📚 Year 8 WJEC Physical Education: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick-Study Guide | Year 8 WJEC 体育：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the language of Physical Education is just as important as improving your physical skills. This quick-study guide breaks down the essential vocabulary and terminology required for Year 8 WJEC Physical Education, from movement fundamentals to training principles, helping you to understand lesson content, complete written assignments, and prepare confidently for assessments. Each term is explained clearly and paired with its Chinese equivalent, enabling bilingual learners to build a strong foundation in PE theory.
掌握体育的语言与提高身体技能同样重要。这份速记指南梳理了 Year 8 WJEC 体育课程所需的关键词汇和术语，涵盖从基本动作到训练原则的方方面面，帮助你理解课堂内容、完成书面作业并自信地应对测评。每一个术语都附有清晰的中文释义，让双语学习者能够扎实地构建体育理论知识基础。
1. Fundamental Movement Skills | 基本动作技能
Locomotor skills are movements that transport the body from one location to another, such as running, hopping, skipping, galloping and sliding. These skills form the foundation for most games and athletic activities.
移动技能是指将身体从一个位置运送至另一个位置的动作，例如跑步、单脚跳、蹦跳、滑步和马步跑。这些技能构成了大多数游戏和运动项目的基础。
Non-locomotor skills, also called stability skills, are performed on the spot without travelling. Examples include bending, stretching, twisting, balancing and turning. They are essential for body control and often used in dance and gymnastics.
非移动技能，又称稳定性技能，是原地完成而不发生位移的动作。例如弯曲、伸展、扭转、平衡和旋转。它们对身体控制至关重要，常用于舞蹈和体操。
Manipulative skills involve controlling an object with the hands, feet or an implement. Throwing, catching, kicking, striking and dribbling are all manipulative skills that feature heavily in invasion games and net sports.
操控技能涉及用手、脚或器械控制物体。投掷、接球、踢球、击球和运球都是操控技能，在进攻型球类运动和网球类项目中大量出现。
2. Anatomical Directions and Body Planes | 解剖方位与身体平面
Anterior refers to the front of the body, while posterior refers to the back. For example, the chest is on the anterior side, and the shoulder blades are on the posterior side.
前侧指身体的前部，后侧指身体的后部。例如，胸部位于前侧，肩胛骨位于后侧。
Medial means closer to the midline of the body, and lateral means further away from the midline. The heart is medial to the lungs, whereas the shoulders are lateral to the neck.
内侧指更靠近身体中线，外侧指更远离中线。心脏相对于肺部在内侧，而肩膀相对于颈部在外侧。
Superior indicates a position above another part, and inferior indicates below. The head is superior to the chest, and the knees are inferior to the hips.
上方指高于身体另一部位的位置，下方指低于。头部在胸部上方，膝盖在髋部下方。
The sagittal plane divides the body into left and right halves and allows forward and backward movements such as walking or bicep curls. The frontal plane splits the body into front and back and is linked to side-to-side actions like jumping jacks.
矢状面将身体分为左右两半，允许多前后方向的运动，如行走或二头肌弯举。冠状面将身体分为前后两部分，与开合跳等侧向动作相关。
3. Health-Related Fitness Components | 健康相关体能要素
Cardiovascular endurance is the ability of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen to working muscles during sustained exercise. Activities like long-distance running, cycling and swimming develop this component.
心血管耐力是心脏和肺部在持续运动期间向工作肌肉供应氧气的能力。长跑、骑行和游泳等活动可以发展这一要素。
Muscular strength is the maximum force a muscle or muscle group can exert in a single effort. Weightlifting and shot put require high levels of muscular strength.
肌力是肌肉或肌群单次收缩时所能产生的最大力量。举重和推铅球需要较高的肌力水平。
Muscular endurance is the capacity of a muscle to perform repeated contractions over time without fatigue. Plank holds, push-up tests and rowing are common examples.
肌肉耐力是肌肉在一段时间内反复收缩而不出现疲劳的能力。平板支撑、俯卧撑测试和划船是常见例子。
Flexibility refers to the range of motion around a joint. Stretching exercises like the sit-and-reach test or yoga postures improve flexibility and help prevent injury.
