📚 Year 8 SQA Biology: Vocabulary Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | 八年级SQA生物：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering biology starts with a solid grasp of its language. In Year 8, you will meet many new scientific terms that describe the living world around you. This quick memorisation guide is designed to help you learn and remember key vocabulary by grouping terms, giving clear definitions, and sharing simple memory tricks. Use it alongside your class notes to boost your confidence for topic tests and beyond.
掌握生物学始于扎实地理解其语言。在八年级，你会接触到许多描述周围生命世界的科学新术语。这份速记指南通过将词汇分组、给出清晰的定义并分享简单的记忆技巧，帮助你学习和记住关键术语。将它和你的课堂笔记一起使用，能增强你在单元测验和后续学习中的信心。
1. Cell Structure Terms | 细胞结构术语
Nucleus: The nucleus acts as the control centre of the cell, storing genetic information on chromosomes made of DNA. It directs all activities such as growth and repair.
细胞核：细胞核充当细胞的控制中心，将遗传信息储存在由DNA组成的染色体上。它指导生长和修复等所有活动。
Cytoplasm: This is a jelly-like liquid that fills the cell, where most chemical reactions take place. Organelles are suspended in the cytoplasm.
细胞质：这是一种充满细胞的果冻状液体，大多数化学反应在这里进行。细胞器悬浮在细胞质中。
Cell membrane: A thin, flexible layer around the cell that controls which substances enter and leave. It is selectively permeable.
细胞膜：细胞周围薄而柔韧的一层，控制着物质的进出。它具有选择透过性。
Mitochondria: Rod-shaped organelles that release energy through aerobic respiration. They are often called the 'powerhouses' of the cell.
线粒体：棒状的细胞器，通过有氧呼吸释放能量。常被称为细胞的“能量工厂”。
Ribosomes: Tiny structures that produce proteins by linking amino acids. They can be found floating in the cytoplasm or attached to membranes.
核糖体：微小的结构，通过连接氨基酸来制造蛋白质。它们可以游离在细胞质中或附着在膜上。
Cell wall: A rigid outer layer found in plant and fungal cells, made of cellulose in plants. It provides support and prevents bursting.
细胞壁：植物和真菌细胞中的坚硬外层，植物的细胞壁由纤维素构成。它提供支撑并防止细胞胀破。
Chloroplast: Green discs containing chlorophyll, found in plant cells. This is where photosynthesis happens.
叶绿体：含有叶绿素的绿色圆盘，存在于植物细胞中。这是光合作用发生的地方。
Vacuole: A large, fluid-filled space in plant cells that stores water and nutrients. It helps keep the cell firm and turgid.
液泡：植物细胞中充满液体的大空间，储存水分和养分。它有助于保持细胞坚挺饱满。
2. Life Processes Terms | 生命过程术语
Movement: All living things can move themselves or parts of themselves. Animals walk or fly; plants grow towards light.
运动：所有生物都能移动自身或身体的局部。动物行走或飞行；植物朝向光生长。
Respiration: This is a chemical reaction that releases energy from glucose inside every living cell. It is not the same as breathing.
呼吸作用：这是在每个活细胞内从葡萄糖中释放能量的化学反应。它不同于呼吸（通气）。
Sensitivity: Living organisms can detect changes in their surroundings and respond to them appropriately.
感应性：生物体能探测周围环境的变化并做出恰当的反应。
Growth: All organisms increase in size and mass by increasing cell number or cell size. Growth is permanent.
生长：所有生物体通过增加细胞数量或体积来增大尺寸和质量。生长是永久性的。
Reproduction: The production of offspring, which can be asexual (one parent) or sexual (two parents).
繁殖：产生后代的过程，可分为无性（一个亲本）或有性（两个亲本）繁殖。
Excretion: The removal of toxic waste products from metabolism, such as carbon dioxide and urea.
排泄：清除新陈代谢产生的有毒废物，如二氧化碳和尿素。
Nutrition: The intake of materials for energy, growth and repair. Plants photosynthesise; animals eat other organisms.
营养：为提供能量、生长和修复而摄取物质。植物进行光合作用；动物摄食其他生物。
3. Microorganisms & Disease Terms | 微生物与疾病术语
Microorganism: A tiny living thing that can only be seen under a microscope. Bacteria, viruses and some fungi are examples.
