📚 Year 8 SQA Physical Education: Key Terminology Quick Guide | Year 8 SQA体育：核心词汇速记指南
In SQA Physical Education, a solid grasp of key terminology not only helps you answer theory questions but also sharpens your ability to analyse and improve performance. This quick guide pairs every essential term with its Chinese equivalent, clear definitions, and memory-friendly explanations, making revision active and effective.
在SQA体育课程中，扎实掌握关键术语不仅有助于回答理论问题，还能提升你分析和改进运动表现的能力。本速记指南为每个核心词汇配上了中文对应词、清晰定义以及便于记忆的解释，让复习变得主动且高效。
1. Health and Skill-Related Fitness Components | 健康与技能相关体适能要素
Fitness components are divided into health-related factors that affect your wellbeing and skill-related factors that influence how you perform movements. Knowing these helps you design a balanced training plan.
体适能要素分为影响健康的健康相关因素和影响动作表现的技能相关因素。了解这些要素有助于你设计均衡的训练计划。
Cardiovascular Endurance (aerobic endurance) measures the ability of the heart, blood vessels and lungs to deliver oxygen to working muscles during continuous activity, such as long-distance running.
心血管耐力（有氧耐力）衡量心脏、血管和肺部在持续活动（如长跑）中向运动肌肉输送氧气的能力。
Muscular Endurance is the capacity of a muscle or muscle group to repeat contractions against resistance without tiring quickly, crucial for rowing or sustained cycling.
肌肉耐力是指肌肉或肌群在对抗阻力时重复收缩而不易疲劳的能力，对划船或长时间骑行至关重要。
Muscular Strength refers to the maximum force a muscle can exert in a single maximal contraction, such as when lifting a heavy weight.
肌肉力量指肌肉在一次最大收缩中能产生的最大力量，例如举起重物时。
Flexibility is the range of movement around a joint. Good flexibility reduces injury risk and is tested by the sit and reach test.
柔韧性是关节活动范围的大小。良好的柔韧性可降低受伤风险，通常通过坐位体前屈测试衡量。
Body Composition describes the proportion of fat, muscle and bone in the body. A healthy body composition supports overall fitness and sports performance.
身体成分指体内脂肪、肌肉和骨骼的比例。健康的身体成分有助于提升综合体能和运动表现。
Agility is the ability to change direction quickly while maintaining control. It is vital in team sports like rugby and basketball.
敏捷性是在保持控制的情况下快速改变方向的能力，在橄榄球、篮球等团队运动中至关重要。
Balance involves keeping the body’s centre of mass over its base of support, whether static (standing still) or dynamic (moving).
平衡能力指身体重心保持在支撑面内部的能力，包括静态平衡（静止站立）和动态平衡（移动中）。
Coordination is the smooth and efficient use of two or more body parts together, like hand–eye coordination in catching a ball.
协调性是身体两个或多个部位流畅、高效配合的能力，例如接球时的手眼协调。
Power combines strength and speed to exert force explosively, as seen in a long jump take-off or a volley in football.
爆发力结合了力量和速度，用于爆发性发力，例如跳远起跳或足球中的凌空抽射。
Reaction Time is the time taken to respond to a stimulus, such as reacting to a starting gun in a sprint.
反应时是对刺激做出反应所需的时间，例如短跑中对发令枪的反应。
Speed is the rate at which a person performs a movement or covers a distance in a short time, important for sprinting and striking.
速度是人体完成动作或短时间内覆盖距离的快慢，对短跑和击球等动作非常重要。
2. Methods of Training | 训练方法
Training methods are structured approaches to improve specific fitness components. In SQA PE, you are expected to link each method with the component it best develops.
训练方法是为改善特定体适能要素而设计的结构化手段。在SQA体育中，你需要将每种训练方法与其最有效发展的要素联系在一起。
Continuous Training involves exercising at a steady pace for at least 20 minutes without rest. It primarily develops cardiovascular endurance.
持续训练指以稳定配速不间断地运动至少20分钟，主要发展心血管耐力。
Interval Training alternates periods of high-intensity effort with recovery intervals. This method boosts both aerobic and anaerobic fitness.