柔韧性指关节周围的活动范围。坐位体前屈测试或瑜伽姿势等拉伸练习可改善柔韧性并有助于预防损伤。
Body composition describes the proportion of fat, muscle, bone and other tissues in the body. A healthy body composition typically indicates a lower percentage of body fat and an adequate amount of lean muscle.
身体成分描述体内脂肪、肌肉、骨骼和其他组织的比例。健康的身体成分通常意味着较低的体脂率和充足的瘦肌肉。
4. Skill-Related Fitness Components | 技能相关体能要素
Agility is the ability to change direction quickly and accurately. Football players use agility to dodge opponents, and tennis players rely on it to reach wide shots.
灵敏性是快速且准确地改变方向的能力。足球运动员利用灵敏性闪避对手，网球选手依靠它接住大角度来球。
Balance can be static (holding a position still) or dynamic (maintaining control while moving). Gymnasts demonstrate excellent static balance on a beam, while surfers need dynamic balance.
平衡可分为静态平衡（保持姿位不动）和动态平衡（在运动中维持控制）。体操运动员在平衡木上展现了出色的静态平衡，而冲浪者则需要动态平衡。
Coordination is the smooth integration of senses and body parts to produce efficient movement. Hand-eye coordination is vital for catching a ball, and foot-eye coordination is key in football dribbling.
协调性是感官与身体各部位顺畅配合以产生高效动作的能力。手眼协调对接球至关重要，而脚眼协调在足球运球中很关键。
Power is the combination of strength and speed - how quickly maximum force can be applied. A standing long jump and a volleyball spike both require explosive power.
爆发力是力量与速度的结合，即快速施加最大力量的能力。立定跳远和排球扣球都需要极强的爆发力。
Reaction time is the interval between a stimulus and the initiation of movement. Sprinters reacting to the starting gun and goalkeepers saving a penalty rely on rapid reaction time.
反应时是从刺激出现到动作开始之间的时间间隔。短跑运动员听发令枪以及守门员扑救点球都依赖于快速的反应时。
5. Principles of Training | 训练原则
The FITT principle helps you design a safe and effective training programme. FITT stands for Frequency (how often you train), Intensity (how hard you work), Time (duration of each session) and Type (the kind of exercise performed).
FITT 原则帮助你设计安全有效的训练计划。FITT 分别代表频率（训练多少次）、强度（努力程度）、时间（每次时长）和类型（所进行的运动种类）。
Progressive overload means gradually increasing the demand on your body in order to keep improving. You might lift a slightly heavier weight, run a little faster, or add an extra set to your workout.
渐进超负荷指逐步增加对身体的压力以持续提高。你可以略微加重负重，跑得快一些，或在训练中增加一组练习。
Specificity states that training should be relevant to your chosen sport or goal. A swimmer should spend most of their training time in the water, not on land-based endurance runs, because the muscles and energy systems must be targeted specifically.
专门性原则指出训练应与所选运动或目标相关。游泳选手应将大部分训练时间花在水中，而非陆地上的耐力跑，因为肌肉和能量系统需要被针对性地训练。
Reversibility warns that fitness gains are quickly lost when training stops. Just two weeks of inactivity can noticeably reduce cardiovascular endurance and muscular strength.
可逆性原则提醒，一旦停止训练，体能提升会迅速消退。仅仅两周不活动，心血管耐力和肌肉力量就可能出现明显下降。
Tedium and variety are also important. Repeating the same workout can lead to boredom and loss of motivation, so coaches often vary activities to keep athletes engaged and reduce overuse injuries.
单一枯燥与多样性同样重要。重复相同的训练会导致厌倦和动力丧失，因此教练常常变换活动，以保持运动员的投入并减少过度使用损伤。
6. Exercise Physiology Terms | 运动生理学术语
Heart rate is the number of times the heart beats per minute (bpm). It increases during exercise to deliver more oxygen-rich blood to muscles. Resting heart rate is usually lower in fitter individuals.