微生物：一种只能在显微镜下看到的微小生物。细菌、病毒和一些真菌都属于微生物。
Pathogen: Any microorganism that causes disease, such as the bacterium that causes salmonella.
病原体：任何致病的微生物，例如引起沙门氏菌病的细菌。
Virus: A non-living particle that invades host cells to reproduce. Examples include the influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2.
病毒：一种入侵宿主细胞进行繁殖的非生命颗粒。例子包括流感病毒和新冠病毒。
Immune system: The body's defence system that recognises and destroys pathogens using white blood cells and antibodies.
免疫系统：身体的防御系统，利用白细胞和抗体识别并消灭病原体。
Antibiotic: A medicine that kills bacteria but is ineffective against viruses. Always follow a doctor's prescription.
抗生素：一种能杀死细菌但对病毒无效的药物。必须遵医嘱使用。
Vaccine: A preparation containing weakened or inactive pathogens that trains the immune system to fight future infections.
疫苗：含有减弱或灭活病原体的制剂，训练免疫系统以对抗未来感染。
4. Photosynthesis & Plant Terms | 光合作用与植物术语
Photosynthesis: The process where plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen. It takes place in chloroplasts.
光合作用：植物利用阳光、二氧化碳和水生成葡萄糖和氧气的过程。它发生在叶绿体中。
Chlorophyll: The green pigment inside chloroplasts that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.
叶绿素：叶绿体内部的绿色色素，吸收光合作用所需的光能。
Stomata: Small pores on the underside of a leaf that allow gases to enter and leave. Guard cells control their opening.
气孔：叶片下表皮上的小孔，允许气体进出。保卫细胞控制它们的开闭。
Xylem: Tubes made of dead cells that transport water and dissolved minerals from roots to leaves. Thick walls are strengthened with lignin.
木质部：由死细胞构成的管道，将水和溶解的矿物质从根部运输到叶片。厚壁因木质素而得到加强。
Phloem: Living tubes that carry sugars and other products of photosynthesis from leaves to the rest of the plant.
韧皮部：活的管道，将糖和其他光合作用产物从叶片运输到植物其他部位。
Transpiration: The loss of water vapor from the surface of a leaf, mainly through stomata. It creates a pulling force that draws water up the xylem.
蒸腾作用：水蒸气从叶片表面散失的过程，主要通过气孔。它产生拉力使水沿木质部向上运输。
5. Human Body Systems Terms | 人体系统术语
Digestive system: The organ group that breaks down large food molecules into smaller, soluble forms that can be absorbed into the blood.
消化系统：将大分子食物物质分解为可溶的小分子形式以便吸收进入血液的器官群。
Enzyme: A biological catalyst that speeds up digestion and other reactions. Enzymes are specific to their substrate.
酶：一种生物催化剂，能加速消化和其他反应。酶对底物有专一性。
Villi: Tiny finger-like projections in the small intestine that increase the surface area for absorption of nutrients.
绒毛：小肠内微小的手指状突起，增加吸收营养物质的表面积。
Heart: A muscular organ that pumps blood around the body. It has four chambers: two atria and two ventricles.
心脏：一个将血液泵送到全身的肌肉器官。它有四个腔室：两个心房和两个心室。
Arteries: Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. They have thick, elastic walls to withstand high pressure.
动脉：将血液带离心脏的血管。它们有厚而富有弹性的管壁以承受高压。
Veins: Blood vessels that return blood to the heart. They contain valves to prevent backflow.
静脉：将血液送回心脏的血管。它们含有防止回流的瓣膜。
Alveoli: Tiny air sacs in the lungs surrounded by capillaries. Gaseous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide happens here.
肺泡：肺部被毛细血管包围的微小气囊。氧气和二氧化碳的气体交换在此进行。
6. Genetics & Reproduction Terms | 遗传与繁殖术语
DNA: A long molecule carrying the genetic code. It is shaped like a double helix and contains instructions for building proteins.
DNA：携带遗传密码的长分子。它呈双螺旋结构，含有制造蛋白质的指令。
Gene: A short section of DNA that controls a characteristic, such as eye colour. Genes are inherited from parents.
基因：DNA上控制某一性状（如眼睛颜色）的一小段。基因从父母那里遗传。
Chromosome: A tightly coiled structure of DNA found in the nucleus. Humans have 46 chromosomes in most cells.
染色体：细胞核内高度盘旋的DNA结构。人类大多数细胞有46条染色体。
Allele: Different versions of the same gene. For example, the gene for flower colour may have a purple allele and a white allele.
