📚 Year 8 CCEA PE: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 8 CCEA 体育：词汇术语速记指南
Understanding the language of Physical Education is just as important as performing the skills themselves. In Year 8 CCEA PE, you are expected to know and use a wide range of terms from anatomy, fitness, training and safety. This bilingual guide breaks down the key vocabulary into clear, easy-to-remember explanations so you can build confidence for lessons, assessments and practical work.
掌握体育学科的语言与掌握运动技能本身同样重要。在 CCEA 八年级体育课程中，你需要认识并使用解剖学、体适能、训练原则以及运动安全等方面的广泛术语。这份双语指南将核心词汇分解为清晰易记的解释，帮助你在课堂、测验和实操中建立信心。
1. Anatomical Directional Terms | 解剖方向术语
When describing the human body and movement, CCEA PE uses standard directional language. These words allow you to talk about location and position precisely, no matter how the body is oriented.
在描述人体和运动时，CCEA 体育课程使用标准的方位语言。这些词汇让你能够精准地谈论位置与方向，无论身体处于何种姿态。
Anterior refers to the front of the body; for example, the chest is on the anterior side.
前侧指的是身体的前部；例如，胸部位于前侧。
Posterior refers to the back of the body; the shoulder blades are posterior.
后侧指的是身体的后部；肩胛骨就位于后侧。
Medial means closer to the midline of the body. The big toe is on the medial side of the foot.
内侧意味着更靠近身体正中线。大脚趾位于足部的内侧。
Lateral means further away from the midline. The little toe is on the lateral side of the foot.
外侧意味着远离身体正中线。小脚趾位于足部的外侧。
Superior describes a structure above another; the head is superior to the chest.
上方描述的是某结构位于另一结构之上；头部在胸部的上方。
Inferior describes a structure below another; the feet are inferior to the knees.
下方描述的是某结构位于另一结构之下；双足在膝盖下方。
Proximal indicates a point closer to the trunk or point of origin; the elbow is proximal to the wrist.
近端指离躯干或起点更近的部位；肘部相对于腕部是近端。
Distal indicates a point further from the trunk; the fingers are distal to the wrist.
远端指离躯干更远的部位；手指相对于腕部是远端。
2. Bones of the Skeletal System | 骨骼系统中的主要骨骼
Learning the names of the major bones gives you a solid foundation for understanding joints, movement and injury prevention. The CCEA syllabus expects you to identify and locate these bones on a diagram.
学习主要骨骼的名称能为你理解关节、运动与损伤预防打下坚实基础。CCEA 教学大纲要求你能够在图上识别并定位这些骨骼。
The cranium is the bone that protects the brain and forms the skull.
颅骨是保护大脑并构成头部的骨骼。
The clavicle, or collarbone, is a long bone that connects the shoulder to the sternum.
锁骨是一根长骨，连接肩部与胸骨。
The scapula is the shoulder blade, a flat triangular bone on the back of the ribcage.
肩胛骨即肩胛，是位于肋骨后方的一块扁平三角形骨骼。
The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm, connecting the shoulder to the elbow.
肱骨是上臂唯一的骨骼，连接肩部与肘部。
The radius and ulna are the two bones of the forearm. The radius is on the thumb side, and the ulna is on the little finger side.
桡骨和尺骨是前臂的两根骨骼。桡骨位于拇指一侧，尺骨位于小指一侧。
The pelvis is the large bony structure at the base of the spine; it supports the weight of the upper body and protects internal organs.
骨盆是脊柱基部的大型骨性结构；它支撑上半身重量并保护内脏器官。
The femur is the thigh bone, the longest and strongest bone in the body.
股骨是大腿骨，是人体最长、最强壮的骨骼。
The tibia and fibula are the two lower leg bones; the tibia is the larger, weight-bearing shin bone, and the fibula is the thinner bone beside it.
胫骨和腓骨是小腿的两根骨骼；胫骨是较粗的负重骨（小腿骨），腓骨是旁边较细的骨骼。
The vertebrae are the individual bones that stack up to form the spine and protect the spinal cord.