心率是心脏每分钟跳动的次数（bpm）。运动中它会升高，向肌肉输送更多富含氧气的血液。体能较好的人的静息心率通常更低。
Aerobic exercise uses oxygen to break down glucose and fat for energy and can be sustained for long periods. Jogging, cycling and swimming at a steady pace are aerobic activities that improve cardiovascular fitness.
有氧运动利用氧气分解葡萄糖和脂肪来提供能量，可以长时间维持。匀速慢跑、骑行和游泳就是有氧活动，能够提升心血管健康。
Anaerobic exercise involves short, high-intensity bursts where the body works without sufficient oxygen. Sprinting and heavy weightlifting rely on anaerobic energy systems and produce lactic acid, causing temporary muscle fatigue.
无氧运动涉及短时、高强度的爆发，身体在氧气不充足的条件下工作。冲刺和举重依赖于无氧供能系统并产生乳酸，导致暂时性肌肉疲劳。
Oxygen debt (excess post-exercise oxygen consumption) happens after intense exercise. Your breathing rate remains high to repay the oxygen borrowed during anaerobic work and to clear waste products like lactic acid.
氧债（运动后过量氧耗）发生在剧烈运动之后。你的呼吸频率保持在高水平，用以偿还在无氧工作中借用的氧气并清除乳酸等废物。
Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped out of the heart per beat, and cardiac output is the total blood pumped per minute (stroke volume x heart rate). Regular training can increase stroke volume, making the heart more efficient.
每搏输出量是心脏每跳动一次所泵出的血量，而心输出量是每分钟泵出的总血量（每搏输出量 x 心率）。规律训练可提高每搏输出量，使心脏工作更高效。
7. Nutrition and Hydration Basics | 营养与水分补充基础
The three main macronutrients are carbohydrates, proteins and fats. Carbohydrates are the body's preferred fuel source, especially during high-intensity exercise; proteins support muscle repair and growth; fats provide energy for low-intensity, long-duration activities.
三大宏量营养素是碳水化合物、蛋白质和脂肪。碳水化合物是身体的首选燃料，特别是在高强度运动中；蛋白质支持肌肉修复与生长；脂肪为低强度、长时间的活动提供能量。
Micronutrients, such as vitamins and minerals, are needed in small amounts but are crucial for bone health, oxygen transport and immune function. Iron, for example, helps red blood cells carry oxygen.
微量营养素如维生素和矿物质，需求量少但对骨骼健康、氧气运输和免疫功能至关重要。例如铁有助于红细胞携氧。
Hydration is maintaining an adequate fluid level in the body. Even a small amount of dehydration (loss of body water) can reduce physical performance, cause headaches and lead to heat exhaustion. Water is the best choice for most exercise sessions lasting under an hour.
水分补充是维持体内充足的液体水平。即使是轻微的脱水（体内水分的流失）也会降低身体表现、引起头痛并可能导致热衰竭。对于大多数不超过一小时的锻炼，水是最佳选择。
Sports drinks containing electrolytes and carbohydrates can be useful during prolonged or very intense activity, but for everyday PE lessons, plain water is sufficient and avoids unnecessary sugar intake.
含有电解质和碳水化合物的运动饮料在长时间或极高强度的活动中可能有用，但对日常体育课来说，白开水就足够了，还能避免不必要的糖分摄入。
8. Injury Prevention and Management | 伤害预防与处理
A thorough warm-up gradually raises heart rate, increases blood flow to muscles and improves joint mobility. It should include pulse-raising activities, dynamic stretches and sport-specific drills. A cool-down, on the other hand, includes gentle jogging and static stretching to flush out waste products and reduce soreness.
充分的热身逐渐提高心率，增加肌肉血流并改善关节灵活性。它应包含提升脉搏的活动、动态拉伸和项目专门练习。相反，整理活动则包括轻柔的慢跑和静态拉伸，以排出代谢废物并减轻酸痛。
Common soft tissue injuries include sprains (ligament damage) and strains (muscle or tendon damage). Both cause pain, swelling and reduced movement, and need prompt first aid.
