📚 Year 8 CCEA Engineering: Key Terminology Memorisation Guide | Year 8 CCEA 工程：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the language of engineering is the first step to becoming a confident designer and maker. In Year 8 CCEA Engineering, you will encounter a wide range of technical terms that describe materials, tools, forces, and processes. This guide breaks down the essential vocabulary into easy-to-remember chunks, with memory tricks and Chinese explanations to support bilingual learners. Use it regularly to strengthen your subject literacy and boost your classroom performance.
掌握工程术语是成为自信设计师和制造者的第一步。在 Year 8 CCEA 工程课中，你会遇到大量描述材料、工具、力和工艺的技术词汇。本指南将基本术语拆分成易于记忆的模块，并配有中文讲解和记忆技巧，帮助双语学习者提高专业素养和课堂表现。
1. Material Properties Terminology | 材料属性术语
Hardness: The ability of a material to resist scratches, dents or wear. For example, a diamond is extremely hard. Remember: a hard material is difficult to scratch.
硬度：材料抵抗刮擦、压痕或磨损的能力。例如金刚石极硬。记住：硬的材料不易留下划痕。
Toughness: A tough material can absorb impact energy without breaking. Think of a rubber mallet – it is tough, not hard. Memory trick: 'tough' rhymes with 'rough', and rough use requires toughness.
韧性：坚韧的材料能够吸收冲击能量而不断裂。想象一把橡胶锤——它很韧但不硬。记忆窍门：tough 与 rough 押韵，粗暴使用需要韧性。
Ductility: The property that allows a material to be stretched into a wire. Copper is highly ductile. Link the word to 'duct' – imagine a narrow duct being pulled into a thin tube.
延展性：材料能被拉成细丝的性质。铜具有很高的延展性。将单词联想为 'duct'（管道）——想象一根细管被拉得更长。
Malleability: The ability to be hammered or rolled into thin sheets without cracking. Aluminium foil shows excellent malleability. Visualise a mallet hammering metal flat.
展性：材料能被锤击或轧制成薄片的性质。铝箔展现了出色的展性。想象一把木槌将金属敲扁。
Brittleness: A brittle material breaks suddenly when a force is applied, with little or no deformation. Glass and cast iron are brittle. Think of a biscuit snapping – it is brittle.
脆性：脆性材料受力时几乎不发生变形就突然断裂。玻璃和铸铁是脆性材料。想象饼干折断——它就是脆的。
2. Metals and Alloys | 金属与合金
Ferrous metal: Any metal that contains iron. Mild steel, cast iron and stainless steel are ferrous. Most ferrous metals are magnetic and may rust. Tip: the word 'ferrous' comes from the Latin 'ferrum' for iron.
黑色金属：任何含铁的金属。低碳钢、铸铁和不锈钢都是黑色金属。大多数黑色金属有磁性且会生锈。提示：'ferrous' 源自拉丁语 'ferrum'，意为铁。
Non-ferrous metal: Metals that do not contain iron, such as aluminium, copper, zinc and tin. They are generally resistant to rust and are often lighter. Remember: 'non' means no iron.
有色金属：不含铁的金属，如铝、铜、锌、锡。它们通常抗锈、更轻。记住：'non' 表示无铁。
Alloy: A mixture of two or more elements, where at least one is a metal, designed to improve properties. Brass (copper + zinc) and bronze (copper + tin) are common alloys. Think of an alloy as a recipe that makes better ingredients.
合金：由两种或两种以上元素组成的混合物，其中至少一种为金属，旨在改善性能。黄铜（铜 + 锌）和青铜（铜 + 锡）是常见合金。将合金想象成让原料更优的配方。
Mild steel: A ferrous alloy with a low carbon content (around 0.2%). It is relatively cheap, strong and easy to shape, widely used in car bodies and construction. Its carbon content makes it harder than pure iron.
低碳钢：碳含量较低（约 0.2%）的铁合金。相对便宜、强度好且易成形，广泛用于汽车车身和建筑。碳含量使低碳钢比纯铁更硬。
3. Plastics and Woods | 塑料与木材
Thermoplastic , allowing it to be reshaped repeatedly. Examples: acrylic (PMMA), polythene, PVC. Memory: 'thermo' = heat, 'plastic' = changeable shape – like melting and remoulding chocolate.
热塑性塑料：加热软化、冷却硬化，可反复重塑的塑料。例如亚克力、聚乙烯、聚氯乙烯。记忆：'thermo' 热，'plastic' 可变——像融化并重塑巧克力。
Thermosetting plastic: Once heated and formed, it sets permanently and cannot be remelted. It chars rather than softens on high heat. Epoxy resin and melamine are thermosets. Think of baking a cake – once set, you cannot unbake it.