椎骨是堆叠起来构成脊柱并保护脊髓的独立骨骼。
3. Types of Joints and Movements | 关节类型与运动
Joints are where two or more bones meet, and they allow different types of movement. CCEA Year 8 focuses on two main synovial joints and the specific movements they produce.
关节是两块或多块骨骼相遇的地方，它们允许不同类型的运动。CCEA 八年级重点讲授两种主要的滑膜关节及其产生的具体运动。
A hinge joint allows movement in one direction only, just like the hinge of a door. The elbow and knee are examples.
铰链关节只允许一个方向上的运动，就像门的铰链。肘关节和膝关节是典型的例子。
A ball and socket joint allows movement in almost all directions because the rounded head of one bone fits into the cup-shaped socket of another. The shoulder and hip are examples.
球窝关节允许几乎各个方向的运动，因为一根骨头的圆形头部嵌入另一骨头的杯状臼窝中。肩关节和髋关节是典型例子。
Flexion means decreasing the angle at a joint, such as bending the elbow or knee.
屈曲是指减小关节角度，例如弯曲肘部或膝部。
Extension means increasing the angle at a joint, such as straightening the arm or leg.
伸展是指增大关节角度，例如伸直手臂或腿。
Abduction is the movement of a limb away from the midline of the body, like lifting the arm sideways.
外展是四肢远离身体正中线的运动，比如向侧面抬起手臂。
Adduction is the movement of a limb towards the midline, like bringing the arm back to the side.
内收是四肢移向身体正中线的运动，比如将手臂收回体侧。
Rotation describes a circular movement around a fixed point; turning the head from side to side involves rotation of the neck.
旋转描述的是围绕固定点的环转运动；左右转头就涉及颈部的旋转。
4. Major Muscles and Their Actions | 主要肌肉及其功能
Muscles work in pairs to create movement at joints. Knowing where the muscles are located and what they do helps you describe sporting actions and analyse performance.
肌肉成对工作，使关节产生运动。了解肌肉的位置和功能有助于你描述运动动作并分析运动表现。
The biceps are at the front of the upper arm and cause flexion at the elbow.
肱二头肌位于上臂前部，使肘关节屈曲。
The triceps are at the back of the upper arm and cause extension at the elbow; they work as the antagonist to the biceps.
肱三头肌位于上臂后部，使肘关节伸展；它们是肱二头肌的拮抗肌。
The quadriceps are a group of four muscles on the front of the thigh that extend the knee.
股四头肌是大腿前部的四块肌肉，负责伸直膝关节。
The hamstrings are at the back of the thigh and flex the knee; they also help extend the hip.
腘绳肌位于大腿后部，使膝关节屈曲，同时也有助于髋关节伸展。
The gastrocnemius is the calf muscle that points the toes (plantar flexion) and helps push off the ground when running or jumping.
腓肠肌是小腿后部的肌肉，负责踮起脚尖（跖屈），在跑步或跳跃时帮助蹬离地面。
The deltoid is the rounded muscle covering the shoulder, responsible for lifting the arm in all directions.
三角肌是覆盖肩部的圆形肌肉，负责向各个方向抬起手臂。
The pectorals are the chest muscles that pull the arms across the body and assist in pushing movements.
胸肌是胸部的肌肉，将手臂拉向身体另一侧并辅助推的动作。
The abdominals are the stomach muscles that stabilise the trunk and help flex the spine.
腹肌是腹部的肌肉，用于稳定躯干并帮助脊柱屈曲。
5. Cardiovascular System Terminology | 心血管系统术语
The cardiovascular system is responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients and waste products around the body. Understanding these terms helps explain how the body responds to exercise.
心血管系统负责在全身运输氧气、营养物质和废物。掌握这些术语有助于解释身体如何对运动做出反应。
Heart rate is the number of times the heart beats per minute and is measured in bpm (beats per minute).
