📚 Year 8 SQA Music: Quick Reference Handbook of Formulas & Rules | Year 8 SQA 音乐：公式定理速查手册
This handbook brings together the core 'formulas' and rules that underpin music theory for Year 8 SQA Music. From note-value equations to scale patterns and chord construction, everything you need for quick revision is collected here.
本手册汇集了 Year 8 SQA 音乐课程中支撑音乐理论的核心“公式”与规则。从音符时值等式到音阶模式与和弦构建，你快速复习所需的一切都收录于此。
1. Note Values and Rhythm Formulas | 音符时值与节奏公式
A semibreve (whole note) lasts 4 beats. Two semibreves equal a breve, though the breve is rare in Year 8 repertoire.
全音符持续 4 拍。两个全音符等于一个倍全音符，不过倍全音符在 Year 8 曲目中很少见。
A minim (half note) is worth 2 beats. The rhythm formula: 1 semibreve = 2 minims.
二分音符为 2 拍。节奏公式：1 个全音符 = 2 个二分音符。
note) is equivalent to 1 beat. Thus, 1 minim = 2 crotchets, and 1 semibreve = 4 crotchets.
四分音符等于 1 拍。因此，1 个二分音符 = 2 个四分音符，1 个全音符 = 4 个四分音符。
eat each. Formula: 1 crotchet = 2 quavers. A pair of quavers beamed together total 1 beat.
八分音符每个为半拍。公式：1 个四分音符 = 2 个八分音符。用符杠连接的一对八分音符合计 1 拍。
are a quarter of a beat. Formula: 1 quaver = 2 semiquavers, so 1 crotchet = 4 semiquavers.
十六分音符为四分之一拍。公式：1 个八分音符 = 2 个十六分音符，因此 1 个四分音符 = 4 个十六分音符。
ted minim = minim + crotchet = 3 beats. A dotted crotchet = crotchet + quaver = 1.5 beats.
附点音符将时值延长一半。附点二分音符 = 二分音符 + 四分音符 = 3 拍。附点四分音符 = 四分音符 + 八分音符 = 1.5 拍。
| Note | 音符 | Beats | Dotted (附点) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Semibreve | 全音符 | 4 | 6 |
| Minim | 二分音符 | 2 | 3 |
| Crotchet | 四分音符 | 1 | 1.5 |
| Quaver | 八分音符 | 0.5 | 0.75 |
| Semiquaver | 十六分音符 | 0.25 | 0.375 |
2. Time Signatures and Bar Line Rules | 拍号与小节线规则
A time signature appears at the start of a piece, showing how many beats are in each bar and which note value represents one beat. The top number tells you the count; the bottom number tells you the beat unit.
拍号出现在乐曲开头，标明每小节有几拍以及哪种音符代表一拍。上方数字表示拍数，下方数字表示以何种音符为一拍。
In 4/4 time, there are 4 crotchet beats per bar. This is also called common time and may be shown with a C symbol.
在 4/4 拍中，每小节有 4 个四分音符拍。这也称为普通拍子，可能用 C 符号表示。
In 3/4 time, each bar contains 3 crotchet beats. The strong beat falls on beat 1, giving a waltz feel.
在 3/4 拍中，每小节包含 3 个四分音符拍。强拍落在第 1 拍，营造出华尔兹的感觉。
2/4 time has 2 crotchet beats per bar. March music often uses 2/4.
2/4 拍每小节有 2 个四分音符拍。进行曲常常使用 2/4 拍。
In 6/8 time, there are 6 quavers per bar, grouped into two dotted-crotchet beats (2 main beats of 3 quavers each).
在 6/8 拍中，每小节有 6 个八分音符，分为两组附点四分音符拍（每大拍含 3 个八分音符）。
The bar line divides music into measures. A double bar line signals the end of a section; a final bar line (thin + thick) ends the entire piece.
小节线将音乐划分为小节。双小节线表示段落的结束；终止线（细线加粗线）表示全曲结束。
An anacrusis (pick-up) is an incomplete bar at the start. The missing beats are usually found in the final bar to total the time signature.
弱起小节是开头不完整的小节。缺失的拍数通常会在最后一小节补全，以凑足拍号的总拍数。
3. Rest Values and Silence Formulas | 休止符时值与休止公式
Every note value has a matching rest. A semibreve rest (hanging from the 4th line) lasts 4 beats. A minim rest (sitting on the 3rd line) lasts 2 beats.