热固性塑料：加热成型后永久固化，无法再次熔化。高温下会碳化而非软化。环氧树脂和三聚氰胺是热固性塑料。想象烤蛋糕——一旦成型，就无法恢复原状。
Hardwood: Wood from broad-leaved, deciduous trees (e.g. oak, mahogany, beech). It is generally denser and tougher than softwood. 'Hard' refers to tree type, not always physical hardness. Balsa is a hardwood but very soft!
硬木：来自阔叶落叶树的木材（如橡木、桃花心木、山毛榉）。通常比软木更密更韧。'硬' 指树种，不一定表示物理硬度。巴沙木是硬木却非常软！
Softwood: Wood from coniferous, evergreen trees (e.g. pine, cedar, spruce). It grows faster and is usually less dense, making it easier to work with. Memory: Christmas trees are softwoods.
软木：来自针叶常绿树的木材（如松木、雪松、云杉）。生长较快，密度较低，易于加工。记忆：圣诞树就是软木。
Manufactured board: Engineered wood products made by bonding wood particles, fibres or veneers. Examples include plywood, MDF and chipboard. They are stable, uniform and often cheaper than natural wood.
人造板：通过粘合木屑、纤维或薄木片制成的工程木制品。如胶合板、中密度纤维板和刨花板。它们尺寸稳定、质地均匀，往往比天然木材便宜。
4. Hand Tools | 手工工具
Hacksaw: A fine-toothed saw used to cut metal and plastic. The blade is disposable and under tension in the frame. Remember: 'hack' suggests cutting something hard, like hacking through metal.
钢锯：一种细齿锯，用于切割金属和塑料。锯条可更换并在框架中绷紧。记住：'hack' 意指砍切坚硬物体，就像锯穿金属。
Tenon saw: A stiff-backed saw with medium teeth, used for straight, accurate cuts in wood. The rigid back keeps the blade straight. Think of a 'tenon' joint – a precise woodworking joint.
夹背锯：带有加强背脊的中齿锯，用于木材的直线精确锯割。硬脊板保持锯片平直。联想 'tenon' 榫头——一种精确的木工接头。
Coping saw: A saw with a thin, narrow blade held in a U-shaped frame, ideal for cutting curves in thin wood or plastic. The blade can be rotated. Visualise 'coping' with a curved path.
曲线锯：细窄锯条安装在 U 型框架中，非常适合锯切薄木或塑料曲线。锯条可旋转。想象'coping'应对弯曲路线。
File: A hardened steel tool with rows of cutting teeth, used to smooth edges, remove burs and shape materials. Files come in different shapes: flat, round, triangular. Memory: a file smooths a rough surface, just like a nail file.
锉刀：带有成排切削齿的硬化钢工具，用于磨平边缘、清除毛刺和修形。锉刀有扁平、圆形、三角等形状。记忆：锉刀像指甲锉一样将粗糙表面磨光。
Engineers' vice: A heavy-duty clamp bolted to a bench, used to hold workpieces securely while sawing, filing or drilling. Jaws are often serrated for gripping. Never hammer the handle; always use the protected jaws for soft materials.
台虎钳：用螺栓固定在工台上的重型夹具，用于在锯割、锉削或钻孔时牢固夹持工件。钳口常有锯齿以增大摩擦力。切勿锤击手柄；软材料须使用护口夹持。
5. Machine and Power Tools | 机械与动力工具
Pillar drill: A fixed vertical drilling machine used to bore precise holes in metal, wood and plastic. The speed can be adjusted, and the workpiece is clamped to the table. Always wear safety goggles and tie back hair.
立式钻床：一种固定式垂直钻机，用于在金属、木材和塑料上钻出精确的孔。速度可调，工件夹紧在工作台上。务必佩戴护目镜并扎好长发。
Belt sander: A power tool with a continuous abrasive belt, used to remove material quickly and smooth large surfaces. Often used with a dust extractor. Like a moving road of sandpaper.
带式砂光机：配有连续砂带的电动工具，可快速磨除材料并平整大面。通常与吸尘器配合使用。就像一条移动的砂纸带。
Jigsaw: A portable power tool with a reciprocating narrow blade, designed for cutting curves and irregular shapes in sheet materials. The shoe plate keeps the cut square.
手持曲线锯：一种带有往复式窄锯片的便携电动工具，用于切割板材中的曲线和不规则形状。底板确保锯路垂直。
Cordless drill: A battery-powered drill that can be used for drilling holes and driving screws. Clutch settings help prevent screw heads from stripping. Key feature: mobility and versatility.