等位基因：同一基因的不同版本。例如控制花色的基因可能有紫色等位基因和白色等位基因。
Dominant: An allele that always shows its effect when present. It masks the recessive allele.
显性：一个一旦存在就会表现其效应的等位基因。它遮蔽隐性等位基因。
Recessive: An allele that only shows its effect when two copies are inherited (homozygous).
隐性：只有当遗传到两个拷贝（纯合）时才表现效应的等位基因。
Mitosis: Cell division that produces two genetically identical daughter cells. It is used for growth and repair.
有丝分裂：产生两个遗传上相同的子细胞的细胞分裂。用于生长和修复。
Meiosis: Cell division that halves the chromosome number to produce gametes. This creates genetic variation.
减数分裂：将染色体数目减半以产生配子的细胞分裂。这创造了遗传变异。
7. Ecology Terms | 生态学术语
Ecosystem: A community of living organisms interacting with each other and their non-living environment.
生态系统：一个由生物群落与其非生物环境相互作用形成的整体。
Habitat: The place where an organism lives, such as a woodland floor or a rock pool.
栖息地：生物生活的地方，例如林地地表或岩石水潭。
Population: All the individuals of one species living in a particular area at the same time.
种群：在同一时间生活在特定区域的同一物种的所有个体。
Community: All the populations of different species living and interacting in an ecosystem.
群落：在一个生态系统中共同生活并相互作用的不同物种的所有种群。
Producer: An organism that makes its own food using light energy, typically a green plant. Also called an autotroph.
生产者：利用光能制造自身食物的生物，通常是绿色植物。也称为自养生物。
Consumer: An organism that eats other organisms to gain energy. Primary consumers eat producers; secondary consumers eat primary consumers.
消费者：通过捕食其他生物来获取能量的生物。初级消费者吃生产者；次级消费者吃初级消费者。
Decomposer: Microorganisms and fungi that break down dead matter, releasing nutrients back into the soil.
分解者：分解死亡物质的微生物和真菌，将养分释放回土壤中。
Food chain: A diagram showing the flow of energy from one organism to another, starting with a producer.
食物链：展示能量从一个生物流向另一个生物的图示，从生产者开始。
Biodiversity: The variety of living species in an ecosystem. High biodiversity makes ecosystems more stable.
生物多样性：一个生态系统内生物物种的多样性。高生物多样性使生态系统更稳定。
8. Experimental Skills Terms | 实验技能术语
Hypothesis: A testable prediction about what you expect to happen in an experiment. Often written as 'If… then…'
假设：关于实验预期结果的一种可检验的预测。常写作“如果……那么……”。
Independent variable: The factor you change deliberately in an experiment. Plot it on the x-axis of a graph.
自变量：在实验中你故意改变的因素。在图中标绘在x轴上。
Dependent variable: The factor you measure or observe as the result. Plot it on the y-axis.
因变量：你测量或观察的结果因素。标绘在y轴上。
Control variable: Factors kept the same to make a fair test. For example, keeping temperature and volume constant.
控制变量：为进行公平测试而保持不变的因素。例如保持温度和体积恒定。
Fair test: An experiment in which only the independent variable affects the dependent variable. All other conditions are controlled.
公平测试：只有自变量影响因变量的实验。所有其他条件都得到控制。
Conclusion: A summary that explains whether the results support the hypothesis and uses scientific knowledge to interpret findings.
结论：解释结果是否支持假设并运用科学知识解读发现的总结。
9. Cell Transport Terms | 细胞运输术语
Diffusion: The net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, down a concentration gradient. It is passive and requires no energy.
扩散：粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的净移动，顺浓度梯度进行。它是被动的，不需要能量。
Osmosis: The diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane from a dilute to a more concentrated solution.
渗透：水分子通过选择透过性膜从稀溶液向更浓溶液的扩散。
Active transport: The movement of particles against a concentration gradient using energy from respiration. It requires carrier proteins.
主动运输：粒子逆浓度梯度移动，利用呼吸作用提供的能量。它需要载体蛋白。
Concentration gradient: The difference in concentration of a substance between two areas. Steep gradients lead to faster diffusion.
浓度梯度：一种物质在两个区域之间的浓度差异。梯度越大，扩散越快。
Semi-permeable membrane: A barrier that allows some molecules to pass through but not others, based on size and charge.