每种音符时值都有对应的休止符。全休止符（悬挂在第四线下方）持续 4 拍。二分休止符（坐在第三线上）持续 2 拍。
A crotchet rest is a squiggly symbol worth 1 beat. A quaver rest resembles a 7 and is worth half a beat. A semiquaver rest looks like a 77 and lasts a quarter beat.
四分休止符是一个弯曲的符号，值 1 拍。八分休止符像数字 7，值半拍。十六分休止符像 77，值四分之一拍。
t follows the same formula as dotted notes: a dotted crotchet rest = 1.5 beats of silence.
附点休止符遵循与附点音符相同的公式：附点四分休止符 = 1.5 拍的休止。
Whole-bar rests in any time signature use a semibreve rest, except in 4/2 time where a breve rest may be used.
任何拍号中整小节休止都使用全休止符，除了 4/2 拍可能使用倍全休止符。
4. Scale Formulas: Major and Minor | 音阶公式：大调与小调
All major scales follow the tone-semitone formula: Tone, Tone, Semitone, Tone, Tone, Tone, Semitone (T T S T T T S). This pattern of whole and half steps is universal for major.
所有大调音阶遵循全音-半音公式：全、全、半、全、全、全、半（T T S T T T S）。这一全音与半音的排列模式对所有大调通用。
If we count semitones from the tonic, the formula is: 0, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12. For C major: C D E F G A B C.
如果从主音开始数半音数，公式为：0, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12。以 C 大调为例：C D E F G A B C。
The natural minor scale formula is: Tone, Semitone, Tone, Tone, Semitone, Tone, Tone (T S T T S T T).
自然小调音阶公式为：全、半、全、全、半、全、全（T S T T S T T）。
The harmonic minor scale raises the 7th note by a semitone, creating an augmented 2nd step. Formula: T S T T S Aug2nd S. In A harmonic minor: A B C D E F G# A.
和声小调将第 7 级音升高半音，从而产生一个增二度。公式：T S T T S 增二度 S。以 a 和声小调为例：A B C D E F G# A。
The melodic minor ascending raises the 6th and 7th notes: T S T T T T S. Descending, it reverts to the natural minor.
旋律小调上行时升高第 6 级和第 7 级音：T S T T T T S。下行时恢复到自然小调。
The 5th degree of any scale is the dominant. The formula for building a major scale from any tonic is always the same T T S T T T S sequence.
任何音阶的第 5 级音都是属音。从任一主音构建大调音阶的公式始终是相同的 T T S T T T S 序列。
5. Key Signatures and the Circle of Fifths | 调号与五度圈
A key signature collects all the sharps or flats of a scale near the clef. The order of sharps is Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle (F# C# G# D# A# E# B#).
调号将音阶中所有的升号或降号集中标在谱号旁。升号出现的顺序是：F# C# G# D# A# E# B#（记作 Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle）。
The order of flats is the reverse: Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles' Father (Bb Eb Ab Db Gb Cb Fb).
降号出现的顺序是相反的：Bb Eb Ab Db Gb Cb Fb（记作 Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles' Father）。
arp. For a flat key, the second-to-last flat is the major key (except one flat = F major).
要识别升号调，看最后一个升号再升高半音。对于降号调，倒数第二个降号就是大调的主音（一个降号除外，即 F 大调）。
The Circle of Fifths shows all major and minor keys. Each step clockwise adds a sharp; each step anticlockwise adds a flat. Relative minor keys share the same key signature.
五度圈展示所有大调和小调。顺时针每步增加一个升号，逆时针每步增加一个降号。关系小调共享相同的调号。
Example: G major has 1 sharp (F#). E minor, its relative minor, also has 1 sharp. The key signature formula is the same for both scales.
例如：G 大调有 1 个升号（F#）。它的关系小调 e 小调也有 1 个升号。两种音阶的调号公式相同。
| Major Key | 大调 | Sharps | Flats |
|---|---|---|---|
| C | C 大调 | 0 | 0 |
| G | G 大调 | 1 (F#) | - |
| D | D 大调 | 2 (F#, C#) | - |
| F | F 大调 | - | 1 (Bb) |
| Bb | 降 B 大调 | - | 2 (Bb, Eb) |
6. Interval Rules | 音程规则
An interval is the distance in pitch between two notes. The number (2nd, 3rd, 4th, etc.) counts the letter names from the lower to the higher note inclusive.
音程是两个音之间的音高距离。度数（二度、三度、四度等）由低音到高音所包含的字母音名数目决定（含两端）。
Perfect intervals include the unison, 4th, 5th, and octave. They sound very pure. Perfect 4ths and 5ths occur naturally in major scales between the tonic and the 4th/5th degrees.