间歇训练在高强度运动时段与恢复时段之间交替进行，可提升有氧和无氧能力。
Circuit Training consists of a series of stations targeting different muscle groups or fitness components, often used to improve muscular endurance and strength.
循环训练由多个针对不同肌群或体适能要素的站点组成，通常用于提高肌肉耐力和力量。
Fartlek Training (speed play) blends continuous running with random bursts of faster running, building aerobic and anaerobic endurance in a varied outdoor setting.
法特莱克训练（速度游戏）在持续跑中随意穿插快速跑，通过在变化的户外环境中锻炼有氧和无氧耐力。
Weight Training uses free weights or machines to develop muscular strength and endurance, applying the overload principle by progressively increasing resistance.
重量训练利用自由重量或器械发展肌肉力量和耐力，通过逐步增加阻力来应用超负荷原则。
3. Muscle Groups and Movement Actions | 肌肉群与动作
Being able to name the major muscles and the actions they produce is a core skill for analysing movement in any physical activity.
能够说出主要肌肉及其产生的动作是分析身体活动中运动表现的核心技能。
Biceps – located at the front of the upper arm, this muscle causes elbow flexion, such as pulling up in a chin-up.
肱二头肌——位于上臂前侧，负责屈肘动作，例如引体向上中的上拉。
Triceps – positioned at the back of the upper arm, it causes elbow extension, as in pushing up from a press-up.
肱三头肌——位于上臂后侧，负责伸肘动作，例如俯卧撑中的推起。
Quadriceps – a group of four muscles on the front of the thigh, responsible for knee extension, used when kicking a ball.
股四头肌——大腿前侧的四大肌肉群，负责膝关节伸展，用于踢球等动作。
Hamstrings – muscles at the back of the thigh, responsible for knee flexion and hip extension, active when sprinting.
腘绳肌——大腿后侧肌群，负责屈膝和伸髋，在冲刺时高度参与。
Abdominals – central core muscles that stabilise the trunk and flex the spine, important in sit-ups and maintaining posture.
腹肌——核心中央肌群，稳定躯干并屈曲脊柱，对仰卧起坐和保持体姿很重要。
Gluteals – the buttock muscles, powerful hip extensors that drive the legs backwards when running or jumping.
臀肌——臀部肌肉，是强有力的髋伸肌，能在跑步或跳跃时驱动腿部向后。
Flexion describes decreasing the angle at a joint, for example bending the elbow to lift a weight.
屈曲指减小关节角度，例如弯曲肘部举起重物。
Extension is increasing the joint angle, such as straightening the knee when kicking.
伸展指增大关节角度，例如踢球时膝关节伸直。
Abduction refers to moving a limb away from the midline of the body, like raising the arm sideways. Adduction is the return towards the midline.
外展指肢体远离身体中线，如侧平举手臂；内收则是靠向中线的动作。
4. Skill Acquisition Terms | 技能掌握术语
Understanding how skills are classified and learned helps you recognise why some movements are harder to master and how to practice effectively.
理解技能的分类和习得方式有助于你认识到为何某些动作更难掌握，以及如何有效练习。
Skill is the learned ability to select and perform the correct technique at the right time, consistently and with minimal effort.
技能是习得的、在正确时机选择并执行合适技术的能力，需具备稳定性和流畅性。
Ability refers to an innate, natural trait that underpins skills, such as good balance or quick reaction time.
能力指天生的、支撑技能的天然特质，例如良好的平衡感或快速反应。
Technique is the precise way a specific skill is executed, for example the grip and swing in a tennis serve.
技术是执行具体技能的精确方式，如网球发球中的握拍和挥拍。
Open Skill – performed in an unpredictable, changing environment where you must adjust to opponents or conditions. Examples include tackling in football or returning a serve in badminton.
开放性技能——在不可预测、持续变化的环境中执行，需要根据对手或条件做出调整。例子包括足球中的铲球或羽毛球接发球。
Closed Skill – performed in a stable, predictable setting where the performer controls the timing. Examples include a forward roll in gymnastics or a free throw in basketball.
