Year 8 SQA Science: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Memory Guide | Year 8 SQA 科学：词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 8 SQA Science: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Memory Guide | Year 8 SQA 科学：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering science vocabulary is like learning a new language: once you crack the code, experiments, cells, forces, and reactions all start to make sense. This guide breaks down the key terms you will meet in Year 8 SQA Science, pairing each with a simple definition and a memory trick to help that word stick. Whether you are revising for a test or building up your scientific literacy, these quick-fire explanations will turn tricky terminology into lasting knowledge.

掌握科学词汇就像学习一门新语言：一旦你破解了密码，实验、细胞、力和化学反应都会变得清晰明了。本指南拆解了 Year 8 SQA 科学中你会遇到的关键术语，为每个术语配上简单的定义和记忆窍门，帮助你把单词牢牢记住。无论你是在为考试复习，还是正在积累科学素养，这些简明扼要的解释都能把棘手的术语变成持久的知识。

1. Scientific Enquiry & Measurements | 科学探究与测量术语

Independent Variable – the factor you deliberately change in an experiment. Memory trick: 'I change the Independent variable.'

独立变量——你在实验中故意改变的那个因素。记忆窍门：'我改变独立变量（Independent 中的 I）。'

Dependent Variable – the factor you measure or observe; it depends on the independent variable. Think: 'Data Depends on what you Do.'

因变量——你测量或观察的因素；它依赖于独立变量。思考：'数据取决于你做了什么（Data Depends）。'

Control Variable – a factor kept the same to make a fair test. Word link: 'Control means Constant.'

控制变量——为了公平测试而保持不变的因素。词语联想：'控制（Control）意味着恒定（Constant）。'

Hypothesis – a testable prediction, often written as 'If... then... because...'. Picture a 'hypo-thesis' as your intelligent guess before an experiment.

假设——一个可检验的预测，常写成“如果……那么……因为……”。把 hypothesis 想象成实验前的聪明猜测。

Precision – how close repeated measurements are to each other. 'Precision is about being repeatable, like hitting the same spot again and again.'

精确度——多次测量结果彼此接近的程度。'精确度关乎可重复性，就像一次又一次击中同一个点。'

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2. Cells and Organisms | 细胞与生物体

Nucleus – the control centre of the cell containing DNA. Memorise: 'Nucleus is the brain, it gives the cell its instructions.'

细胞核——包含DNA的细胞控制中心。记忆：'细胞核是大脑，它为细胞下达指令。'

Cytoplasm – jelly-like substance where chemical reactions occur. 'Cytoplasm = Cell's jelly where the magic happens.'

细胞质——发生化学反应的胶状物质。'细胞质 = 细胞里的果冻，奇妙反应在这里发生。'

Cell Membrane – a thin layer controlling what enters and leaves the cell. 'The membrane is the bouncer at the club door.'

细胞膜——控制物质进出细胞的薄层。'细胞膜就像是俱乐部大门的保安。'

Cell Wall – a rigid outer layer found in plant cells (made of cellulose) that provides support. 'The wall is only for plants; it's their skeleton outside.'

细胞壁——植物细胞（由纤维素组成）中坚硬的保护外层，提供支撑。'这墙壁只属于植物；它是它们的外骨骼。'

Chloroplast – green disc containing chlorophyll, site of photosynthesis. 'Chloro- means green, plast reminds you it is a tiny plastic-like compartment trapping sunlight.'

叶绿体——含有叶绿素的绿色圆盘状结构，是光合作用的场所。'Chloro- 意为绿色，plast 提醒你它是一个捕捉阳光的小隔间。'

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3. Ecosystems and Interdependence | 生态系统与相互依赖

Habitat – the natural home of an organism. 'A habitat is where an animal habitually hangs out.'

栖息地——生物的自然家园。'栖息地就是动物习惯性出没的地方。'

Population – all the individuals of one species in an area. 'Population is a group of the same kind living together.'

种群——某一区域内同一物种所有个体的总和。'种群就是同一类生物住在一起的大群体。'

Community – all the different populations living together in a habitat. 'Community combines all living things, like a neighbourhood of different families.'

群落——在一个栖息地中共同生活的所有不同种群。'群落结合了所有生物，就像一个由不同家庭组成的社区。'

Ecosystem – the interaction of a community with its non-living (abiotic) environment. 'Eco-system = ecology + system; everything works together.'

生态系统——群落与其非生物环境之间的相互作用。'生态系统 = 生态 + 系统；万事万物协同运作。'

Biodiversity – the variety of life in an ecosystem. 'Bio = life, diversity = variety; the more species, the stronger the system.'

生物多样性——一个生态系统中生命的多样性。'Bio 表示生命，多样性就是种类多；物种越多，系统越强韧。'

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4. The Particle Model of Matter | 物质的粒子模型

Particle – a tiny piece of matter (atom or molecule). Remember everything is made of particles that are too small to see.

粒子——微小的物质单元（原子或分子）。记住万物都由小到看不见的粒子组成。

Solid – particles are packed tightly in a fixed arrangement, only vibrating. 'Solid sounds like 'solid lock', particles are locked in place.'