心率是心脏每分钟跳动的次数，以 bpm（每分钟心跳次数）为单位。
Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat. It increases during exercise.
每搏输出量是左心室每搏动一次泵出的血液量。运动期间该数值会增加。
f blood pumped by the heart in one minute and is calculated as heart rate × stroke volume.
心输出量是心脏每分钟泵出的血液总量，计算公式为 心率 × 每搏输出量。
Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart at high pressure. The largest artery is the aorta.
动脉将含氧血液从心脏以高压输送出去。最大的动脉是主动脉。
Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. They contain valves to prevent backflow.
静脉将缺氧血送回心脏。它们含有瓣膜以防止血液倒流。
Capillaries are tiny, thin-walled vessels where the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide and nutrients occurs with body tissues.
毛细血管是微小、壁薄的血管，在此与身体组织进行氧气、二氧化碳和营养物质的交换。
Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood against the walls of blood vessels. Systolic pressure occurs when the heart contracts, and diastolic pressure occurs when the heart relaxes.
血压是血液对血管壁施加的压力。收缩压是心脏收缩时的压力，舒张压是心脏舒张时的压力。
6. Respiratory System Vocabulary | 呼吸系统词汇
Breathing provides the oxygen needed for energy release and removes carbon dioxide. The respiratory system works closely with the cardiovascular system during physical activity.
呼吸为能量释放提供所需的氧气并排出二氧化碳。在体育活动中，呼吸系统与心血管系统密切合作。
Tidal volume is the amount of air inhaled or exhaled during a normal breath. It increases significantly when you exercise.
潮气量是正常呼吸时每次吸入或呼出的空气量。运动时该数值会显著增大。
Vital capacity is the maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after a maximum inhalation.
肺活量是一个人最大吸气后能从肺部呼出的最大空气量。
Breathing rate is the number of breaths taken per minute. It rises during exercise to supply more oxygen.
呼吸频率是每分钟的呼吸次数。运动时频率升高以提供更多氧气。
Alveoli are tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange takes place; oxygen passes into the blood, and carbon dioxide moves out.
肺泡是肺部进行气体交换的微小气囊；氧气进入血液，二氧化碳排出体外。
The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle located under the lungs that contracts and flattens to help pull air into the lungs.
膈肌是位于肺下方的穹顶状肌肉，收缩变平有助于将空气吸入肺部。
The trachea, or windpipe, is the tube that carries air from the throat to the bronchi. It is held open by rings of cartilage.
气管是将空气从咽喉输送至支气管的管道，由软骨环支撑保持开放。
Oxygen (O₂) is the gas essential for aerobic energy production. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is the waste product of energy production that must be exhaled.
氧气（O₂）是有氧能量产生所必需的气体。二氧化碳（CO₂）是能量代谢产生的废物，必须被呼出体外。
7. Components of Health-Related Fitness | 健康相关体适能组成
Health-related fitness components are directly linked to overall well-being and the ability to perform daily activities. CCEA PE requires you to define and give examples of each.
健康相关体适能要素与整体健康状况以及完成日常活动的能力直接相关。CCEA 体育课程要求你能够定义各项要素并举例说明。
Cardiovascular endurance is the ability of the heart, lungs and blood vessels to deliver oxygen to working muscles during sustained activity. Examples include long-distance running, cycling and swimming.
心血管耐力是指心脏、肺和血管在持续活动中为工作肌肉输送氧气的能力。例子包括长跑、骑行和游泳。
Muscular endurance is the ability of a muscle group to perform repeated contractions without fatigue. Sit-ups and press-ups are typical tests.
肌肉耐力是肌群重复收缩而不感到疲劳的能力。仰卧起坐和俯卧撑是常见的测试方式。
Muscular strength is the maximum force a muscle can exert in a single effort. Weightlifting and a one-rep max test measure this.
肌肉力量是肌肉单次收缩时所能产生的最大力。举重和一次最大重量测试可测量此能力。
Flexibility is the range of movement possible at a joint. The sit and reach test is commonly used to assess hamstring and lower back flexibility.