完全音程包括同度、四度、五度和八度。它们听起来非常协和。大调音阶中，主音与第 4、5 级音之间自然形成完全四度和完全五度。
Major intervals are the 2nd, 3rd, 6th, and 7th found in the major scale built from the lower note. If expanded by a semitone they become augmented; if shrunk by a semitone they become minor.
大音程是从低音构建的大调音阶中的二度、三度、六度和七度。若扩大一个半音，它们成为增音程；若缩小一个半音，则变为小音程。
A major 3rd spans 4 semitones (e.g., C to E). A minor 3rd has 3 semitones (C to Eb). These are the building blocks of triads.
大三度跨 4 个半音（例如 C 到 E）。小三度跨 3 个半音（C 到 Eb）。这些是三和弦的构建材料。
A tritone (augmented 4th or diminished 5th) spans 6 semitones, exactly half an octave. It sounds very dissonant.
三全音（增四度或减五度）跨 6 个半音，恰好是八度的一半。它的音响很不协和。
To find an interval quickly: count the semitones and use the interval formula table. For example, 5 semitones is a perfect 4th; 7 semitones is a perfect 5th; 12 semitones is an octave.
快速找出音程：数出半音数并查音程公式表。例如，5 个半音为完全四度；7 个半音为完全五度；12 个半音为八度。
5th = 7 (perfect); 6th = 9 (major), 8 (minor); 7th = 11 (major), 10 (minor); Octave = 12.
音程半音公式：二度 = 2（大）, 1（小）；三度 = 4（大）, 3（小）；四度 = 5（纯）；五度 = 7（纯）；六度 = 9（大）, 8（小）；七度 = 11（大）, 10（小）；八度 = 12。
7. Chord Formulas: Triads | 和弦公式：三和弦
A triad is a three-note chord built by stacking two 3rds on a root note. The basic formula is root + 3rd + 5th.
三和弦是由在根音上叠加两个三度构成的三音和弦。基本公式为：根音 + 三音 + 五音。
A major triad formula: root + major 3rd (4 semitones) + perfect 5th (7 semitones from root). For C major: C-E-G.
大三和弦公式：根音 + 大三度（4 个半音）+ 完全五度（距根音 7 个半音）。C 大三和弦：C-E-G。
A minor triad formula: root + minor 3rd (3 semitones) + perfect 5th. For A minor: A-C-E.
小三和弦公式：根音 + 小三度（3 个半音）+ 完全五度。a 小三和弦：A-C-E。
A diminished triad consists of a minor 3rd and a diminished 5th (6 semitones from root). For B diminished: B-D-F.
减三和弦由小三度与减五度（距根音 6 个半音）构成。b 减三和弦：B-D-F。
An augmented triad is built with a major 3rd and an augmented 5th (8 semitones from root). C augmented: C-E-G#.
增三和弦由大三度与增五度（距根音 8 个半音）构成。C 增三和弦：C-E-G#。
Triads can be written in root position, first inversion (3rd in the bass) or second inversion (5th in the bass). The formula for root position is always root-3-5; first inversion uses 3-5-root above the bass.
三和弦可以写成原位、第一转位（三音在低音部）或第二转位（五音在低音部）。原位始终为根-三-五；第一转位在低音上方为三-五-根。
In C major, I = C, IV = F, V = G. These chords form the basis of most simple progressions.
第 I、IV 和 V 级是大调中的主要三和弦。在 C 大调中，I = C，IV = F，V = G。这些和弦构成多数简单和声进行的基础。
8. Dynamics and Expression Marks | 力度与表情记号
Dynamics tell performers how loudly or softly to play. The standard Italian terms follow a formula of gradations from very soft to very loud.
力度指示告诉表演者应以多大或多小的音量演奏。标准意大利术语遵循从极弱到极强的递进公式。
pp (pianissimo) means very soft. p (piano) means soft. mp (mezzo-piano) means moderately soft.
pp（pianissimo）表示很弱。p（piano）表示弱。mp（mezzo-piano）表示中弱。
mf (mezzo-forte) means moderately loud. f (forte) means loud. ff (fortissimo) means very loud.
mf（mezzo-forte）表示中强。f（forte）表示强。ff（fortissimo）表示很强。
Crescendo (cresc.) means gradually getting louder; its formula is often a hairpin opening to the right. Diminuendo (dim.) or decrescendo means gradually getting softer, shown by a closing hairpin.