封闭性技能——在稳定、可预测的环境中执行，动作时机由执行者控制。例子包括体操前滚翻或篮球罚球。
Whole-Part-Whole Practice – a technique used to teach complex skills by first trying the entire movement, then isolating a difficult part, and finally reintegrating it.
整体-分解-整体练习法——用于教授复杂技能：先尝试完整动作，再分解练习难点，最后重新组合完整动作。
5. Types of Feedback | 反馈类型
Feedback is essential for learning and improving performance. In SQA PE, you are expected to explain how different feedback types help a performer progress.
反馈对于学习和提升表现至关重要。在SQA体育中，你需要解释不同类型的反馈如何帮助运动员进步。
Intrinsic Feedback comes from within the performer through sensory information, such as feeling whether a pass was well-timed.
内在反馈来自运动者自身的感觉信息，例如感受传球时机是否准确。
Extrinsic Feedback is provided by an outside source, like a coach’s comment, a video replay, or seeing the score on a target.
外在反馈由外部来源提供，如教练的评价、视频回放或看到靶子上的分数。
Knowledge of Results (KR) – information about the outcome of the movement, such as whether the shot hit the target.
结果知晓——关于动作结果的信息，例如射击是否命中目标。
Knowledge of Performance (KP) – information about the quality of the movement itself, such as the smoothness of a gymnastic sequence.
过程知晓——关于动作本身质量的信息，例如体操动作串的流畅程度。
Concurrent Feedback is given during the performance, allowing the performer to adjust immediately, like a coach shouting cues.
同步反馈在动作执行过程中给予，允许运动者即时调整，如教练喊提示语。
Terminal Feedback is given after the performance has finished, often used during a debrief or while watching a replay.
终点反馈在动作结束后给予，常用于赛后总结或观看回放时。
6. Principles of Play | 比赛原则
Tactical principles guide decision-making during invasion games. Being able to name and apply these principles shows your understanding of game intelligence.
战术原则指导在侵入性比赛中的决策。能够说出并应用这些原则能体现你对比赛智慧的理解。
Width – using the full width of the pitch to stretch the opposition’s defence, creating spaces to attack.
宽度——利用场地的全部宽度拉伸对方防线，制造进攻空间。
Depth – positioning players behind and in front of the ball to provide passing options backward and forward, improving support.
深度——在球的前后布置球员，提供前后传球选择，增强支援效果。
Mobility – players keep moving off the ball to unbalance defenders and create passing lanes.
机动性——球员不断无球跑动，以扰乱防守并创造传球路线。
Penetration – the act of breaking through the defensive line, either by passing, dribbling or running with the ball to threaten the goal.
渗透——通过传球、运球或带球突破防线，直接威胁球门。
Delay – a defensive principle where a player slows down the attacker’s advance to allow teammates to recover and reshape.
迟滞——防守原则，一名球员延缓进攻推进，让队友回位并重组防线。
Support – offering close options for a teammate on the ball, creating angles that maintain possession and allow forward play.
支援——为持球队友提供近距离接应点，创造保球角度并使攻势推进。
7. Safety and Risk Assessment | 安全与风险评估
Safety underpins all physical education lessons. You must be able to identify risks, understand warm-up and cool-down routines, and know how to respond to minor injuries.
安全是所有体育课的基础。你必须能够识别风险，理解热身和放松流程，并知道如何处理轻微伤痛。
Warm-up – a three-phase routine (pulse raiser, dynamic stretching, sport-specific drills) that prepares the body and mind for exercise, reducing injury risk.
热身——三个阶段（提升心率、动态拉伸、专项练习），让身心为运动做好准备，降低受伤风险。
Cool-down – light activity and static stretching after exercise to gradually lower heart rate, remove waste products and aid recovery.
放松——运动后的轻度活动和静态拉伸，逐渐降低心率、清除代谢废物并促进恢复。
PAR-Q (Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire) is a screening tool used before starting a new exercise programme to flag any health concerns.
PAR-Q（体力活动准备问卷）是一种筛查工具，在开始新锻炼计划前使用，以标记任何健康问题。
Risk Assessment – the process of identifying potential hazards in a playing area, such as wet floors or loose equipment, and taking steps to minimise them.