柔韧性是关节可能达到的运动范围。坐位体前屈测试常用于评估腘绳肌和下背部的柔韧性。
Body composition refers to the percentage of fat, muscle and bone in the body. Skinfold calipers and BMI (body mass index) are tools used to estimate it.
身体成分是指体内脂肪、肌肉和骨骼的百分比。皮脂厚度计和体重指数（BMI）是常用的评估工具。
8. Components of Skill-Related Fitness | 技能相关体适能组成
Skill-related fitness components are essential for effective sports performance. They can be practised and improved through specific drills, even if some are partly determined by genetics.
技能相关体适能要素对良好的运动表现至关重要。即便某些要素部分由遗传决定，仍可通过专项训练进行练习和提高。
Agility is the ability to change direction quickly and control the whole body. Dribbling through cones in football demonstrates agility.
敏捷性是快速改变方向并控制全身的能力。在足球中绕锥桶运球便体现了敏捷性。
Balance is the ability to maintain the centre of mass over the base of support. Static balance keeps you still; dynamic balance keeps you steady while moving.
平衡是保持身体重心在支撑面内的能力。静态平衡使你保持不动；动态平衡使你在运动中保持稳定。
Coordination is the smooth, efficient working together of multiple body parts. Throwing a ball while running requires good hand-eye coordination.
协调性是身体多个部分流畅高效地协同工作的能力。边跑边投球就需要良好的手眼协调。
Power is a combination of strength and speed – the ability to exert maximum force quickly. A high jump take-off or a cricket fast bowl uses power.
爆发力是力量与速度的结合，即快速释放最大力量的能力。跳高的起跳或板球的快投都运用了爆发力。
Reaction time is the time taken to respond to a stimulus. A sprinter reacting to the starter's gun is an obvious example.
反应时是对刺激做出反应所需的时间。短跑运动员对发令枪的反应是一个典型例子。
Speed is the ability to move the body or parts of the body quickly. It can be measured in a 30-metre sprint test.
速度是快速移动身体或身体部位的能力。它可通过 30 米冲刺测试来衡量。
9. Principles of Training | 训练原则
To improve fitness safely and effectively, you must apply these training principles. The FITT principle is the most frequently used tool for planning exercise.
为了安全有效地提升体适能，你必须遵循这些训练原则。FITT 原则是制定训练计划时最常用的工具。
The FITT principle stands for Frequency (how often you train), Intensity (how hard you train), Time (how long each session lasts) and Type (what kind of exercise you do).
FITT 原则分别代表频率（多久训练一次）、强度（训练有多努力）、时间（每次训练持续多久）以及类型（你进行哪种运动）。
Specificity means that training should be relevant to the sport or goal. A marathon runner focuses on long, steady runs rather than short sprints.
专项性是指训练应与运动项目或目标相关。马拉松运动员侧重进行长距离稳定跑，而非短距离冲刺。
Progression is the gradual increase in training load to continue improving. Adding a little extra weight or distance each week ensures the body adapts safely.
渐进性是指逐渐增加训练负荷以持续进步。每周略微增加重量或距离，可以确保身体安全地适应。
Overload involves pushing the body beyond its current limits. To overload, you can increase frequency, intensity or time; the body then gets stronger during recovery.
超负荷意味着让身体超越当前的极限。你可以通过提高频率、强度或时间来实现超负荷；身体随后会在恢复期变得更强。
Reversibility means that fitness gains are lost when training stops or is significantly reduced. 'Use it or lose it' is a simple way to remember this.
可逆性意味着当训练停止或大幅减少时，所获得的体适能水平会下降。“不用则废”是记住这个原则的简单方式。
Tedium refers to boredom that can occur when training becomes repetitive. Varying your workouts helps maintain motivation.
单调性是指训练变得重复时可能产生的厌倦感。变换训练内容有助于保持动力。
10. Nutrition, Hydration and Safety | 营养、水分补充与运动安全
What you eat and drink directly impacts energy levels and recovery. Safety terminology helps you recognise risks and know how to respond to injuries.
