📚 Year 8 SQA Biology: Essential Concepts Review | 八年级 SQA 生物：核心知识点梳理
Welcome to this comprehensive review of the essential biology topics for Year 8 SQA. This guide breaks down the core concepts you need to master, from the building blocks of life to genetics and ecosystems. Each section is designed to reinforce your understanding with clear English-Chinese paired explanations, helping you to prepare confidently for assessments and build a strong foundation for future science studies.
欢迎阅读这篇针对八年级 SQA 生物核心知识点的全面梳理。本指南将你需要掌握的核心概念一一拆解，从生命的基本单位到遗传和生态系统。每个部分都采用清晰的中英对照讲解，旨在巩固你的理解，帮助你自信地备考，并为今后的科学学习打下坚实基础。
1. Cells: The Building Blocks of Life | 细胞：生命的基本单位
All living organisms are made up of cells. Some organisms, like bacteria, are unicellular, while others, like humans, are multicellular. The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life.
所有生物都由细胞构成。有些生物，如细菌，是单细胞的，而其他生物，如人类，是多细胞的。细胞是生命的基本结构和功能单位。
Cells contain organelles, each with a specific job. The nucleus controls the cell's activities and stores genetic information on DNA. The cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance where chemical reactions occur, and the cell membrane controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
细胞含有细胞器，每种细胞器都有特定功能。细胞核控制细胞活动，并在 DNA 上储存遗传信息。细胞质是一种胶状物质，是化学反应发生的场所；细胞膜控制物质进出细胞。
Plant cells have three extra structures: a rigid cell wall made of cellulose that provides support, a large permanent vacuole containing cell sap that helps maintain shape, and chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis.
植物细胞有三种额外的结构：由纤维素构成的坚硬细胞壁，提供支撑；一个含有细胞液的大中央液泡，帮助维持形状；以及含有叶绿素的叶绿体，用于进行光合作用。
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants make their own food. The overall equation is:
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