固态——粒子紧密排列成固定结构，只能振动。'Solid 听起来像“锁住”，粒子被锁在固定位置。'

Liquid – particles are close but can slide past each other, taking the shape of the container. 'Liquid particles are like a crowd that can move but stays connected.'

液态——粒子相互靠近但能彼此滑过，呈现容器的形状。'液体粒子就像可以移动但仍挤在一起的人群。'

Gas – particles are far apart and move quickly in all directions, filling any space. 'Gas particles are like bouncy balls flying everywhere with lots of freedom.'

气态——粒子相距很远，向各个方向快速运动，充满任何空间。'气体粒子像弹力球到处乱飞，非常自由。'

Diffusion – the spreading out of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration. 'Diffusion happens 'down' the concentration gradient, like a crowd leaving a busy room.'

扩散——粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域散开的过程。'扩散沿着浓度梯度“向下”进行，就像人群从拥挤的房间散开。'

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5. Elements, Mixtures and Compounds | 元素、混合物和化合物

Element – a substance made of only one type of atom, listed on the Periodic Table. 'Element is the simplest, like a building block that cannot be broken down chemically.'

元素——仅由一种原子组成的物质，列在周期表上。'元素是最简单的，就像无法化学分解的积木块。'

Compound – two or more different elements chemically bonded together. 'ound = combined; think of water (H₂O) as hydrogen and oxygen fused into one new substance.'

化合物——由两种或更多不同元素通过化学键结合而成的物质。'化合物就是组合体；想想水（H₂O）——氢和氧融合成一种新物质。'

Mixture – two or more substances mixed together but not chemically joined, easy to separate. 'Mixed but not married, you can part them again.'

混合物——两种或多种物质混合在一起但没有化学结合，容易分离。'混合但没结合，你可以再次把它们分开。'

Alloy – a mixture of a metal with another element, often to make it stronger. 'Alloy = two metals (or a metal and carbon) blended for better properties, like steel.'

合金——金属与另一种元素（通常为了增强硬度）的混合物。'合金是两种金属（或金属与碳）的融合，性能更佳，比如钢。'

Symbol (chemical) – a one- or two-letter abbreviation for an element. 'The symbol is the 'nickname' of the element; sodium is Na because of its Latin name, natrium.'

化学符号——一种元素的一到两个字母的缩写。'符号就是元素的“昵称”；钠的符号是 Na，因为它的拉丁名是 natrium。'

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6. Chemical Reactions and pH | 化学反应与pH

Reactant – a starting substance in a chemical reaction. 'Reactants are what you start with, they go into the reaction.'

反应物——化学反应中的起始物质。'反应物是你一开始就有的，它们进入反应。'

Product – a new substance formed in a chemical reaction. 'Products are what you end up with, the outcome.'

生成物——化学反应中形成的新物质。'生成物就是你最终得到的，也就是产物。'

Acid – a substance with a pH less than 7; turns blue litmus red. 'Acids are sour and sting; think lemon juice and vinegar.'

酸——pH 值小于 7 的物质；使蓝色石蕊试纸变红。'酸是酸的、有刺激性的；想想柠檬汁和醋。'

Alkali – a soluble base with a pH greater than 7; turns red litmus blue. 'Alkali feels soapy; many cleaning products are alkaline.'

碱——可溶性碱，pH 值大于 7；使红色石蕊试纸变蓝。'碱摸起来滑腻；许多清洁产品是碱性的。'

Neutralisation – the reaction between an acid and an alkali, making a salt and water. 'Neutralisation brings the pH to neutral (7). It is like cancelling out strong flavours.'

中和——酸与碱反应生成盐和水的过程。'中和将pH变为中性（7）。就像相互抵消浓烈的味道。'

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7. Forces and Motion | 力与运动

Force – a push or a pull measured in newtons (N). 'Force makes things move, stop or change shape.'

力——推或拉，以牛顿（N）为单位。'力使物体运动、停止或改变形状。'

Friction – a force that opposes motion between two surfaces. 'Friction is the grip that slows you down; rough surfaces create more friction.'

摩擦力——阻碍两个表面之间运动的力。'摩擦力是让你减速的阻力；粗糙表面产生更大的摩擦力。'

Gravity – a force of attraction between any two masses; on Earth it pulls objects towards the centre. 'Gravity gives everything weight and keeps us grounded.'

重力——任意两个有质量的物体之间的吸引力；在地球上，它把物体拉向地心。'重力赋予万物重量，让我们脚踏实地。'

Balanced Forces – ect that are equal and opposite, so the object remains at rest or moves at constant speed. 'Balanced forces = no change in motion, like a tug-of-war with no winner.'

平衡力——作用在物体上的大小相等、方向相反的力，因此物体保持静止或匀速运动。'平衡力 = 运动状态不改变，就像一场没有赢家的拔河。'

Unbalanced Forces – forces that are not equal, causing a change in speed or direction. 'Unbalanced forces = acceleration; one side pushes harder.'