充电钻：一种电池供电的钻具，既能钻孔又能拧螺丝。扭力调节可防止螺钉头损伤。关键特点：灵活与多功能。
6. Measuring and Marking Out Tools | 测量与标记工具
Steel rule: A rigid metal ruler offering precise measurements in millimetres and inches. It is more accurate than a plastic ruler and can be used as a straight edge for scoring lines.
钢直尺：提供毫米和英寸精确刻度的金属直尺。比塑料尺更精准，可用作划线基准边。
Try square: An L-shaped tool used to check right angles (90°) and to mark lines perpendicular to an edge. The stock is held firmly against the reference face.
直角尺：用来检验直角（90°）并划出垂直于边缘线条的 L 形工具。尺座紧贴基准面使用。
Marking gauge: A tool with an adjustable fence and a steel pin or cutter, used to scribe a parallel line along the grain of wood. It ensures consistent distance from the edge.
划线规：带有可调挡块和钢针/刀片的工具，用于顺木材纹理划出平行线。确保距边缘距离一致。
Scriber: A sharp-pointed steel rod used to scratch fine lines on metal surfaces for accurate marking out. It works like a pencil for metal. Always keep it sharp and protected.
划线针：一种尖头钢杆，用于在金属表面划出精细线条以精确标记。仿佛金属的铅笔。始终保持锋利并加以保护。
Centre punch: A pointed tool struck with a hammer to make a small indent in metal, creating a starting point for a drill bit. It prevents the drill from wandering. Use before drilling.
样冲：用锤子敲击的尖头工具，在金属上打出小凹坑，为钻头提供起始点。防止钻头跑偏。钻孔前必用。
7. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
Force: A push or a pull that can change the motion or shape of an object. Measured in newtons (N). A force diagram uses arrows to show direction and magnitude.
力：能够改变物体运动或形状的推或拉。单位是牛顿 (N)。受力图用箭头表示方向和大小。
Tension: A pulling force that stretches a material. Cables on a suspension bridge experience tension. Think of a tug-of-war rope being pulled from both ends.
拉力：拉伸材料的力。悬索桥的缆索承受拉力。想象拔河绳子两端被拉扯。
Compression: A pushing force that squeezes or shortens a material. Columns supporting a weight are under compression. Imagine pressing a spring between your fingers.
压力：挤压或缩短材料的推力。支撑重物的柱子承受压力。想象用手指压弹簧。
Shear force: A force that acts across the cross-section of a material, making one part slide over the other. Scissors cutting paper apply shear. Think of a deck of cards sliding sideways.
剪切力：作用于材料横截面的力，使一部分相对于另一部分滑移。剪刀剪纸就是剪切。想象一叠纸牌侧向滑移。
Torsion: A twisting force. A spanner turning a bolt applies torsion. The word sounds like 'tortoise' – twist it slowly. A car axle must withstand torsion.
扭矩/扭转力：扭转的力。扳手拧螺栓施加扭矩。该词发音类似 'tortoise'（乌龟），想象缓慢扭转。汽车传动轴必须承受扭力。
8. Simple Machines | 简单机械
Lever: A rigid bar that pivots around a fixed point called a fulcrum, used to move a load with less effort. The effort, load and fulcrum can be arranged in three classes. 'Give me a lever long enough and I shall move the world.'
杠杆：绕固定点（支点）转动的刚性杆，能以较小的力移动重物。力点、重点和支点有三种排列方式。'给我一个足够长的杠杆，我可以撬动地球。'
Gear: A toothed wheel that meshes with another gear to transmit motion and force. A driver gear powers the system; a driven gear is rotated by the driver. Gears can change speed, direction and torque.
齿轮：与其他齿轮啮合以传递运动和力的齿形轮。主动轮驱动系统；从动轮由主动轮带动旋转。齿轮可改变速度、方向和力矩。
Pulley: A wheel with a rope or belt running around it, used to change the direction of a force or to lift heavy loads. Single pulley changes direction; multiple pulleys multiply force.
滑轮：带有绳索或皮带的轮子，用于改变力的方向或提升重物。单个滑轮改变方向；滑轮组可增大力。
Mechanical advantage ess effort is needed. MA = Load / Effort. For example, a lever can give MA greater than 1.
机械利益：输出力（负载）与输入力（作用力）之比。机械利益越大，所需作用力越小。机械利益 = 负载 / 作用力。例如杠杆可获得大于 1 的机械利益。
9. Basic Electronics | 电子基础
Circuit: A closed loop through which electric current flows. It must include a power source, a load (e.g. lamp) and conductors. A switch opens or closes the circuit.