Crescendo（渐强）表示逐渐增强；其公式常常为开口向右的楔形线。Diminuendo（渐弱）或 decrescendo 表示逐渐减弱，用闭合的楔形线标记。
Subito dynamics demand an immediate change, such as subito p (suddenly soft) or subito f (suddenly loud).
“Subito”力度要求立即变化，如 subito p（突弱）或 subito f（突强）。
Accents and sforzando (sfz) emphasise a single note forcefully. They act as dynamic spikes within a phrase.
重音记号与 sforzando（sfz）强力地强调单个音符。它们在乐句中充当力度峰点。
9. Tempo and Articulation | 速度与演奏法
Tempo markings set the overall speed, measured in beats per minute (BPM). Common formulas include Largo (very slow, 40–60 BPM), Adagio (slow, 66–76 BPM), Andante (walking pace, 76–108 BPM), Moderato (moderate, 108–120 BPM), Allegro (fast, 120–168 BPM), and Presto (very fast, 168+ BPM).
速度标记设定整体快慢，以每分钟拍数 (BPM) 计量。常见速度公式包括 Largo（广板，40–60 BPM）、Adagio（柔板，66–76 BPM）、Andante（行板，76–108 BPM）、Moderato（中板，108–120 BPM）、Allegro（快板，120–168 BPM）以及 Presto（急板，168+ BPM）。
me marks provide an exact BPM formula, e.g., MM = 120 means 120 crotchet beats per minute.
节拍器标记给出精确的 BPM 公式，如 MM = 120 表示每分钟 120 个四分音符拍。
Ritardando (rit.) means gradually slowing down; accelerando (accel.) means gradually speeding up. A tempo returns to the original speed.
Ritardando（渐慢）表示逐渐减慢；accelerando（渐快）表示逐渐加快。A tempo 回到原速。
Articulation dictates how notes are played. Legato means smoothly connected; its formula often involves a slur marking. Staccato means short and detached, shown by a dot above or below the note head.
演奏法规定音符如何发音。Legato 意为连贯圆滑；其公式通常包含连音线。Staccato 意为短促而分离，由符头上下方的圆点标记。
Tenuto indicates holding the note for its full value (or slight stress), marked with a short horizontal line. Accent (>) means a forceful attack.
Tenuto 表示保持音符的完整时值（或稍加强调），以短横线标记。重音（>）意味着有力的爆发性发音。
Slurs group notes together to be played legato. Ties join two notes of the same pitch, adding their values into one longer note – a tie is an addition formula.
连音线将音符分组以圆滑演奏。延音线连接两个相同音高的音符，将它们的时值相加成为一个更长的音符——延音线是一个“加法公式”。
10. Common Musical Forms | 常见曲式结构
Musical form describes the structure of a piece. Binary form (AB) has two contrasting sections. Each section is usually repeated: ||: A :||: B :||.
曲式描述乐曲的结构。二段体（AB）有两个对比性的段落。每个段落通常重复：||: A :||: B :||。
Ternary form (ABA) returns to the opening A section after a contrasting B section. It is often found in minuets and songs.
三段体（ABA）在经过对比性的 B 段后回到开头的 A 段。它常出现在小步舞曲与歌曲中。
Rondo form follows an ABACA (or ABACADA) formula. The A theme keeps returning between contrasting episodes.
回旋曲式遵循 ABACA（或 ABACADA）的公式。A 主题在对比性的插部之间反复回归。
Theme and Variations form takes a main theme (A) and modifies it in each variation (A', A'', A''', etc.). The formula for a variation set is to keep the theme recognisable while changing rhythm, harmony, or texture.
主题与变奏曲式选取一个主题（A），并在各个变奏（A', A'', A''' 等）中加以改造。变奏套曲的公式是保持主题可辨，同时改变节奏、和声或织体。
Strophic form uses the same music for each verse (AAA...). Many folk songs and hymns are strophic. Through-composed form uses new music for each stanza with no repetition formula.
分节歌形式为每个诗节使用相同的音乐（AAA...）。许多民歌和赞美诗是分节歌。通体歌形式为每个诗节谱写新的音乐，不使用重复公式。
12-bar blues is a specific chord progression formula: I I I I - IV IV I I - V IV I I (or V) in a 12-bar cycle. This structure underpins countless jazz, rock and blues pieces.
十二小节蓝调是一个特定的和弦进行公式：在 12 小节的循环中通常为 I I I I – IV IV I I – V IV I I（或 V）。这一结构支撑着无数爵士、摇滚和蓝调作品。
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