非平衡力——不相等的力，导致速度或方向改变。'非平衡力 = 加速；一方用力更大。'

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8. Energy Forms and Transfers | 能量形式与转化

Kinetic Energy – the energy of movement. Everything moving has kinetic energy; the faster it moves, the more it has.

动能——运动的能量。一切运动的物体都有动能；运动越快，动能越大。

Kinetic Energy = ½ × mass × speed²

动能 = ½ × 质量 × 速度²

Potential Energy – stored energy due to position or condition. Gravitational potential energy is stored when an object is lifted high. 'Potential means it has the potential to do work later.'

势能——由于位置或状态而储存的能量。重力势能是物体被举高时储存的能量。'势能意味着它以后有做功的潜力。'

Energy Transfer – tore to another, e.g., chemical energy in a battery → electrical energy → light in a bulb. 'Energy is never created or destroyed, only transferred.'

能量传递——能量从一种储存形式转移到另一种，如电池中的化学能 → 电能 → 灯泡的光能。'能量既不会凭空产生也不会消失，只能传递。'

Dissipated Energy – energy that spreads out to the surroundings, often as heat, and is no longer useful. 'Dissipated means wasted; it fades away like a soft echo.'

耗散能——扩散到周围环境中不再有用的能量，常以热的形式出现。'耗散意味着浪费了；它像轻微的回声一样消散。'

Renewable Energy – energy from a source that will not run out, like solar, wind or hydro. 'Renewable = you can use it again and again, nature renews it.'

可再生能源——来自不会耗尽的来源的能量，如太阳能、风能或水能。'可再生 = 你可以反复使用，大自然会不断更新它。'

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9. Electricity Basics | 电学基础

Current – the flow of electric charge (electrons) around a circuit, measured in amperes (A). 'Current is like the amount of water flowing through a pipe per second.'

电流——电路中电荷（电子）的流动，以安培（A）为单位。'电流就像每秒钟流过管道的水量。'

Voltage – the 'push' that drives the current around a circuit, measured in volts (V). 'Voltage is the pressure, like the pump pushing water.'

电压——驱动电流在电路中流动的“推力”，以伏特（V）为单位。'电压就是压力，就像水泵推动水流。'

Resistance – a measure of how difficult it is for current to flow, measured in ohms (Ω). 'Resistance slows the flow; thin wires have more resistance.'

电阻——衡量电流流动难易程度的量，以欧姆（Ω）为单位。'电阻减缓流动；细导线的电阻更大。'

Series Circuit – a circuit with only one loop; if one bulb breaks, all bulbs go out. 'Series means one path, like a single-lane road; a break stops everyone.'

串联电路——只有一条回路的电路；如果一个灯泡坏了，所有灯泡都会熄灭。'串联意味一条道，像单车道；一处中断大家都停。'

Parallel Circuit – a circuit with multiple branches; if one bulb breaks, the others stay on. 'Parallel splits the flow; each bulb gets its own route.'

并联电路——有多个分支的电路；如果一个灯泡坏了，其他灯泡仍亮着。'并联分流；每个灯泡有自己的路线。'

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10. Earth and Space | 地球与太空

Rock Cycle – the continuous process of rocks changing type (igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic) through heating, pressure, erosion and melting. 'The rock cycle is Earth's recycling programme; no rock is ever wasted.'

岩石循环——通过加热、压力、侵蚀和熔化，岩石不断改变类型（火成岩、沉积岩、变质岩）的过程。'岩石循环是地球的回收计划；没有一块岩石会被浪费。'

Igneous Rock – rock formed from cooled magma or lava, e.g., basalt, granite. 'Igneous sounds like 'ignite', born from fire.'

火成岩——由冷却的岩浆或熔岩形成的岩石，如玄武岩、花岗岩。'Igneous 听起来像 'ignite'（点燃），由火而生。'

Sedimentary Rock – rock formed from compressed layers of sediment, often containing fossils. 'Sedimentary = settled layers; picture sand piling up at the bottom of a lake.'

沉积岩——由一层层沉积物被压实形成的岩石，通常含有化石。'沉积岩就是沉淀的层层堆积；想象沙子沉在湖底。'

Metamorphic Rock – rock changed by intense heat and pressure without melting, e.g., marble from limestone. 'Metamorphic means 'changed form', like a caterpillar becoming a butterfly.'

变质岩——因高温高压发生改变但未熔化的岩石，如石灰岩变成大理石。'变质意味着“形态改变”，就像毛毛虫变成蝴蝶。'

Orbit – the elliptical path one object takes around another due to gravity, e.g., Earth's orbit around the Sun. 'Orbit is a gravitational 'dance track'; the Moon orbits Earth, Earth orbits the Sun.'

轨道——由于引力，一个天体围绕另一个天体运行的椭圆路径，如地球绕太阳的轨道。'轨道是一条引力“舞道”；月球绕地球转，地球绕太阳转。'

Published by TutorHao | Science Revision Series | aleveler.com

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