📚 Year 8 CCEA Physics: Key Vocabulary Quick-Reference Guide | Year 8 CCEA 物理：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the essential vocabulary of Year 8 Physics is the first step towards thinking and communicating like a scientist. This guide provides clear, paired definitions of the most important terms you will meet in the CCEA Physics course, organised by topic for fast and effective revision.
掌握 Year 8 物理的基本词汇是像科学家一样思考与交流的第一步。本指南按主题整理了你在 CCEA 物理课程中会遇到的最重要术语，并给出清晰的双语定义，方便你快速有效地复习。
1. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
Force: A push or a pull that can change the shape, speed or direction of an object. The unit of force is the newton (N).
力：能改变物体形状、速度或方向的推或拉。力的单位是牛顿（N）。
Friction: A force that opposes motion between two surfaces that are in contact. Friction can be useful (e.g. walking) or unwanted (e.g. in engines).
摩擦力：阻碍两个接触面相对运动的力。摩擦力可能有益（如行走），也可能有害（如发动机中）。
Gravity: A non-contact force that attracts objects with mass towards each other. On Earth, gravity pulls objects towards the centre of the planet.
重力：一种非接触力，将有质量的物体相互吸引。在地球上，重力把物体拉向地心。
Weight avitational field strength (N/kg). On Earth, the gravitational field strength is about 10 N/kg.
重量：作用在物体上的重力。重量 (N) = 质量 (kg) × 引力场强度 (N/kg)。地球上引力场强度约为 10 N/kg。
Mass: The amount of matter in an object. Mass is measured in kilograms (kg) and does not change with location.
质量：物体所含物质的多少。质量的单位是千克（kg），且不随位置改变。
Speed r unit of time. It is measured in metres per second (m/s). Speed = distance ÷ time.
速度：单位时间内通过的距离。单位为米/秒（m/s）。速度 = 距离 ÷ 时间。
Acceleration: The rate at which speed changes. It is calculated as change in speed ÷ time taken, and measured in metres per second squared (m/s²).
加速度：速度变化的快慢。计算公式为速度变化量 ÷ 所用时间，单位为米每二次方秒（m/s²）。
Balanced forces: Equal forces acting in opposite directions on an object. They do not change the object's motion.
平衡力：大小相等、方向相反、作用在同一物体上的力。它们不改变物体的运动状态。
Unbalanced forces: Forces that are not equal in size and cause a change in the speed or direction of an object.
非平衡力：大小不相等的力，会使物体的速度或方向发生改变。
Air resistance (drag): A type of friction that acts on objects moving through air. It increases with speed and surface area.
空气阻力（阻力）：一种作用在空气中运动物体上的摩擦力。它随速度和表面积增大而增大。
2. Types of Energy and Energy Transfers | 能量类型与能量转移
Energy: The ability to do work. Energy is measured in joules (J). It can exist in many different forms.
能量：做功的能力。能量的单位是焦耳（J）。它可以多种形式存在。
Kinetic energy: The energy an object has because of its motion. The faster or heavier the object, the more kinetic energy it possesses.
动能：物体由于运动而具有的能量。物体运动越快或质量越大，动能越大。
Gravitational potential energy: Energy stored in an object due to its height above the ground. It depends on mass, height and gravity.
重力势能：物体由于被举高而储存的能量。它的大小取决于质量、高度和重力。
Elastic potential energy: Energy stored when an elastic object (such as a spring) is stretched or compressed.
弹性势能：弹性物体（如弹簧）被拉伸或压缩时储存的能量。
Chemical energy: Energy stored in chemicals (e.g. food, fuels, batteries) and released during chemical reactions.
化学能：储存在化学物质（如食物、燃料、电池）中的能量，在化学反应中释放。
Thermal energy: The energy a substance has due to the motion of its particles. Thermal energy always transfers from hotter to cooler objects.
热能：由于粒子运动而具有的能量。热能总是从温度较高的物体传向温度较低的物体。
Electrical energy: Energy carried by moving electric charges. It can be easily transferred into other forms such as light or sound.