风险评估——识别活动区域内潜在危险（如湿滑地面或松脱器材）并采取措施将其降到最低的过程。
RICE – a first-aid protocol for soft tissue injuries: Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation. It helps reduce swelling and speed up initial recovery.
RICE——软组织损伤的急救原则：休息、冰敷、加压、抬高。有助于消肿并加速初期恢复。
8. Equipment and Measurement | 器材与测量
Collecting accurate data is a key step in the cycle of analysis. You will use various equipment to measure fitness levels and monitor intensity.
收集准确数据是分析循环中的关键步骤。你将使用多种器材测量体能水平和监控运动强度。
Heart Rate Monitor – a device worn on the chest or wrist that tracks beats per minute, helping assess exercise intensity and cardiovascular response.
心率监测器——佩戴在胸部或手腕的设备，跟踪每分钟心跳次数，帮助评估运动强度和心血管反应。
RPE Scale (Rating of Perceived Exertion) – a personal rating, typically 1 to 10 or 6 to 20, that captures how hard you feel you are working, useful alongside heart rate data.
主观疲劳量表 (RPE)——一种个人主观评分，常为1-10或6-20，记录你感觉到的用力程度，与心率数据互补使用。
Stopwatch – used to time fitness tests like the Cooper run or interval work, ensuring reliability and comparing performance over time.
秒表——用于库珀跑或间歇训练等体能测试计时，确保信度并比较长期表现。
Bleep Test (Multi-stage Fitness Test) – a progressive shuttle run that estimates maximum oxygen uptake (VO₂max) by measuring how long you can keep up with increasing speeds.
哔声测试（多阶段体能测试）——一种递增折返跑，通过测量你跟上升速节奏的时长来估算最大摄氧量 (VO₂max)。
Sit and Reach Box – a standardised tool that measures hamstring and lower back flexibility, used in the sit and reach test.
坐位体前屈箱——一种标准化工具，用于测量腘绳肌和下背部柔韧性的坐位体前屈测试。
Goniometer – a device that measures the range of motion of a joint in degrees, often used to track flexibility improvements.
关节角度计——一种测量关节活动范围的设备，以度为单位，常用于追踪柔韧性改善情况。
9. Performance Analysis Vocabulary | 运动表现分析词汇
When evaluating a performance, you need precise language to describe strengths, weaknesses and the impact they have on the overall outcome.
在评价运动表现时，你需要精确的词汇来描述优点、弱点及其对整体结果的影响。
Quantitative Data – numerical information such as completion rates, distances covered, or points scored. It is objective and easy to compare.
定量数据——数字形式的信息，如成功率、跑动距离或得分，客观且易于比较。
Qualitative Data – descriptive, non-numerical information, for example a coach’s observation that a performer’s footwork was 'laboured' or 'smooth'.
定性数据——描述性、非数字的信息，例如教练观察到运动员的步伐“费力”或“流畅”。
Strengths – aspects of a performance that were effective and should be maintained, such as consistent throw accuracy or excellent defensive positioning.
优点——表现中有效并应保持的方面，如稳定的投掷准确性或出色的防守站位。
Weaknesses – aspects that let the performer down and need improvement, such as poor finishing under fatigue or slow reaction speed.
弱点——导致表现不佳并需要改进的方面，如疲劳状态下的低进球率或反应速度慢。
Video Analysis – using recordings to review movement patterns frame by frame, providing visual feedback that highlights technical flaws not visible in real time.
视频分析——利用录像逐帧回放动作模式，提供视觉反馈，突显实时无法察觉的技术缺陷。
Observation Checklist – a tool listing key criteria for a skill; the observer ticks whether each feature was present, turning subjective judgement into structured evidence.
观察清单——列出技能关键标准的工具，观察者勾选每个特征是否出现，将主观判断转化为结构化证据。
10. Mindset and Mental Preparation | 心态与心理准备
Mental factors can be as important as physical ones. SQA PE encourages you to reflect on how mindset, arousal and self-talk affect your engagement and resilience.
心理因素可能和身体因素同等重要。SQA体育鼓励你反思心态、唤醒水平和自我对话如何影响投入程度和抗挫折能力。
Growth Mindset – the belief
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