你的饮食与饮水直接影响能量水平和恢复状况。运动安全术语则帮助你识别风险并知道如何应对损伤。
Carbohydrates are the body's main energy source and are stored as glycogen in muscles and the liver. Pasta, bread and fruit are rich in carbohydrates.
碳水化合物是身体的主要能量来源，以糖原的形式储存在肌肉和肝脏中。意大利面、面包和水果富含碳水化合物。
Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. Good sources include chicken, fish, eggs and beans.
蛋白质对肌肉修复和生长至关重要。优质来源包括鸡肉、鱼、蛋和豆类。
Fats provide a long-lasting energy source and help absorb vitamins. Healthy fats are found in avocados, nuts and olive oil.
脂肪提供持久的能量并帮助吸收维生素。健康脂肪存在于牛油果、坚果和橄榄油中。
Hydration means maintaining adequate fluid levels. Water is crucial for regulating body temperature and transporting nutrients; dehydration impairs performance and concentration.
水分补充是指维持充足的体液水平。水对调节体温和运输营养物质至关重要；脱水会损害运动表现和注意力。
A warm-up prepares the body for exercise by gradually raising heart rate and increasing blood flow to muscles. It should include a pulse raiser, mobility exercises and gentle stretches.
热身通过逐渐提高心率并增加肌肉血流来为运动做好准备。它应包括提升心率的练习、关节活动度和温和的拉伸。
A cool-down returns the body to a resting state gently and helps remove waste products such as lactic acid. It usually involves low-intensity activity and static stretching.
整理活动使身体平稳地恢复到安静状态，并帮助清除乳酸等废物。它通常包括低强度活动和静态拉伸。
RICE is the acronym for Rest, Ice, Compression and Elevation – the immediate treatment for soft tissue injuries like sprains and strains.
RICE 是休息、冰敷、加压和抬高的首字母缩写，是针对扭伤和拉伤等软组织损伤的即时处理方法。
11. Memory Hacks for PE Terminology | 体育术语速记技巧
Memorising a long list of new words can feel tricky, but using simple memory strategies can make revision faster and more effective. Here are some tried-and-tested tips to lock PE vocabulary into your long-term memory.
记忆一长串新词可能感觉棘手，但运用简单的记忆策略可以让复习更快、更有效。以下是一些经过检验的技巧，可将体育词汇锁入你的长期记忆中。
Use acronyms like FITT and RICE to recall multiple terms at once. Creating your own acronyms for muscle groups can also work; for example, 'QHG' reminds you of Quadriceps, Hamstrings and Gastrocnemius in the leg.
使用 FITT 和 RICE 这样的缩写词一次回忆起多个术语。为自己要记的肌群编造缩写词同样有效；例如“QHG”可提醒你大腿的股四头肌、腘绳肌和腓肠肌。
Draw and label diagrams. Sketching a simple skeleton or a heart and labelling it with the correct terms reinforces learning through visual memory.
画图并标注。画一张简单的骨架或心脏图并正确标注术语，能通过视觉记忆强化学习。
Use dual coding by pairing the English term with a bold visual image. For abduction, picture someone 'abducting' their arm away from the body like a wing; for adduction, imagine 'adding' the arm back to the side.
使用双重编码，将英文术语与鲜明的视觉图像配对。对于外展 abduction，想象某人像翅膀一样把手臂“带走”远离身体；对于内收 adduction，想象把手臂“加”回到体侧。
Create simple rhymes or word associations. 'Flexion means folding' or 'Proximal is closer to the core' can turn abstract words into concrete ideas.
编造简单的押韵或词语联想。“Flexion means folding”（屈曲就是折叠）或“Proximal is closer to the core”（近端更靠近核心），能将抽象词汇变成具体概念。
Practise peer teaching. Explain what capillary means to a
Published by TutorHao | Year 8 体育 Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图