电能：由运动的电荷携带的能量。它可以方便地转化为其他形式的能量，如光能或声能。
Conservation of energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only be transferred or converted from one form to another. The total energy before and after any transfer is the same.
能量守恒：能量既不能被创造，也不能被消灭；它只能从一种形式转移或转化为另一种形式。任何转移前后的总能量保持不变。
Work done bject. Work done (J) = force (N) × distance moved in the direction of the force (m).
做功：当一个力使物体移动时，力就做了功。功 (J) = 力 (N) × 沿力方向移动的距离 (m)。
Power : The rate at which work is done or energy is transferred. Power is measured in watts (W). 1 W = 1 J/s.
功率：做功或能量转移的快慢。功率的单位是瓦特（W）。1 W = 1 J/s。
3. Electricity Basics | 电学基础
Electric current: The flow of electric charge around a circuit. Current is measured in amperes (A) using an ammeter.
电流：电荷在电路中的流动。电流用安培表测量，单位是安培（A）。
Voltage (potential difference): The push that drives the current around a circuit. Voltage is measured in volts (V) using a voltmeter.
电压（电势差）：推动电流在电路中流动的驱动力。电压用伏特表测量，单位是伏特（V）。
Resistance: A measure of how difficult it is for current to flow. Resistance is measured in ohms (Ω). Components with higher resistance allow less current to pass.
电阻：衡量电流流动难易程度的物理量。电阻的单位是欧姆（Ω）。电阻越大的元件允许通过的电流越小。
Series circuit: A circuit with only one path for the current. The current is the same at all points, and the supply voltage is shared across the components.
串联电路：只有一条电流通路的电路。电路各处电流相等，电源电压分配在各元件上。
Parallel circuit: A circuit with two or more paths (branches) for the current. The voltage across each branch is equal to the supply voltage, and the currents through the branches add up to the total current.
并联电路：有两条或以上电流路径（支路）的电路。各支路两端的电压等于电源电压，各支路电流之和等于总电流。
Conductor: A material that allows electric current to flow easily through it, e.g. copper. Conductors have very low resistance.
导体：允许电流轻易通过的材料，如铜。导体的电阻极低。
Insulator: A material that does not allow electric current to flow through it easily, e.g. plastic. Insulators have very high resistance and are used for safety.
绝缘体：不轻易允许电流通过的材料，如塑料。绝缘体的电阻很高，用于安全防护。
4. Magnetism | 磁学
Magnet: An object that produces a magnetic field and can attract magnetic materials such as iron, nickel and cobalt. Every magnet has a north pole and a south pole.
磁铁：能产生磁场并吸引铁、镍、钴等磁性材料的物体。每块磁铁都有北极和南极。
Magnetic field: The region around a magnet where magnetic forces can be felt. Field lines run from the north pole to the south pole outside the magnet.
磁场：磁铁周围能感受到磁力的区域。磁感线在磁铁外部从北极指向南极。
Poles: The ends of a magnet where the magnetic force is strongest. Like poles repel each other; unlike poles attract each other.
磁极：磁铁两端磁性最强的地方。同名磁极相互排斥，异名磁极相互吸引。
Electromagnet: A temporary magnet made by passing an electric current through a coil of wire wrapped around an iron core. It can be switched on and off and its strength can be varied.
电磁铁：电流通过绕在铁芯上的线圈而产生的暂时性磁铁。它可以通断控制，磁性强弱可调。
Permanent magnet: A magnet that retains its magnetism over a long period of time. It is made from hard magnetic materials such as steel.
永磁体：能长期保持磁性的磁铁。由硬磁性材料（如钢）制成。
5. Sound Waves | 声波
Sound wave: A longitudinal wave that transfers energy through a medium by making particles vibrate back and forth. Sound cannot travel through a vacuum.
声波：一种通过介质粒子前后振动来传递能量的纵波。声音无法在真空中传播。
Amplitude: The maximum distance a particle moves from its rest position when a wave passes. Larger amplitude corresponds to a louder sound.
振幅：波经过时粒子离开平衡位置的最大距离。振幅越大，声音越响。 Published by TutorHao | Year 8 Physics Revision Series | aleveler.com
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