常见的软组织损伤包括扭伤（韧带损伤）和拉伤（肌肉或肌腱损伤）。两者都会引起疼痛、肿胀和活动受限，需要及时的急救处理。
The RICE method is a widely recommended acute injury management protocol. RICE stands for Rest (stop using the injured part), Ice (apply cold to reduce swelling), Compression (use a bandage to limit swelling) and Elevation (raise the injured area above heart level).
RICE 方法是广泛推荐的急性损伤处理方案。RICE 分别代表休息（停止使用受伤部位）、冰敷（冷敷以减轻肿胀）、加压（用绷带限制肿胀）和抬高（将伤处抬高至心脏水平以上）。
Overuse injuries, such as shin splints, develop gradually from repetitive stress. They can be prevented by following the FITT principle sensibly, wearing appropriate footwear and listening to your body when it signals pain.
过度使用损伤，如胫骨疲劳性骨膜炎，是由重复应力逐渐发展而成。通过合理遵循 FITT 原则、穿着合适的鞋具以及当身体发出疼痛信号时及时关注，可以加以预防。
9. Sportsmanship, Rules and Officiating | 体育精神、规则与裁判
Sportsmanship, or fair play, means showing respect for opponents, officials and rules, accepting victory graciously and defeat with dignity. It is a core value promoted throughout WJEC PE to build character and ethical conduct.
体育精神或公平竞争，意味着尊重对手、裁判和规则，大度地接受胜利，有尊严地面对失败。它是 WJEC 体育课程倡导的核心价值，旨在塑造品格与道德行为。
Etiquette refers to the unwritten customs or polite behaviours expected in a sport, such as shaking hands before a match or clapping for an injured player as they leave the field.
礼仪指某一运动中所期望的不成文的习俗或礼貌行为，比如赛前握手，或在受伤球员离场时鼓掌。
A foul is an action that breaks the rules and results in a penalty. In football, a sliding tackle from behind is a foul, and the opposing team is awarded a free kick. In basketball, illegal contact is a personal foul leading to free throws or possession.
犯规是违反规则并导致判罚的行为。在足球中，背后铲球是犯规，对方球队获得任意球。在篮球中，非法接触是个人犯规，将导致罚球或掷界外球。
Umpires and referees have slightly different roles. Typically, referees move with play and make decisions on the field (e.g. football, rugby), while umpires often make judgements from stationary positions (e.g. tennis, cricket). Both ensure the game is played safely and fairly.
裁判员（umpire 与 referee）的角色略有不同。通常，referee 随比赛移动并在场上作出判罚（如足球、橄榄球），而 umpire 往往从固定位置进行裁决（如网球、板球）。两者都确保比赛安全、公平地进行。
10. Skill Acquisition and Feedback | 技能习得与反馈
Intrinsic feedback comes from inside the performer, through their own senses - how the movement felt, whether it seemed smooth or awkward. This internal awareness helps athletes self-correct during practice.
内在反馈来自动作执行者自身，通过自身感官——动作感觉如何，是流畅还是别扭。这种内在觉察帮助运动员在练习中自我纠正。
Extrinsic feedback is information received from outside sources, such as a coach's comments, video analysis or the score achieved. It is especially useful for beginners who cannot yet accurately sense their own errors.
外在反馈是从外部来源获得的信息，如教练的点评、视频分析或取得的分数。它对还不能准确感知自身错误的初学者尤其有用。
Knowledge of results (KR) tells the performer the outcome - whether the shot went in, how fast the sprint was. Knowledge of performance (KP) describes the quality of the movement itself, such as 'your follow-through was too short'.
结果知晓（KR）告诉执行者结果如何——投篮是否命中、短跑速度多快。表现知晓（KP）描述动作本身的质量，例如“你的随挥动作太短”。
Massed practice involves continuous repetition with little or no rest and is suitable for simple, discrete skills like a tennis serve. Distributed practice spreads sessions out with rest intervals and is better for complex or tiring skills, aiding concentration and long-term retention.
集中练习指连续重复，很少或没有休息，适合简单的、分立的技能，如网球发球。分散练习则将训练分散开并穿插休息间隔，更适合复杂或耗力的技能，有助于保持专注和长期记忆。
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