范。
Stereotype: A fixed, oversimplified, and often inaccurate belief about a group of people. Memory hack: Split it in half – ‘stereo’ means solid or fixed, and ‘type’ is a category. A stereotype is a fixed, rigid type.
刻板印象：对一群人的固定、过于简化且常不准确的信念。记忆窍门：把词拆开 —— ‘stereo’ 意为固体的、固定的，‘type’ 为类型。刻板印象就是一个固化的类型。
Prejudice: A negative attitude or prejudgment toward a group without sufficient evidence. Memory hack: Pre- means before, and -judice relates to judgment. Prejudice is a judgment made before you know the facts.
偏见：在缺乏充分证据时对群体产生的消极态度或预判。记忆窍门：pre- 表示之前，-judice 与判断有关。偏见就是在了解事实之前就做出的判断。
7. Developmental Psychology | 发展心理学
Attachment: A deep emotional bond that connects one person to another, especially between infant and caregiver. Memory hack: Think of a baby monkey clinging to its mother – that physical ‘attachment’ is driven by an emotional one.
依恋：个体之间，特别是婴儿与照看者之间深刻的情感联系。记忆窍门：想象一只小猴子紧紧抓着妈妈 —— 那种身体上的‘依附’背后是情感依恋。
Cognitive Development f : The growth of thinking, problem-solving, and memory throughout childhood and adolescence. Memory hack: ‘Cognitive’ + ‘development’ = your thinking skills growing up, much like your height.
认知发展：个体在童年和青少年时期思维、解决问题与记忆能力的成长。记忆窍门：‘认知’+‘发展’= 你的思维能力像身高一样长起来。
Egocentrism: The inability to see a situation from another person’s point of view, typical in young children. Memory hack: ‘Ego’ means self, and ‘centrism’ means centred – an egocentric child is self-centred and assumes everyone sees what they see.
自我中心：无法从他人视角看待情境，常见于年幼儿童。记忆窍门：‘Ego’ 是自我，‘centrism’ 是以……为中心 —— 自我中心的儿童认为所有人都和自己所见相同。
Object Permanence: Understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen. Memory hack: Play peekaboo with a baby; once the baby realises the hidden toy still exists, object permanence has kicked in.
客体永久性：明白物体即使看不见也依然存在。记忆窍门：跟婴儿玩躲猫猫；当宝宝知道藏起来的玩具还在时，就获得了客体永久性。
8. Individual Differences | 个体差异
Personality: An individual’s unique pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving. Memory hack: Think of it as a person’s internal ‘playlist’ – some tracks are upbeat, some mellow, but the whole list defines their personality.
人格：个体在思维、情感和行为上独特的模式。记忆窍门：把它想象成一个人的内心‘歌单’—— 有些歌欢快，有些舒缓，但整个歌单定义了其人格。
Trait: A relatively stable characteristic that describes a person’s behaviour, such as being shy or outgoing. Memory hack: A trait is a trait of your personality – like the stripes on a zebra, it stays fairly constant.
特质：一种相对稳定的特征，用于描述人的行为，如害羞或外向。记忆窍门：trait 是你人格的‘特征线条’—— 就像斑马身上的条纹，相当稳定。
Intelligence: The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and adapt to new situations. Memory hack: Intelligence is your inner ‘Swiss Army knife’ – it has multiple tools for different challenges.
智力：从经验中学习、解决问题和适应新环境的能力。记忆窍门：智力是你内心的‘瑞士军刀’—— 拥有应对不同挑战的多种工具。
IQ (Intelligence Quotient): A score derived from standardised tests designed to measure intelligence. Memory hack: ‘Quotient’ simply means the result of division, and here it divides mental age by chronological age, giving a number that represents intelligence.
智商：通过标准化测验得出的、用于衡量智力的分数。记忆窍门：‘Quotient’ 就是除出来的商数，这里用心理年龄除以实际年龄，得到一个代表智力的数字。
9. Research Methods | 研究方法
Independent Variable (IV): The variable that is deliberately changed by the researcher. Memory hack: ‘I’ change the Independent variable – ‘I’ for Independent.
自变量：研究者故意改变的变量。记忆窍门：我自己 (I) 改变的是自变量 (Independent variable) —— ‘I’ 让你记住它。
Dependent Variable (DV): The variable that is measured; its value depends on the independent variable. Memory hack: The Dependent variable Depends on the change you make.
因变量：被测量的变量，其值取决于自变量的变化。记忆窍门：因变量 (Dependent variable) 依靠 (Depends on) 你所做的改变。
Control Condition: The group in an experiment that does not receive the experimental treatment and is used as a baseline. Memory hack: This group ‘controls’ for what would happen without the test – it is the comparison standard.
控制条件：实验中不接受实验处理的组别，用作基线对照。记忆窍门：这个组别‘控制’了没有实验处理时的情况 —— 它就是比较标准。
Random Assignment: Placing participants into experimental and control groups by chance, so each person has an equal opportunity to be in either group. Memory hack: It is like drawing names from a hat – pure chance eliminates bias.
随机分配：通过偶然性将参与者分配到实验组或控制组，使得每人有同等机会进入任一组。记忆窍门：就像从帽子里抽名字 —— 完全由运气决定，消除偏差。
Ethics: Moral principles that guide researchers to protect participants from harm and uphold integrity. Memory hack: ‘Ethics’ rhymes with ‘path clicks’ – researchers must follow the right path and click with what is right.
伦理：指导研究者保护参与者免受伤害并保持诚信的道德原则。记忆窍门：‘Ethics’ 可以联想为‘依思客’—— 研究者必须依照思考而行，做出对的选择。
10. Mental Health | 心理健康
Stress: The physical and psychological response to perceived challenges or threats. Memory hack: Think of a stretched rubber band – stress is your mind and body being pulled tight.
压力：对感受到的挑战或威胁时所做出的身心反应。记忆窍门：想象一根被拉紧的橡皮筋 —— 压力就是你的身心被拉紧的状态。
Anxiety: A feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease about something with an uncertain outcome. Memory hack: The word begins with ‘anx-’ which looks like ‘antsy’ – you feel antsy and restless when anxious.
焦虑：对结果不确定的事情感到担忧、紧张或不安的情绪。记忆窍门：这个词以 ‘anx-’ 开头，看起来像 ‘antsy’（坐立不安）—— 焦虑时你正是这样坐立不安。
Depression: A mood disorder characterised by persistent sadness, loss of interest, and low energy. Memory hack: Picture a ‘deep-pressed’ feeling – as if a heavy weight is pressing you down.
抑郁：一种情绪障碍，特征为持续悲伤、兴趣丧失和精力不足。记忆窍门：想象一种‘被深深按下’的感觉 —— 仿佛有重物压得你喘不过气。
Coping: The strategies people use to deal with stress and difficult situations. Memory hack: ‘Cope’ sounds like ‘cope’ in ‘cope with’ – you rope in helpful strategies to pull yourself through.
应对：人们用来处理压力和困境的策略。记忆窍门：‘Cope’ 像个绳套 —— 你套住有用的策略把自己拉过去。
Well-being: A state of feeling comfortable, healthy, and happy. Memory hack: Well-being is being well – simple as that. It includes both mind and body wellness.
幸福感：一种舒适、健康和快乐的状态。记忆窍门：well-being 就是‘being well’（状态良好）—— 简单明了，包含身心两方面的福祉。
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