半透膜：允许某些分子通过而不允许其他分子通过的屏障，依据分子大小和电荷。
10. Nutrition & Digestion Terms | 营养与消化术语
Carbohydrate: A nutrient made of sugar units, used as the main source of quick energy. Starch and glucose are examples.
碳水化合物：由糖单元组成的营养素，作为快速供能的主要来源。例如淀粉和葡萄糖。
Protein: Nutrients made of amino acids, needed for growth, repair and building muscle. Enzymes are proteins.
蛋白质：由氨基酸构成的营养素，用于生长、修复和构建肌肉。酶也是蛋白质。
Lipid: Fats and oils that provide long-term energy storage, insulation and protection of organs.
脂类：脂肪和油，提供长期能量储存、保温和保护器官。
Digestion: The breakdown of large, insoluble food molecules into small, soluble molecules by mechanical and chemical processes.
消化：通过物理和化学过程将大而不溶的食物分子分解为可溶的小分子的过程。
Absorption: The movement of digested food molecules through the wall of the small intestine into the bloodstream.
吸收：消化后的食物分子穿过小肠壁进入血液的过程。
Amylase: A digestive enzyme that breaks down starch into maltose. It is produced in the salivary glands and pancreas.
淀粉酶：一种将淀粉分解为麦芽糖的消化酶。它在唾液腺和胰腺中产生。
11. Respiration & Gas Exchange Terms | 呼吸作用与气体交换术语
Aerobic respiration: The complete breakdown of glucose using oxygen, releasing a large amount of energy. Carbon dioxide and water are waste products.
有氧呼吸：利用氧气完全分解葡萄糖，释放大量能量。产生废物二氧化碳和水。
Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
葡萄糖 + 氧气 → 二氧化碳 + 水 + 能量
Anaerobic respiration: The incomplete breakdown of glucose without oxygen, releasing a small amount of energy and producing lactic acid in animals.
无氧呼吸：在无氧条件下葡萄糖的不完全分解，释放少量能量，在动物体内产生乳酸。
Lactic acid: A toxic product of anaerobic respiration in muscles, causing fatigue and cramps. It must be broken down later using oxygen.
乳酸：肌肉无氧呼吸产生的有毒产物，导致疲劳和抽筋。它需要稍后用氧气来分解。
Gas exchange: The movement of oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide out of the blood across a moist, thin membrane like in alveoli.
气体交换：氧气进入血液而二氧化碳排出血液，穿过像肺泡那样湿润而薄的膜。
Breathing: The mechanical process of moving air into and out of the lungs. It includes inspiration and expiration.
呼吸（通气）：空气进出肺部的机械过程，包括吸气和呼气。
Ventilation rate: The number of breaths taken per minute. It increases during exercise to supply more oxygen.
通气率：每分钟呼吸的次数。运动时增加以供应更多氧气。
12. Memorisation Techniques for Biology Terms | 生物术语记忆技巧
Acronyms: Use the first letter of terms to create a memorable word or phrase. For example, MRS GREN for the seven life processes.
首字母缩写：用术语的首字母创造一个好记的单词或短语。例如用MRS GREN记忆七个生命过程。
Word roots: Learn common Greek and Latin prefixes and suffixes. For instance, 'photo' means light, 'synth' means to make, and 'lysis' means splitting.
词根词缀：学习常见的希腊语和拉丁语前缀、后缀。例如'photo'表示光，'synth'表示制造，'lysis'表示分裂。
Flashcards: Write the term on one side and the definition on the other. Test yourself regularly, moving harder cards to the front.
抽认卡：一面写术语，另一面写定义。定期自测，把难记的卡片移到前面。
Mind maps: Draw a central concept and branch out with related terms. Add colours and pictures to reinforce visual memory.
思维导图：画出中心概念并分出相关术语的分支。添加颜色和图片以增强视觉记忆。
Word associations: Link new terms to words you already know. 'Osmosis' sounds like 'osmosis operates slowly over membranes' to remind you it is a slow water movement.
词汇联想：将新术语与你已知的词联系起来。“渗透”可以联想为“渗入透过”来提醒自己是水的缓慢移动。
Teach a friend: Explaining a concept aloud helps you discover gaps in your understanding. Use scientific vocabulary accurately.
教给朋友：大声解释一个概念能帮你发现理解上的漏洞。要准确使用科学词汇。
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