电路：电流流过的闭合回路。必须包含电源、负载（如灯泡）和导体。开关接通或断开电路。
Voltage: The electrical 'push' that drives current around a circuit. It is measured in volts (V) with a voltmeter connected in parallel. Often called potential difference.
电压：驱动电流绕电路流动的电'推力'。用伏特 (V) 计量，电压表并联接入测量。常被称为电位差。
Current: The rate of flow of electric charge. Measured in amperes (A) or amps. Ammeters are connected in series. Think of current as the amount of water flowing per second.
电流：电荷的流动速率。单位是安培 (A)。安培表串联接入电路。将电流想象为每秒流过的水量。
Resistance (Ω). Resistors are components that add resistance. Higher resistance reduces current. Ohm's law: V = I × R.
电阻：对电流流动的阻碍，单位是欧姆 (Ω)。电阻器是增加电阻的元件。电阻越高，电流越小。欧姆定律：V = I × R。
LED (Light Emitting Diode): A semiconductor that emits light when current flows through it in the correct direction. It has a long leg (positive, anode) and a short leg (negative, cathode). Very energy efficient.
发光二极管：当电流按正确方向流过时发光的半导体。长脚为正极（阳极），短脚为负极（阴极）。非常节能。
10. Design and Manufacturing Processes | 设计与制造工艺
Design brief: A clear statement that outlines the problem to be solved, the target user and key requirements. It sets the direction for the whole design project. Always start with the brief.
设计纲要：概述待解决问题、目标用户和关键要求的清晰陈述。为整个设计项目指明方向。始终从纲要出发。
Specification: A detailed list of criteria that the final product must meet, often using ACCESS FM (Aesthetics, Cost, Customer, Environment, Safety, Size, Function, Materials). It helps you evaluate your ideas.
设计规格：最终产品必须满足的详细标准列表，常使用 ACCESS FM（美学、成本、用户、环境、安全、尺寸、功能、材料）。帮助你评估构思。
CAD (Computer-Aided Design): Using software to create precise 2D and 3D models of designs. It allows easy editing, testing and visualisation. Examples: Tinkercad, Fusion 360.
计算机辅助设计：使用软件创建设计的精确二维和三维模型。便于编辑、测试和可视化。例如 Tinkercad 和 Fusion 360。
CAM (Computer-Aided Manufacture): Using computers to control machinery such as laser cutters, 3D printers and CNC routers. CAM converts CAD files into machine instructions.
计算机辅助制造：使用计算机控制激光切割机、3D 打印机、数控铣床等设备。CAM 将 CAD 文件转为机器指令。
Prototype: A first full-scale working model or sample of a product, used to test and refine the design before final production. It's okay if it's not perfect; prototypes are for learning.
原型：产品首个全尺寸工作模型或样品，用于在最终生产前测试和完善设计。不完美也没关系，原型就是用来学习的。
11. Safety and Sustainability | 安全与可持续性
PPE (Personal Protective Equipment): Safety gear worn to protect the body from hazards. In the workshop this includes goggles, aprons, steel-toe boots, gloves and ear defenders. Always check PPE before starting work.
个人防护装备：保护身体免受危害的安全装备。在车间包括护目镜、围裙、安全鞋、手套和耳罩。开工前务必检查 PPE。
Risk assessment: The process of identifying potential dangers in a task and deciding how to minimise them. It involves spotting hazards, evaluating risks and applying control measures. Think: stop, look, assess.
风险评估：识别任务中潜在危险并决定如何降低风险的流程。包括发现危害、评估风险、采取控制措施。牢记：停、看、评估。
Recycle: Converting waste material into new products to save raw materials and energy. Metals, plastics and paper can all be recycled. Memory: the three chasing arrows symbol.
回收利用：将废弃物转化为新产品以节约原材料和能源。金属、塑料和纸张均可回收。记忆：三角循环标志。
Sustainable design: Creating products that meet present needs without harming the environment or depriving future generations. Using renewable materials, designing for repair and minimising waste are key strategies. Remember the 6Rs: Recycle, Reuse, Reduce, Refuse, Repair, Rethink.
可持续设计：创造满足当前需求且不危害环境或剥夺后代利益的产品。使用可再生材料、易维修设计和减少废弃物是关键策略。记住 6R 原则：回收、再利用、减量、拒绝、修复、再思考。
Published by TutorHao | Engineering Revision Series | aleveler.com
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